plant pathogens and biocontrol agents. plant pests pathogens predators weeds
TRANSCRIPT
Plant Pathogens and Biocontrol Agents
Plant Pests
Pathogens Predators Weeds
Symptoms of Microbial Diseases in Plants
Necrosis - death of plant cells; may appear as spots in localized areas
Canker - localized necrosis resulting in lesion, usually on stem Wilt - droopiness due to loss of turgor Blight - Loss of foliage Chlorosis - loss of photosynthetic capability due to bleaching
of chlorophyll Hypoplasia - stunted growth Hyperplasia - excessive growth Gall - tumor
Pathogens : Viruses
Transmission of viruses Insect vectors - especially aphids, whiteflies,
leafhoppers, mealybugs, ants Nematodes Seeds from infected parent plants
Airborne transmission Infected plant parts Aphids Pollen
Pathogens: Bacteria Generally Gram-negative bacilli: species of
Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas, Agrobacterium, and Corynebacterium
Dispersal from plant generally passive by water, wind-blown water, animals, agricultural workers
In warm, humid climates, where dew and rain are common, dispersal of bacteria by rain-splash is the major means of disease spread
Airborne spread on rafts of plant material
Pathogens: Fungi Over 70% of all major crop diseases are
caused by fungi Thousands of fungal species recognized as
plant pathogens Fungal diseases cost more than $3.5 billion to
US farmers alone In general spores of most fungal pathogens
are adapted for airborne transport
Plant Pests and Their Control by Fungi and Bacteria
Plant Pathogenic Nematodes
Obligate parasites Feed on roots of plants Some never live in soil, they survive in host
and are spread by insect vectors Reduces crop yield and increases risk of
infection through wounds
Insects
Damage or destroy crops before and after harvest
Larval stage often most destructive Injury plants directly by using plant for food
or shelter and indirectly by spreading pathogens
Basic feeding patterns
Chewing Insects Either larvae or adults Tear or bite portions of the plants May eat their way through the plant causing holes and
tunnels Others eat whole plant
Sucking Insects Pierce the plant and sucks up the sap Results in curling, stunting, deformed parts
Weeds
“Unloved plant” Injurious to agricultural crops Loss is a direct result of competition for
light, water, nutrients
Control Measures
Chemicals widely used to control plant pests and diseases
Dangers of pesticide use apparent
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Multifaceted approach to disease control Sanitation Crop rotation Genetic resistance Biological Control
Biological Control Use of living organisms to reduce disease due to
competition or antagonism i.e.. ladybugs to control aphids
The aim is to reduce dependence on chemicals Today emphasis on microorganisms
Bacillus thuringiensis for insect control Several Pseudomonas species for control of bacterial
and fungal pathogens Numerous fungi for insects, nematodes, fungal
pathogens
Bacillus thuringiensis
Common soil bacterium well known for its ability to produce crystalline proteins with insecticidal properties
Since 1960s Bt available as a safe naturally occurring biopesticide Use as a dried inoculum containing endospores and
crystals of insecticidal proteins used as sprays or dusts for a wide variety of insects -
especially Lepidopteran
Bt Toxins
Toxins activated by enzymes in insect gut Kill insects by binding to membranes in
digestive system and creating pores in membrane~contents leak into body cavity
Harmless to humans, natural enemies of arthropods, and non-target organisms
Bacillus thuringiensis
B.t. subspecies kurstaki is widely used in caterpillar control in agriculture and forestry
B.t. subspecies israelensis is active against mosquitoes and black flies
B.t. subspecies tenebrionis is active again beetle larvae
Bt Uses
Spray ApplicationsBt toxins degrade within a few daysEndospores can survive for several years
after spray applications Genetic Engineering with Bt genes
Transfer into crop plantsTransfer other bacteria
Pseudomonas species
Pseudomonas fluorescens for control of fire blight (also may control apple blue mold)
Fire blight – bacterial disease of apples and pears caused by Erwinia amylovora
Pseudomonas out competes Erwinia Reduces use of streptomycin which has been
helpful since many Erwinia strains resistant