plant structure ap bio

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series - 17

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Plant Form

AP Biology Rapid Learning Series

Rapid Learning Centerwww.RapidLearningCenter.com/© Rapid Learning Inc. All rights reserved.

Wayne Huang, PhDAndrew Graham, PhDElizabeth James, PhD

Casandra Rauser, PhD Jessica Habashi, PhD

Sara Olson, PhDJessica Barnes, PhD



Learning Objectives

Types of plant cell

By completing this tutorial, you will learn about:

Types of plant cell structure and function.

Types of plant tissues.

Plant anatomy, structure and function.

Reproductive organs of

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flowers.

Plant Form Concept Map

Plant

Stem Root

Vascular BundleDermal Tissue

Leave

Ground Tissue

Xylem

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Epidermal cell

Guard cell

Parenchyma cells Parenchyma cells

Trichomes Collenchyma cells Collenchyma cells

Sclerenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells

Phloem Xylem

Tracheids

Vessel ElementsVessel Elements Sieve cells

Sieve tube membersSieve-tube members



Plant Cells and Tissues

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Plant Cell StructureStandard plant cell structure.

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Cell WallThe cell wall provides

protection and with the vacuole is used for

skeletal support.

Primary cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicellulose,

pectin. They are all polysaccharides.

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Secondary cell wall of sclerenchyma, collenchyma and

xylem. These are secondary deposits of lignified cellulose.

Pits, are holes on the cell wall to allow cell to cell

communication.

Plant TissuesThere are three types of plant tissues: vascular, ground and

dermal.

Vascular tissue is conducting tissue and responsible for

transporting water, food and solutes. There are two groups:

xylem and phloem

Dermal Tissue

Ground Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Dermal Tissues include the outer

layer tissue and is used for protection and interaction with

the environment.

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Ground Tissue surrounds the

vascular tissue and is important for

storage and photosynthesis

kinds.



Tissues and Cells

Each type of plant tissue has distinct cells. Much like a human liver would have specific cells

Dermal TissueEpidermal cells Guard cells, trichomes, and root hairs

Ground TissueParenchyma cells Collenchyma cells Sclerenchyma cells.

p“hepatocytes”.

Phloem is the principal food-conducting tissue in vascular plants.Sieve cells Sieve-tube members

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Sclerenchyma cells.

Vascular TissueXylem is the main water-conducting tissue. vessel elements tracheids

Cells in Ground TissueThe structure of the cell and composition of the cell wall determines its

function.

Parenchyma cells are the most abundant and have a thin primary wall. They are used in food storage, photosynthesis and aerobic p yrespiration.

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Collenchyma cells have thick primary wall and provide

support for young tissue.

Sclerenchyma cells have rigid secondary walls and are dead when

mature. They are used for plant support.



Cells in Vascular Tissue1. Xylem is the main water conducting tissue. It

contains vessel elements and tracheids. Both cell types have rigid lignin-containing secondary cell walls.

2 The xylem forms long tubes for moving water2. The xylem forms long tubes for moving water. Both types, vessel elements and tracheids are dead when mature.

1 Phl i th i i l f d

This is a cross section of celery. It shows the vascular bundles including both phloem and xylem

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1. Phloem is the principal food conducting tissue n vascular

plants. It contains sieve cells and sieve-tube members.

2. Sieve tube members have thin primary wall and no secondary wall. These cells form tubes to

conduct food.

Cells in Dermal TissueEpidermal cells are a single

layer of cells that cover plants. It secrets a layer of cuticular

wax for protection.

Guard cells are specialized cells on the undersurface of

leaves. A hole exists between a pair of guard cells which is regulated in order to control

gas exchange and water loss.

Root hairs of many

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Root hairs of many vascular plants are tubular outgrowths of trichoblasts, which are the hair forming cells on the epidermis of the plant root. They are used for protection and

absorbing nutrients.



Question

How do plant tissues make up a plant

body?

A plant body is made up of three major parts: leaf, stem and root. Each of these parts contain the three major

tissues:epidermal, ground and vascular tissue.

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Organization of Plant Body

Root and Stem

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Meristem, Leaf, and Flower



Plant Body

Stem Leaf

ShootRoots are used to anchor the plant and for absorption of

nutrients from the soil.Shoots are the major site of

photosynthesis hold flowers, fruits and seeds.

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Root

Plant Body is Made Up of TissuesGround Tissue

Dermal Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Ground Tissue

Dermal Tissue

Vascular Tissue

Dermal Tissue

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Ground Tissue

Dermal Tissue

Vascular Tissue



Root Structure

1. Epidermis is the surface cells.2. Cortex tissue made up of parenchyma

ll

Endodermis

cells.3. Endodermis is the most inner layer of

cortex.4. Vascular bundle: inner circle of cells.

Cortex

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EpidermisVascular bundle

Root Cross section

RootRoot Structure: Longitudinal View

Root Cap – protects delicate tissues as the roots

Zone of Maturation

elongate, and helps perceive gravity

The Zone of Cell Division– Cells multiply

The Zone of Cell Elongation – Cells become Zone of Division

Zone of Elongation

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Elongation – Cells become several times longer than wide

The Zone of Maturation –cells differentiate into specific cell types Root Cap



5 Major Root TypesProp roots come

out from the lower part of

stems.

Aerial roots anchor climbing stems to vertical surfaces.

