PLANTATION CROPS RC30503

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Defination of PlantationDefination of Plantation

The crops which was sowing or planted The crops which was sowing or planted and stands artificially . and stands artificially .

Stands artificially means man-made.Stands artificially means man-made.

Global Standard for Safe Global Standard for Safe and Sustainable and Sustainable AgricultureAgriculture

Worldwide implementation of GAP & Food Worldwide implementation of GAP & Food Safety at the pre – farm gate level Safety at the pre – farm gate level through EUREPGAP( European through EUREPGAP( European Retailers fresh Produce working group Retailers fresh Produce working group Good Agricultural Practices)Good Agricultural Practices)

The Aims to be global standard for safe The Aims to be global standard for safe and sustainable agriculture.and sustainable agriculture.

Good Agricultural Good Agricultural PracicesPracices

Good agricultural practices :Good agricultural practices :

i)i) Soil fertilitySoil fertility

ii)ii) NutrientsNutrients

iii)iii) BiodiversityBiodiversity

iv) Soil Loss iv) Soil Loss

v) IPMv) IPM

Food Safe will be applied in HACCP Food Safe will be applied in HACCP principles and sustainable refers to principles and sustainable refers to environment and good agricultural environment and good agricultural practices practices

The sustainable development (SD) The sustainable development (SD) concepts was introduced by World concepts was introduced by World Commission on environment in 1987 .Commission on environment in 1987 .

SD ConceptsSD Concepts Profits- EconomyProfits- Economy People- SocietyPeople- Society Planets-EcosystemPlanets-Ecosystem

Translated as “ Triple Bottom-line’Translated as “ Triple Bottom-line’

a)a) Economic Bottom-lineEconomic Bottom-line

b)b) Social Bottom- lineSocial Bottom- line

c)c) Environmental Bottom-lineEnvironmental Bottom-line

10 Years ago environment product in Europe 10 Years ago environment product in Europe existed almost exclusively in niche market.existed almost exclusively in niche market.

Public Awareness of global environmental Public Awareness of global environmental threats:threats:

a)a) Climate changeClimate changeb)b) Emission green houseEmission green housec)c) Forest loss & Biodiversity lossForest loss & Biodiversity lossd)d) Fresh water scarcity Fresh water scarcity e)e) Air & Water PollutionAir & Water Pollution

Friendly Practices have been introduced: Friendly Practices have been introduced:

a)a)Utilization of waste material or Co- Utilization of waste material or Co- Product.Product.

b)b)Zero Burning Techniques during land Zero Burning Techniques during land preparation.preparation.

c)c)Land and Water conservation Practices.Land and Water conservation Practices.

d)d)IPMIPM

e)e)Sustainable agricultural PracticesSustainable agricultural Practices

.

MIGROS is the largest supermarket in Switzerland.

Its Produce a range of consumer goods such margarines and soaps .

Commitment in Environment and Social and Forest Protection.

Cooperation with WWF.

Best Management Practices (BMPs)

The members in Plantation are encouraged to list their best practices to be collated as benchmark best practices for the Plantation Industry. The Guide lines will be recommended and adopted

The guidelines that will be adopted as follows:a) Guidelines on Zero Burning Technique.b) Guidelines on IPMc) Guideline on Waste Minimization and

Recyclingd) Guidelines on Conservation of Riparian

Reserves and Marginal Lands.e) Guidelines on Occupational Safety and

Health Management

Unilever’s Blueprint On Sustainable Agriculture.

Concern on Environmental Products.

The Company relies heavily on the natural Products such as vegetable oil, vegetables, tea and fish.

Considerable social responsibility

Farm Accreditation Scheme of Malaysia.

SALM is a programme to recognize farms that adopt GAP and operate in Sustainable Agriculture and Environment.

SALM is basically a verification and evaluation system of Farm and Farming practices.

Accreditation especially in fruits and vegetables.Introduced in January 2002.Malaysian Standards MS 1784 2005 Crop

Commodities Good Agricultural Practices

Aspects that inspectors Audit:i) Legal Status Farm.ii) Environment Setting e.g location of farm, proximity to

contamination site, water shed, etciii) Agricultural inputs for production e.g planting

material, fertilizersiv) Agronomic practicesv) Waste disposal management systems.vi) Workers welfare and safetyvii) Quality of farm produces

Major conditions that SALM certification: Legal Entity Soil Inspection report Suitable soil and terrain Elevation less than 1000m Soil conversion measures. Farm records

Approved Fertilizers Non – GMO Planting materials Registered Pesticides IPM Protective clothing for workers Storage facilities inputs Harversting Management System

Plantation Crop Activities

Planting useful crops Utilization consumption to industial uses . Modify Environment Optimum condition for growth Life cycle crops

Plantation Crops hectarage Statistic (000)

Crops 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Oil Palm 3874 4051 4165 4304 4487Rubber 1268 1259 1251 1229 -Coconut 143.1 121 119.5 117.6 115.8Cocoa 41.6 33.3 31.3 28.1 19.9Sugar cane

14.8 14.3 14.6 14.6 14.6

Coffee 10.8 8.5 7.5 7.1 7.5Tea 2.02 1.73 3.32 2.78 2.77

RUBBER

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Genus: Hevea.

