PLANT TOXICOLOGYPLANT TOXICOLOGY

by :

Tutik JuniastutiDept. KDV - Pharmacology

THE TOXIC EFFECT OF PLANT

Human : - Baby

- Child

- Young / adult

Domestic animal

THE SOURCE TOXIN OF PLANT.

SPICESMEDICAL HERBVEGETABLES / FRUITS

OXALATCYANIDANITRAT-NITRITPERIRENAL OEDEMATERATOGENIC PLANTSPHOTOSENSITISASI

OXALATE

SOURCE : Oxalate salt Potasium oxalate Oxalate acid Plants to contain Oxalate salt is :

• Fam. Chenopodiaceae• Genus Rumex• Araceae• Halogeton• Sarcobatus (greasea wood)• Rheum rhaponticum (Rhubarb)

Aspergillus muschroom products, Phenicellium → nephropaty

Ethylenglycol

TOXICITY :

Sheep - 0,55% → if enough of food - 0,1% → if less of food

Horse Ruminansia

→ 3 possibility :- destruction in rumen- to bound with Ca → to precipitate

→ to ekskresi with faeces- to absorp → tissue / to bound

with Ca serum

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- To enter into → blood → to bound with

blood Ca → hipocalcemia (tetany)

- If crystal in blood vessel’s → necrose & hemoraghy

- crystal to precipitate in ren → anuria, uremia, homeostatic elektrolit desturbed

SYMPTOMA CLINIC- 2 - 6 hours

- Colic - a head to bend - Depresi - is not calm - Powerless - the position of head is sloping

- The other of symptom : - Breath of fast - blood to foam from

mouth - Bloat - urinasi frekuent- Hypocalcemia

→ - convulsion

- ↑ : urea, Na, K, SGOT, SGPT, pH blood

- ↓ : Ca serum, fosfat blood

PATHOLOGIST

Ascites hidrotoraks Rum, ret, om → hemorhagis difus

abomasum → ptechiae Lgg intestin → to swell Resp tract.: - to dam up

- blood to foam in bronchus Ren :

- lesi, oedema, capsules to make loose- in slices : the fluid excresi & to be seen the clean is

lines (crystal) at cortex & medula border

- histopat : (+) crystal oxalat, lat. tub Crystal (+) at wall rumen & brain

DIAGNOSA Clinical history Symptoma Inspection of post mortem Analisis chemistry to contain ofrumen

DIF. DIAGNOSA Milk tetany

↑ pH blood (-) to change of PA is not reliable

THERAPY (+) symptoma clinic → no effect Infus Ca gluconat Urinary acidifier

CONTROL to avoid the plant to contain Oxalat Pellet alfalfa (5% dicalcium fosfat) → ¼

pound daily

CYANIDA= Hydrocyanic acid= Prusic acid

SOURCE - In plant as glycoside / HCN free- Rodentisida, anthelmintic, fumigan- Goitrogenic plant

Fam. Cruciferae Brasisca spp. Glycine max Linum usitatissinum

- → to contain Glycosida tyosianat or 1 – 5 vinyl 2 - thiooxazolidone → inhibisi hormon tiroid - product → - hiperplastik goiter

- s/ hypotiroidism

MECHANISM OF ACTION

- Cyanida berikatan dg Fe pd enzim cytochrom oxidase → mbtk complex stabil shg enzim tsb tdk dpt melepas O2 dr oxyHb → mec/ cytotoxic anoxia

The acute of die is not symptoma clinic sensitive, tremor Breath of fast → difficult salivasi,lacrimasi, urinasi, defekasi, konvulsi,

dilatation pupil, membr. muc. Is bright, the color of red blood is light

horses were eaten shorgum (to contain cyanida & nitrat)

→ ataxia, incoordination, cystitis, abortus,

deformitas articulation (a child of horse)

SYMPTOMA CLINIC

PATHOLOGIST (rare)- Memb. muc. → pink - Subendocardial & subepicardiar →

hemorrhagi- Abomasum & intest → ptechial

hemorh & congesti- Trachea & pulmo → congesti

DIAGNOSA- Symptoma clinic- Test of chemical : contens of rumen ,

hepar,blood - Lab : material in to liq of HgCl2 1-3%

DIFF. DIAGNOSA

- Toxic of nitrat → blood is brown

- Pulmonary adenomatosis, emphysema

- Toxic of urea

TERAPY

- Sodium nitrit & Thiosulfat

NITRAT - NITRIT

Is material & animal & plants product N (free) → NO3

- for metab. to plants protein

Urea (animal) → nitrit + ammonia Toxic came from :

- plants

- nitrat (source of water)

Nitrat in water came from :- material2 organik is broken - animal & exile of product - silase juice- the ground to contains bacteri to bound N →

Nitrat ↓→ found algae / the other plants

At plants to contain nitrat-nitrit :- species, quality of N the ground, dreid of

ground→ grund damp, acid, quality of Mo, S, P

<, temp < → Nitrat ↑↑

TOXICITY

- Plants with : - nitrat-nitrit < 1% dried of material

- water < 1500 ppm --- if 2000 ppm, 10% WB, 17 daily → is not to be seen toxic - if 3000 ppm, 3 daily → †- Ruminansia :

→ tolerantion to nitrat ↑ diet KH ↑ → to appoint source

NPN- The animal monogastrik

→ more toleran caused bacteri were change to nitrit

NITROSO COMPOUND

is alkylated oxides from N, in fish / flesh is foging

Material carcinogenic to :

animal exp : brain, med spinalis, gaster, skin, tissue subcutan

Meal of fish to contain NC 30-100 ppm → necrosis hepar of sheep

MECHANISM OF ACTION

Nitrat → Nitrit → metHB → hipoksia reduction

mouse & sheep → nitrat to disturb absorpsion iodine at tiroid gl.

