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Page 1: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 2: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

PLANT NUTRITIONPLANT NUTRITION

Page 3: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Essential factors for optimum Essential factors for optimum biological efficiencybiological efficiency

Favorable air and soil temperatures.Favorable air and soil temperatures.

Optimum available soil water and soil air.Optimum available soil water and soil air.

Adequate light as a source of energy for green Adequate light as a source of energy for green plants to carry on photosynthesis.plants to carry on photosynthesis.

Essential elements for adequate nutrition of Essential elements for adequate nutrition of plants available when needed and supplied in plants available when needed and supplied in balanced proportion.balanced proportion.

Page 4: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 5: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 6: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

NutritionNutrition The process by which an organism obtains food The process by which an organism obtains food

which is used to provide energy and materials which is used to provide energy and materials for its life sustaining activitiesfor its life sustaining activities

Criteria for essentiality In its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle orThat the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite

Page 7: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Primary macronutrientsPrimary macronutrients: : Nitrogen,phosphorus, potassiumNitrogen,phosphorus, potassium

Secondary macronutrientsSecondary macronutrients

calcium, sulphur, magnesiumcalcium, sulphur, magnesium

Micronutrients or trace mineralsMicronutrients or trace minerals::

boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, boron, chlorine, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, and sodium.molybdenum, and sodium.

Page 8: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Functions and deficiency symptoms of Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrientsnutrients

Page 9: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Carbon:Carbon:o Backbone of many plants biomoleculesBackbone of many plants biomoleculeso Fixed through photosynthesis Fixed through photosynthesis o Part of the carbohydrates that store energy in the plant.Part of the carbohydrates that store energy in the plant.

HydrogenHydrogeno Building sugars and building the plant. Building sugars and building the plant. o Obtained entirely from water. Obtained entirely from water. o Help drive the electron transport chain in Help drive the electron transport chain in

photosynthesis and for respiration.photosynthesis and for respiration.

Macro Nutrients

Page 10: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

OxygenOxygeno Necessary for cellular respiration. Necessary for cellular respiration. o Plants produce oxygen gas during photosynthesis.Plants produce oxygen gas during photosynthesis.

Phosphorus:Phosphorus:Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (ATP) during photosynthesis. Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (ATP) during photosynthesis. Component of cell membrane system Component of cell membrane system Important for plant growth and flower/seed formation brings early maturity. Important for plant growth and flower/seed formation brings early maturity. Make up DNA, RNA, and phospholipids. Make up DNA, RNA, and phospholipids. Bronzed/raddish coloration in leaves.Bronzed/raddish coloration in leaves.

Page 11: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

leaves may appear purple from accumulation of anthocyanin. leaves may appear purple from accumulation of anthocyanin. Older leaves will show the first signs of deficiency.Older leaves will show the first signs of deficiency.

PotassiumPotassiumRegulates the opening and closing of the stomata.Regulates the opening and closing of the stomata. Increases drought, frost and stress tolerance. Increases drought, frost and stress tolerance. Maintain turger pressureMaintain turger pressureK+ is highly mobile and can aid in balancing the anion K+ is highly mobile and can aid in balancing the anion charges within the plant. charges within the plant. Deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal chlorosis.Deficiency may cause necrosis or interveinal chlorosis.Higher risk of pathogens, wilting, chlorosis, brown Higher risk of pathogens, wilting, chlorosis, brown spotting, and higher chances of damage from frost and spotting, and higher chances of damage from frost and heat.heat.

Page 12: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

NitrogenNitrogen Essential component of all proteins. nitrogen is the Essential component of all proteins. nitrogen is the limiting nutrient of high growth. limiting nutrient of high growth. The older leaves exhibit chlorosis nitrogenThe older leaves exhibit chlorosis nitrogendeficiency most often results in stunted growth, slow deficiency most often results in stunted growth, slow growth, and chlorosis. growth, and chlorosis. Purple color due to accumulation of anthocyanin Purple color due to accumulation of anthocyanin pigments increases the utilization of P.k.pigments increases the utilization of P.k.

SulphurSulphurStructural component of some amino acids and vitamins,Structural component of some amino acids and vitamins,essential in the manufacturing of chloroplasts. essential in the manufacturing of chloroplasts. Symptoms of deficiency include yellowing of leaves and Symptoms of deficiency include yellowing of leaves and stunted growth.stunted growth.

Page 13: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

CalciumCalciumRegulates transport of other nutrients into the plantRegulates transport of other nutrients into the plant

Involved in the activation of certain plant enzymes. Involved in the activation of certain plant enzymes.

Structural component of chromosomes.Structural component of chromosomes.

Helps in symbiotic fixation of nitrogen.Helps in symbiotic fixation of nitrogen.

deficiency results in death of terminal buddeficiency results in death of terminal bud..

cause ofcause of chromosomes abnormity.chromosomes abnormity.

MagnesiumMagnesiumimportant part of chlorophyll, important part of chlorophyll,

It is important in the production of ATP through its role as It is important in the production of ATP through its role as an enzyme cofactor. an enzyme cofactor.