Scientific Name. Hevea brasiliensis

10 Species genus10 Species genus Hevea : Hevea : A) benthamiana H) paucifloraA) benthamiana H) pauciflora B) nitida I) rigidifoliaB) nitida I) rigidifolia C) brasiliensis J)spruceanaC) brasiliensis J)spruceana D)camergoanaD)camergoana E)camporumE)camporum F)guianensisF)guianensis G) microphyllaG) microphylla

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

The rubber tree is sturdy , quick growing, The rubber tree is sturdy , quick growing, erect perennial.erect perennial.

Can grow until 30meters.Can grow until 30meters. The economic life span more than 30 The economic life span more than 30

years.years.

It has a straight trunk with light gray bark It has a straight trunk with light gray bark and branches developed to form an open and branches developed to form an open a leafy crown.a leafy crown.

The young plant show characteristics The young plant show characteristics growth pattern of alternating periods of growth pattern of alternating periods of rapid elongation and consolidated rapid elongation and consolidated development.development.

MATURE RUBBER TREEMATURE RUBBER TREE

The leaves are extra arranged trifoliate The leaves are extra arranged trifoliate glabrous or storey's.glabrous or storey's.

Each storey having a cluster of spirally Each storey having a cluster of spirally arranged trifoliate glabrous leaves and arranged trifoliate glabrous leaves and extra floral nectaries present in the extra floral nectaries present in the region of insertion of the leaflets.region of insertion of the leaflets.

SEEDLINGS, SEEDS & SEEDLINGS, SEEDS & LEAVESLEAVES

YOUNG YOUNG SEEDLINGSSEEDLINGS

LEAVES AND LEAVES AND SEEDSSEEDS

Wintering from December – February.Wintering from December – February. The plant is monoecious with unisexual The plant is monoecious with unisexual

flowers.flowers. Produced in pyramid-shape panicles in Produced in pyramid-shape panicles in

the axils of leaves having numerous the axils of leaves having numerous small male flowers and fewer female small male flowers and fewer female flowers in bigger size.flowers in bigger size.

The female flower are confined to the tip The female flower are confined to the tip of the panicles and their branchlets.of the panicles and their branchlets.

The pollination was carried out by The pollination was carried out by insects. Fruit ripen 5 -6 months.insects. Fruit ripen 5 -6 months.

Seeds contain an oily endosperm.Seeds contain an oily endosperm.

Rubber clone Earliest popular clone GT 1, PR107,AVROS 49,255, PB 86. RRIM Breeding Programme. Phase 1(1928- 1931) RRIM 500, Phase 2( 1937-1941) RRIM

600,Phase 3( 1947-1958) RRIM 700, Phase 4(1959-1965) RRIM 800, Phase 5 (1966-1973) RRIM 900,Phase 6 (1974-1980) RRIM1000, Phase7( 1981-1990) RRIM 1000.

LTC clone Group 1 RRIM 908, 911,921,936,PB260,350,359 LTC clone Group 2, RRIM928,929,2001,2002,2008

CLONE SELECTIONThe factors clone selection for Planting will be based:a) Locationb) Soil Condition and Topographyc) Windd) Weather and Rainfalle) Diseasef) Latex Yield and Rubberwoodg) Secondary characteristic (Disease , Wind Damage

Resistance, Dry trees Resistance)h) Tapping System

Nursery Practices

Seed Collection, Selection and Storage.

The two main seeding seasons are during August/ September and January/ February.

Seeds both period can be used. The reliable , both in viability and quantity is

the August/ September period. Collection should start as soon as seed fall

commences and the fresh seeds collected at regular interval.

Seeds and Planting material Requirements

The seeds Requirements 3600 Seeds / Hectare and only 30% - 35% will be germinated.

Will left only 700 seedlings after culling and genetic yellow 35% .