cow & dog → (-) non rum → nitrit (acid) destruction caroten,

nitrat (-) Rum → destuctin caroten (-)

SYMPTOMA CLINIC

Acute :

- to be seen after ½ - 4 hours

- salivasi, vomit, diarhae, colic Spesific : anoxia

→ dypsnoe, cyanosis at membr muc,

pulsus cardia <

→ tremor, ataxia, apatis, konvulsi if quality metHB 80 – 90% → †

PATHOLOGIST

Ptechial hemorhagis / echymosa at membr muc Rumen & abomasum → congesti spesific : blood is brown → to colored the other

tisue

DIAGNOSA Symptoma clinic Blood test & urin to nitrit Test metHB

DIFF DIAGNOSA

toxic sod. Chlorat → blood is brown toxic NO & NO3 from silo → suspect brown toxic cyanida → red cherry toxic CO2 → dark toxic CO → red light

THERAPY Methylen blue Mineral oil, AB, water

PERIRENAL OEDEMA

Toxic plant Amaranthus retroflexus

→ plants is growth at drie season & autumn,

like spinac

→ as nitrat acumulator but except is not

acused of nitrat / nitrit

SYMPTOMA CLINIC

Pig :

- weakness, tremor, incoordination, stand with

patella post, paralized & to lie at sternum

→ to be seen at 3 – 10 day In experiment :

- to disturb cardia function caused hipercale-

mia

PATHOLOGIST Oedema at retroperitoneal Ren → - lesi brown

- ptechial / echymosa hemorrhagi Oedema at ventral abd. Cavum abd & thorax → (+) clearness of fluid /

yellows

HISTOPATH Tub prox & distal

→ (+) hydropic deg necrose coagulativ

DIAGNOSA Clinical of history Inspection : - Symptoma clinic

- the except of PA & histopath

DIFF DIAGNOSA- Infectious cystitis - Toxic ethylen glycol- Oedema disease - Fungal nephrotoxin

CONTROL To avoid caused of plants Mineral corticoid hormon → K blood ↓ 10% Ca gluconat → normalization cardia function

TERATOGENIC PLANTS

→ to cause of except foetus :

- Leucaena - Lupine

- Astragalus - Veratrum

- Oxytropis - Tobacco

Leucaena & others Leguminosa ∑ >> → toxic Ruminansia < sensitive Contens : Amino acid mimosine

→ to cause resorpsi foetus

Astragalus, Oxytropis “locoism” Symptom :- posture action currious

- position of head upright - disturb of nervus

Sheep → articulation carpal → flexor / extensor >

Lupine + plant with Quinolizilidine

Acute :

→ disturb nervus, dificult of breath, control to muscle (-), salivasi ↑, convulsi, coma, †

Cow pregnant

→ foetus “Crooked calf disease”

extremitas, torticolis, cleft palate

The plants is :

Lupinus sericeus, L. caudatus, Sophora arizonica, S. stenohylla,Thermopsis montana, Cyticus scoparious

Veratrum

Sheep → Cyclopian (foetus)

→ to shorten of mandibula to arrive one eyein center, to shorten maxilla & to protrude mandibula

The other except :

- skin to covered by protrudes

- hydrocephalus

- hypophyisis

Tobacco

Pig → except at calcification a childs Rabits & mouse

→ nikotin → resorpsi foetus

The other plants Datura sp Conium maculatum Arthrogryposis Prunus serotina at pigs Blighia sapida (fruit younger)

→ to contens Alkaloid a.a. cyclopropana Colchicum autumnale

→ to contens Alkaloid colchicine → at experiment for inhibit mitosis at

metafase → mouse → except bone & tissue

PHOTOSENSITISATION Animal sensitive to ray of sun caused

abnormality material at circulation blood peripheral

To consist of :- Ps. Primer- Ps. Secunder- Ps. congenital

Ps. Primer- Hypericin → plant Hypericum perforatum- Fagopyrin → plant Fagopyrum esculatum- Phenotiazine sulfoxide (Anthelmintik)

Symptoma

- animal with hair light / pigments < →

sensitive → dermatitis, conjungtivitis

- cow → nipple, mamary glands & skins

with pigmen <

- Sheep → ear, palpebrae, face, nose, lips,

intermandibularis

→ skin to excret serous of liquid, necrosis

& to peel

Ps. Secunder

- = Hepatogeous Ps → to distrurb of hepar → Phylloerythrin (-)

(material chlorophyl) in bile

- † caused hepar is not capable netralization the

other toxins

- Control :

- to put animal in shelter

- is not to get vegetables

Ps. Congenital- caused genetic at metab to form

& disturbtion red blood cell incomplete

DIAGNOSA- Symptoma clinic- to ray of blood / organ with ray uv → if

fluorescense → (+)

TERAPY- to inhibits so that is not eaten plants to

cause Ps.- to avoid ray of sun - Antihistamin

Cause Photosensitisasi- Agave lesheguilla - Lippia rehmanni- Ammi visnaga - Lupinus sp- Brachiaria brizantha - Medicago sativa- Brassica sp - Myoporum laetum- Clotalaria sp - Narthecium ossifragum- Cymopterus watsoni - Nolina texana- Fagopyrum esculentum - Panicum sp- Heliotropium europaeum - Polygenum sp- Holocalyx glaziovii - Tetradymia sp- Hypericum sp - Trybulus terrestris- Kochia scoparia - Trifolium sp- Lantana sp - Vicia sp