Page 14: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis.deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis.

Lower leaves become purplish red.Lower leaves become purplish red.

SiliconSiliconstrengthens cell walls, strengthens cell walls,

improving plant strength, health, and productivity.improving plant strength, health, and productivity.

include improved drought and frost resistance, include improved drought and frost resistance,

Page 15: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 16: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Micro nutrientsMicro nutrients

IronIronnecessary for photosynthesis.necessary for photosynthesis.

present as an enzyme cofactor in plants. present as an enzyme cofactor in plants.

deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis and necrosisdeficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis and necrosis

MolybdenumMolybdenumcofactor to enzymes.cofactor to enzymes.

important in building amino acids.important in building amino acids.

Page 17: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

BoronBoronimportant for binding cell lignifications, pectins important for binding cell lignifications, pectins

secondary roles may be in sugar transport, cell division, secondary roles may be in sugar transport, cell division,

synthesizing certain enzymes.synthesizing certain enzymes.

Carbohydrate metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism.

Boron deficiency causes necrosis in young leaves and Boron deficiency causes necrosis in young leaves and stunting.stunting.

CopperCopperImportant for photosynthesis. Important for photosynthesis.

Involved in many enzyme processes.Involved in many enzyme processes.

Symptoms for deficiency include chlorosis.Symptoms for deficiency include chlorosis.

Page 18: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

ManganeseManganesenecessary for building the chloroplasts.necessary for building the chloroplasts.deficiency may result in coloration deficiency may result in coloration abnormalities, such as discolored spots on abnormalities, such as discolored spots on the foliagethe foliage

SodiumSodiumInvolved in the regeneration of Involved in the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in CAM and C4 plants. phosphoenolpyruvate in CAM and C4 plants. Substitute for potassium in some circumstances.Substitute for potassium in some circumstances.Substitution of K by NaSubstitution of K by Na

Page 19: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

ZincZincRequired in a large number of enzymes.Required in a large number of enzymes.

plays an essential role in DNA transcription.plays an essential role in DNA transcription.

Permote flower setting.Permote flower setting.

Deficiency is the stunted growth of leaves, Deficiency is the stunted growth of leaves, commonly known as "little leaf“.commonly known as "little leaf“.

NickelNickelIn higher plants, essential for activation of urease, In higher plants, essential for activation of urease,

Leading to the formation of necrotic lesions.Leading to the formation of necrotic lesions.

Page 20: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

ChlorineChlorinenecessary for osmosis and ionic balancenecessary for osmosis and ionic balance

also plays a role in photosynthesis.also plays a role in photosynthesis.

Page 21: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Nutrient lossesNutrient losses

Removal by crop plantsRemoval by crop plants::

Loss of nutrient through Erosion:Loss of nutrient through Erosion:

Removal by Weeds:Removal by Weeds:

Loss of nutrients through leaching:Loss of nutrients through leaching:especially in the form of anions. viz NOespecially in the form of anions. viz NO3 3

-- ,SO4 ,SO4 -2 -2 , Cl, Cl-.-.

More in open textured soils, More in open textured soils,

10 % of applied nitrogen is lossed through leaching10 % of applied nitrogen is lossed through leaching..

Page 22: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 23: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Volatilization Loss of Nutrients:Volatilization Loss of Nutrients:

Ways :Ways :Non Biological loss of ammoniaNon Biological loss of ammoniaChemical decomposition of nitrates to nitrogen oxides in Chemical decomposition of nitrates to nitrogen oxides in acidic conditionsacidic conditions

Reaction of HNOReaction of HNO22 with ammonium or amino acids to with ammonium or amino acids to produce Nproduce N

Microbial decomposition(NMicrobial decomposition(N22, N, N22O)O)

Immobilization:Immobilization:Microbial growth in the soil.Microbial growth in the soil.Mineralization =C : P <200:1 Mineralization =C : P <200:1 Immobilization= C : P >300:1Immobilization= C : P >300:1

Page 24: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Sources of nutrientsSources of nutrients

Through crop residues.Through crop residues.

Through organic manures.Through organic manures.

Addition to the soil through Rains.Addition to the soil through Rains.

Microbial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen:Microbial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen:1.1. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation Symbiotic nitrogen fixation

2.2. AzoficationAzofication

3.3. Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza

4.4. Phosphate solublizing micro-organisms.Phosphate solublizing micro-organisms.

Commercial fertilizersCommercial fertilizers

Page 25: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

How much and when to applyHow much and when to apply

Crop requirement.Crop requirement.

Soil test.Soil test.

How to apply fertilizer??How to apply fertilizer??Correct time.Correct time.

Uniform distribution.Uniform distribution.

Correct place.Correct place.

Page 26: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 27: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate
Page 28: PLANT NUTRITION Essential factors for optimum biological efficiency Favorable air and soil temperatures. Optimum available soil water and soil air. Adequate

Questions?Questions?