Approx 630 seedlings after allowing 10% budding loss

SEEDS COLLECTION Seeds should be collected based on: i) size ii) weight (1kg estimated 180 – 220

seeds) iii) color

SEEDS STORAGE & HANDLING Rubber seeds remain viable for avery

short period. Collected fresh from the field. Must be sown within 24 hours. If seeds collected in different location or

estate sources must be kept in the gunny sacks.

GERMINATION BEDS

Germination beds should be 120cm wide, 15 cm high and of any convenient length.

The top 7 cm or more of the bed should consist of fine river.

The beds must be shaded from direct sunlight.

SOWING TECHNIQUE . Seeds should be spread out in a single

layer . The curved surface must be upper most

and covered by 1cm of sand

Lifting and Handling germinated seeds Germinated seeds should be lifted

immediately and in any case not more than 2 days after germination.

To avoid damage , lifted seeds must be placed immediately placed into a small bucket of water for transfer to the Nursery

Nursery Seedlings

A seedlings nursery is required for raising 2 or 4-6 whorls polybags planting material.

For young budding use smaller polybag 6” x 9”

Spacing should be 30cm x 30cm .1 hectare nursery can accommodate 72000 points

RUBBER NURSERY

Rubber seedlings

Rubber nursery

CULLING

Genetic Yellows and Runts

Rubber Budding

Two Types of Buddingsi) Green Buddingsii) Brown Buddings Green BuddingsBudding carried out on 2 months Seedlings.

Brown BuddingBudding carried out on 5 to 6 months seedlings

0

Green Budding

Budwoods and buds. Budwoods should not be harversted

during severe drought as peeling will be effected.

Budwoods should obtaine from budwood multiplication nurseries.

Buds must be taken below the mature leaves of the top whorl.

Budding should commence when the seed stocks are 2months old.

The 2 months old was used due to easy for peeling.

The budding panel will occupies half of the bark

3 weeks after budding the polythene tape must be removed.

Successful budding are then cut back 2 weeks later leaving behind a long snag of 20- 25cm.

Before transplanting into the polybag the tap root should be pruned to a length of at least 30cm

Brown Budding

Budding should be carried out at 5- 6 months from planting the geminate seeds

The budslip is removed from aselected budstick using a sharpe blade

The thin silver of woods which is attached the budslip is careful peeled.

The based of the seedlings is wiped clean with a rag and 2 parallel vertical cts about 5cm long are made.

The width between the two vertical cutsshould be about 1/3 the circumference of the stocks.

The budpatch will patch under tongue. The budpatch will be covered with transparent

polythene.

3 weeks after budding the plytape must be removed

The initial cutting back should be at 60cm above the budpatch within 5 to 10 days before transplanting into polybags.

The final cut back after extraction should 5cm above budpatch

Nursery polybags specification: a) Brown Budding 4- 6 whorls size 305mm x 455mm thickness

0.09mm and size 10cents at the bottom of the bags

b) Green Budding 2 whorls 152mm x 350mm thickness and size

10cents coin at the bottom of the bags

PLACEMENT OF POLYBAGS The polybags should be arranged in rows

of two for 4-6 whorls and for 2-3 whorls should be arranged in rows of three.

RUBBER PLANTING

Rubber PlantingRubber Planting

New clearingNew clearing Rubber to rubberRubber to rubber Oil palm to rubberOil palm to rubber

Planting densityPlanting density

Planting holes should be dug 45cm x Planting holes should be dug 45cm x 45cm x 45cm.45cm x 45cm.

The polybags must be watered be before The polybags must be watered be before transfer to field.transfer to field.

The plants height similarly should be The plants height similarly should be grouped to achieve uniformity.grouped to achieve uniformity.

The plant should be “deep planted”.The plant should be “deep planted”. 15cm from the union.15cm from the union. R/ phosphate 150 grams put in the holes. R/ phosphate 150 grams put in the holes.

Planting activitiesPlanting activities

PruningPruning

Pruning objectives :Pruning objectives : i) trees stability and formi) trees stability and form ii) prevent from wind damages.ii) prevent from wind damages. iii) To maintain trees height for tappable iii) To maintain trees height for tappable

bark.bark. iv) to maintain the heights for timber.iv) to maintain the heights for timber. v) enhance the trunk growth and early v) enhance the trunk growth and early

maturity.maturity.

TYPES OF PRUNINGTYPES OF PRUNING a) Control Pruninga) Control Pruning The purpose of control pruning:The purpose of control pruning: i) to maintain the main trunki) to maintain the main trunk ii) To achieve balance branches.ii) To achieve balance branches. PRUNING PROCESSPRUNING PROCESS Control pruning can be implemented for age 1.5 -3 Control pruning can be implemented for age 1.5 -3

years and more than 4 whorlsyears and more than 4 whorls Must be maintained 3 whorls and to be carried out Must be maintained 3 whorls and to be carried out

twice a year at duration 2 to 3 years.twice a year at duration 2 to 3 years.

