Recapitulationutopiadystopiaplanning for progressprogress as relative and relationalthe garden citythe contemporary citythe broadacre city

The Garden City MovementEbenezer Howard (1850-1928)Tomorrow - a Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898) Garden Cities of Tomorrow (1902)Push-pull factors in urban developmenttown magnetcountry magnettown-and-country magnet

1000 acre centrally located citygrand central park and civic core5000 acres of permanent agriculture and parklandnew towns connected by rail

The garden city

Letchworth and Welwyn-Garden Cities Built

The contemporary cityRoots in the works ofTony Garnier, French architect, 1917 treatise on cit industrielle: formal classicism and functionality of the machine ageFuturists - Filippo Marinetti and Antonio SantElia, 1914, La Citta Nuova Bauhaus School, Walter Gropius, Weimar, 1919, the avante garde

The contemporary cityCharles-Edouard Jeanneret - Le Corbusier(1887-1969)Modernist of the International StyleThe City of Tomorrow and its Planning (1929)3 million inhabitantsseveral hundred acres of Paris to be demolished

The contemporary cityLe Corbusiers basic formula: both architecture and cities should be machines for livingkey to reduce the congestion of city centres by increasing their density by building up - high density, high-rise city cores leaving land for green space and private transportclass segregation: elite to have spacious and best appointed tower blocks; workers to have small garden apartments in satellite units some distance from the centre (Brasilia)

The contemporary cityPlan Voisineighteen 700-foot towers to be built on the historic north side of the River Seineuniform cells/apartments, standardized furnitureLa Ville Radieuse (1933) - giant collective apartment blocksThe heroic scale of his ideas and his sheer irrepressibility drew admiration from architects and urban designers who wanted leadership and recognition, while his willingness to confront the automobile era drew admiration from technocrats. From this admiration grew a conventional wisdom that was centred on the need to modernize cities through ruthless redevelopment, tearing out their centres and replacing them with high-rise housing linked by intrusive freeways (Knox 1995, 158).

The contemporary cityLUnit dHabitation, Marseilles, 1950sintegrated community servicesdaycare facilitiesshopspoured concrete sections and panels, textured and sculpted with recessed windows and balconiesinexpensive and amenable to prefabrication the grid

Demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe Project, St Louis

The broadacre cityFrank Lloyd Wrightindividualism, naturalismresponse to automobility (Mumford noted that automobiles were antithetical to the very idea of the city)premised on assumption of three inalienable rights:social right to direct medium of exchange - social creditsocial right to place on the ground to be held only by use and improvementsocial right to the ideas by which and for which we live: public ownership of invention and science

The broadacre cityplanned metropolitan decentralization using the vehicle to enhance opportunities for individual lifestyles and closeness to naturedecreased densities and more land per occupantdifferentiated and individualized homesbased on use of high-pressure concrete, plywood and plastic for housing, surrounded by networks of landscaped parkways and freewaysthese semi-rural neighbourhoods were to be serviced by massive public service stations providing a range of low-order goods and services

Here now may be seen the elemental units of our social structure: the correlated farm, the factory-its smoke and gases eliminated by burning coal at places of origin, the decentralized school, the various conditions of residence, the home offices, safe traffic, simplified government. All common interests take place in a simple coordination wherein all are employed: little farms, little homes for industry, little factories, little schools, a little university going to the people mostly by way of their interest in the ground, little laboratories ... (Wright 1935, in The City Reader).

RadburnClarence Stein and Henry Wright15 miles from Manhattan in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, 1928based on Sunnyside superblock (Sunnyside, Queens, 1924-28)traffic channeled through road hierarchies, residential areas virtually traffic free, cycle and pedestrian pathshousing clustered around irregular shaped open spaces

Radburn

SummaryUtopia - progress - planningRelative and relational project that is context dependent (viz. space, place, time and culture or society)Utopian pursuits in city (residential) developmentHowards garden cityLe Corbusiers contemporary cityWrights broadacre city Radburn