Storage roots are used for food storage e.g.

horseradish.

Tap roots: main root i d d th

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growing downward; the primary root grows

much larger than the secondary roots.

Fibrous roots: branching and rebranching.

Root Function

Root functions to take water and

minerals up from the dground.

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Roots are also important for anchoring

the plant.



StemStemThe functions of stems

include: support for leaves and increasing in diameter (girth) as well as elongation

Terminal bud

Internode

A stem is the part of a plant from which shoots and buds

arise.

well as elongation, transport of fluids

between the roots and leaves.

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Lateral bud

Node(Where bud or leaves attach)This is the structure

of a stem.

Modified Stems

■ Tubers – Potato■ Storage of Food

Modified Stems have various Functions.

Tubersg

■ Stolons – strawberry■ Generating new plants

■ Bulbs – Tulips, Onions■ Storage of Food

■ Corms – TarosSt f F d

Tubers

Corms

Bulbs

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■ Storage of Food



Stem: Cross SectionThis is the structure of a cross section of the

stem of a plant.

Epidermis

Collenchyma

ParenchymaCortex

Vascular Bundle

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Stem: Xylem and PhloemXylem

■ Mostly composed of dead cells■ Xylem transports water and

Phloem

■ Composed of living cells■ Transports synthesized

dissolved ions from the root system to the stem. ■ The lignified thick-walled xylem cells strengthen the stem.

Xylem Phloem

organic food such as carbohydrates from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

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monocots Dicots Xylem



Meristem

Apical MeristemMeristem is a kind of embryonic tissue in plants made up of unspecialized

meristematic cells located at

Lateral Meristem

roots and shoots.

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Lateral meristems (axillary meristems) is growth that thickens

stems and roots.

Apical meristems (terminal meristems): Root and Shoot apical meristems at the tips of stems and roots where

growth causes an increase in length of stems and roots.

Apical Meristem

Meristem

Lateral Meristem

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Bud

Bud

A bud is an undeveloped shoot and normally

occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the stem.

Leaf

Flower

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Once the bud is formed, it may

remain for some time in a dormant

state or form a shoot immediately.

A bud can develop into a

flower or a leaf.

Leaf Function

Photosynthesis

Carbohydrates(Food)

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Leaves are the major sites for photosynthesis which provide food for almost all life forms.



Leaf Structure

Petiole(A leave stalk, attaches leaf to plant)

Lamina(leaf blade)

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Midrib

Leaf apex (the outer end of a leaf)

Vein (vasular bundles, for transport)

Leaf CellsCross Section

Cuticle Wax LayerUpper Epidermis

Vascular Bundle

Mesophyll Cells

Lower Epidermis

Cuticle Wax LayerSecreted by upper epidermal cells, for

protection

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Vascular BundleTransportation

Mesophyll CellPhotosynthesis

Epidermal CellsProtection, interaction with environment



Specialized Leaf CellsTrichome

Guard Cells:located on lower epidermis

Bundle Sheath Cells

Guard CellGuard Cellstomata

■ Trichome

Trichomes are specialized

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controlling gas exchange and water loss.

occur in pairs and are shaped so that stomata (a pore) exists between them. They can change shape with the result in pore disappearing.

epidermal cells present in most plants.

■ Bundle sheath cells

Specialized cells in certain plants for photosynthesis

Flower’s Reproductive Organs

Stamen= anther + filament

Flowers have these specialized

reproductive organs.

Anther

Filament

Carpel

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Petal

Sepal



Monocots and Dicots

The two classes of angiosperm plants

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Monocots and Dicots

KingdomPlantaePlant:

monocot and dicot

taxonomy.

ClassAngiospermae(Angiosperms) (Gymnosperms)

Gymnospermae(Gymnosperms)

Plants with flowers Plants without flowers

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Subclass

Dicotyledonae (Dicotyledons, Dicots) (Monocotyledons, Monocots)

Monocotyledonae (Monocotyledons, Monocots)

Plants with two seed leaves Plants with one seed leaf



Structure Difference

Cotyledons: seed leaves

Veins in Leaves Flowers Vascular Bundle

Monocots

Dicots

One Parallel In multiple of 3 Scattered

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Two Net-like 4 or 5 pedals Arranged in a ring

Question

Monocots have one cotyledon, parallel leaf veins, flower number in 3 and scattered vascular bundles.

Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like What are the

major yleaf veins, flowers in 4 or 5 and

vascular bundles arranged in a ring.differences

between monocots and

dicots?

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Question: Review

Three types of plant tissues. ___________Vascular, ground,

dermal

is the main water ___________

___________

Xylem

Gas and water

_____ is the main water conducting tissue.

M i t i l t d h ?

Guard cells regulate and control _____ and _____.

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___________Roots and shootsMeristem is located where?

A ____ is an undeveloped shoot occurring in the axil of a leaf or tip of the stem.

___________Bud

Plant TissuesDermal TissuePlant TissuesDermal Tissue

Learning Summary

Plant Cell Types and their

Plant Cell Types and theirGround Tissue

Vascular TissueGround TissueVascular Tissue

and their Functionand their Function

Plant BodyFlower

Plant BodyFlower

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Monocots and Dicots

Monocots and Dicots

FlowerLeafStemRoot

FlowerLeafStemRoot



Congratulations

You have successfully completed the core tutorial

Plant Forms

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