V PRUNING V PRUNING To maintain the main trunk and to To maintain the main trunk and to

eradicate the brancheseradicate the branches To avoid the tree from leaning. To avoid the tree from leaning. PRUNING PROCESSPRUNING PROCESS Use chainsaw to cut the branches.Use chainsaw to cut the branches. Avoid from damage the bark during Avoid from damage the bark during

cutting the bark cutting the bark

CORRECTIVE PRUNINGCORRECTIVE PRUNING Will be implemented during wind Will be implemented during wind

damage.damage. The cost to carry out this pruning is very The cost to carry out this pruning is very

expensive.expensive. Must used a saw to cut the branch.Must used a saw to cut the branch. Dressing must be applied of Dressing must be applied of

SHELLCOTE (20% izal + 5% kerosene)SHELLCOTE (20% izal + 5% kerosene)

V pruningV pruning

Normal tree & 3 whorlsNormal tree & 3 whorls

Bark AnatomyBark Anatomy

HEVEA has 2 distinct zone:HEVEA has 2 distinct zone:

i)i) Outer hard bast.Outer hard bast.

ii)ii) Inner soft bast. Inner soft bast.

Outer hard bastOuter hard bast To protective the bark and dicontinous To protective the bark and dicontinous

and non functional laticifers.and non functional laticifers. Inner soft bastInner soft bast Productive and containing continous Productive and containing continous

latex vessel and differentiated from the latex vessel and differentiated from the vascular cambium.vascular cambium.

The economic product from rubber trees The economic product from rubber trees latex.latex.

Is a special cytoplasm is contained in a Is a special cytoplasm is contained in a laticiferous system in the bark laticiferous system in the bark differentiated by the activity of the differentiated by the activity of the vascular cambium. vascular cambium.

Quantity of laticiferous tissue is Quantity of laticiferous tissue is determined by factors : determined by factors :

i) number of latex vessel row.i) number of latex vessel row. ii) density of vessel within row.ii) density of vessel within row. iii) distribution pattern vessel ringsiii) distribution pattern vessel rings iv) bark thicknessiv) bark thickness v) girth tree v) girth tree

PHYSIOLOGY LATEX FLOW.PHYSIOLOGY LATEX FLOW. If untapped no movement of latex flow.If untapped no movement of latex flow. Tapping caused abnormal physiologycal Tapping caused abnormal physiologycal

phenomenon .phenomenon . The cytoplasmic nature of latex both of The cytoplasmic nature of latex both of

structure and function ,was elucidated structure and function ,was elucidated high speed centrifugation and later by high speed centrifugation and later by eletron microscopy eletron microscopy

Latex flows due to high pressure in the Latex flows due to high pressure in the latex vessel and elastic contraction wall.latex vessel and elastic contraction wall.

After a few hours , cappilary forces After a few hours , cappilary forces regulate the flow until cease as the latex regulate the flow until cease as the latex coagulates and plugs the latex.coagulates and plugs the latex.

TAPPINGTAPPING

OPENING PANELS OPENING PANELS Opening panel normally be carried out Opening panel normally be carried out

after wintering and no later than october.after wintering and no later than october.

Criteria for openingCriteria for opening i) Standard girthi) Standard girth Budding should opening 45 cm girth and Budding should opening 45 cm girth and

150cm above union150cm above union Seedling 55cm girth and 50cm from Seedling 55cm girth and 50cm from

ground ground

ii) tappable stand/hecii) tappable stand/hec Budding 55% and seedling 50%Budding 55% and seedling 50% iii) disease iii) disease Leaf fall disease – Leaf fall disease – colletotrichumcolletotrichum iv) uneven growthiv) uneven growth

Slope measurementSlope measurement

HEIGHT OPENING HEIGHT OPENING BuddingBudding 11stst panel 150cm fro the ground panel 150cm fro the ground SeedingSeeding 11stst panel 50cm from the ground panel 50cm from the ground

SLOPE SLOPE Budding 30° and Seedling 25°Budding 30° and Seedling 25°

TYPES OF TAPPINGTYPES OF TAPPING

i)i) Downward tappingDownward tapping

ii)ii)Upward tappingUpward tapping

iii)iii)Puncture tapingPuncture taping

Opening Panel Opening Panel SeedlingSeedling

OPENING PANEL OPENING PANEL BUDDINGBUDDING

YIELD TAPPINGYIELD TAPPING

Factors influenced the yield during Factors influenced the yield during tapping: tapping:

a) Main Factorsa) Main Factors i) exploitation systemi) exploitation system Tapping system, stimulation techniqueTapping system, stimulation technique ii) clone or planting materialii) clone or planting material iii) tapping timeiii) tapping time iv) weatheriv) weather

v) Tapping Qualityv) Tapping Quality

a)a)Tapping depthTapping depth

b)b)SlopeSlope

c)c)Skills of tappingSkills of tapping

d)d)Bark consumptionBark consumption

e)e)Type / sharpness of tapping knivesType / sharpness of tapping knives

vi) agronomy practicesvi) agronomy practices SECONDARY FACTORSSECONDARY FACTORS Physiology AspectsPhysiology Aspects a) sucrose containa) sucrose contain b) status nutrient contain in the b) status nutrient contain in the

tissue( latex and leaves)tissue( latex and leaves) c) Dry treesc) Dry trees

Tapping notationTapping notation

Type of cutType of cut S spiral cutS spiral cut V v cutV v cut C circumference cutC circumference cut M mini cut ( 5cm or less)M mini cut ( 5cm or less)

Length of cutLength of cut ½ S = one half spiral½ S = one half spiral ¼ S= one quarter spiral¼ S= one quarter spiral Mc2 = 2 cm mini cutMc2 = 2 cm mini cut

NUMBER OF CUTSNUMBER OF CUTS 2 X 1/3 S= Two one third spiral cuts2 X 1/3 S= Two one third spiral cuts 3 x 1/2V= Three half V cuts3 x 1/2V= Three half V cuts

FREQUENCY OF TAPPINGFREQUENCY OF TAPPING d/2 = Alternate dayd/2 = Alternate day d/4 = fourth dailyd/4 = fourth daily d/0.5= twice dilyd/0.5= twice dily

PANEL NOTATIONPANEL NOTATION BO = Virgin BarkBO = Virgin Bark BI = Basal Panel with 1BI = Basal Panel with 1stst renewal bark renewal bark BII= Basal Panel with 2BII= Basal Panel with 2ndnd renewal barks renewal barks HO= High Panel virgin barkHO= High Panel virgin bark HI= High panel with 1HI= High panel with 1stst renewal barks renewal barks

Stimulation notation Stimulation notation Area application Area application

Stimulation Stimulation applicationapplication

MANURINGMANURING

MANURING MATURE MANURING MATURE STAGESSTAGES

PEST AND DISEASEPEST AND DISEASE

Disease Disease a) Oidium ( a) Oidium ( Oidium heveae)Oidium heveae) Attack the young brown to green leaves.Attack the young brown to green leaves. White spots White spots

Colletrichum ( Colletrichum ( Collecttrichum Collecttrichum gloeosporioides) gloeosporioides)

Leaf crinkled young leaves.Leaf crinkled young leaves.

The leaves become blackThe leaves become black

Corynespora ( Corynespora ( Corynespora spp)Corynespora spp) Mature and young leaves will fallMature and young leaves will fall White circle spot in young leaves White circle spot in young leaves The leave frame will turned yellowThe leave frame will turned yellow

Root DiseaseRoot Disease

White root disease ( White root disease ( Rigidopous Rigidopous lignosus)lignosus)

The roots will be covered by white The roots will be covered by white mycelium .mycelium .

The stumps will turned oranges color The stumps will turned oranges color

Red root diseas.( Red root diseas.( Garnoderma Garnoderma pseudoferrum).pseudoferrum).

The root will be covered by red mycellumThe root will be covered by red mycellum The sThe stump thick redtump thick red

Disease controlDisease control

PESTPEST

Yellow tea miteYellow tea mite Thrips Thrips TermiteTermite CockchafersCockchafers

Rubber intercroppingRubber intercropping

NR (Natural Rubber)NR (Natural Rubber)

The rubber consumer emphasize on the The rubber consumer emphasize on the i) viscosity stabilizedi) viscosity stabilized ii) elasticity stabilizedii) elasticity stabilized High value rubber SMR :High value rubber SMR : a) ENR( Epoxidised Natural Rubber)a) ENR( Epoxidised Natural Rubber) b) SPR (Superior Processing Rubber)b) SPR (Superior Processing Rubber) c) DPNR (Deproteinised Natural Rubber) c) DPNR (Deproteinised Natural Rubber)

Potential Areas of Potential Areas of ApplicationApplication

Features Potential application

Low creep/low stress relaxation Seal, joint rings, engine mouth

Low water absorption Marine application

Damping Anti-vibration mounting,absorber

Low protein Healthcare and food application