pilots handbook

Sierra LSA Pilot's Handbook Version 1.2

IntroductionThank you for purchasing this aircraft. I have spent many hundreds of hours working on this aircraft and have tried to make the best possible model within the limits of my own abilities and the limitations of FSX. I hope you enjoy flying the Sierra.

The Sierra is a sleek lightweight 2 seater modern aircraft constructed in Italy from aluminium sheeting over a steel frame. The aircraft uses the 100hp Rotax 912 engine and will happily cruise at over 110kts. Even though the aircraft is not cleared for aerobatics it still displays stable, agile handling, crisp control response and excellent take off and climb rate performance.

Primarily designed as a trainer in the new light sport aircraft category it also makes a good cross country tourer with a range of over 600NM.

System RequirementsThis aircraft was developed with the FSX SP2 SDK. You therefore need either Microsoft's Flight Simulator X SP2, Acceleration or FSX Gold. The minimum PC specs are more difficult to be exact about as even similarly specced PC's can give such varying performance. For reference I created this aircraft on an Intel E8500 core 2 due 3.16Ghz CPU with 4GB ram and an NVidia 9600GT 1GB video card running Windows XP. To run the Sierra Setup program Microsoft .NET 4.0.30319 or later needs to be installed.

SupportIf you are having problems with the operation of the aircraft please email me at [email protected]. Problems with downloading the package should be directed to the retailer as they are responsible for delivery of the download.

Quick StartFor those people who like to dive right in there is a quick start guide which covers the basics of flying this aircraft. The Quick Start is also available in the FSX kneeboard reference page.

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mailto:[email protected]?subject=Sierra


InstallationThis aircraft is designed for Microsoft's Flight Simulator X. Installation is handled by an installer program which places the files into the correct location. Simply click on the installer to start the process. The installer will read FSX's location from the registry. Ensure that this is correct and that the installer is pointing to your Flight Simulator X folder.

If you have installed the demo Sierra LSA it is recommended that you uninstall the demo first.

Upgrading from version 1.0 or version 1.1 to version 1.2The AntsSierraV120.exe installer will overwrite the files in version 1.0 so there is no need to uninstall the earlier version. However, make a backup of your aircraft.cfg file if you have added any repaints as this file will be overwritten. After you have installed version 1.2 you can copy the fltsim entries from your backup to the new aircraft.cfg file. Any repaint textures you may have added should not be affected by installing 1.2 and repaints made for early versions are compatible with version 1.2.

Features- Smooth 3D gauges.

- Custom made radios.

- Bump and specular mapped textures.

- Custom engine management and startup.

- 13 liveries included.

- Genuine engine sounds.

- Switchable wheel covers and nose wheel fairing.

- Animations for tiedowns, wheel chocks and pitot covers.

- Special model for RealityXP GPS compatibility (both 430 and 530).

Things to knowBefore we get too far into this manual I will list some of the items unique to this aircraft that may cause some confusion.

There are no mixture or prop controls. The engine features constant depression carburetors that automatically adjust for density altitude and the prop is a fixed pitch prop.

Stop the engine by turning off both ignition switches.

There is no generator switch. The generator light comes on in the event of a failure or if the engine is not running.

There is no differential braking. The brakes are operated by a lever on the centre console (you can still use toe brake pedals to apply the brakes in FSX).

Yes, the engine does rev that high. The engine has a maximum rpm of 5800 and uses a 2.428 gear reduction before going to the prop.

Flaps in the real aircraft are continuously variable. FSX doesn't handle continuously variable flaps so, as a compromise, the model has been set up to increment the flaps by steps of 5 degrees.

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Demo LimitationsIf you are using the demo the following limitations are placed on the model. Purchasing the full version will obviously fix these limitations.

- Demo written in inconvenient places

- Propeller does not rotate

- Only one all white livery (full version includes 10 liveries)

- No Reality XP version (full version includes a model that allows the Reality XP 530 or 430 GPS (sold separately) to be used).

The demo should provide a good representation of the performance and framerates you would get from the full version.

What's new in Version 1.1- Fixed bug where animations could get confused under certain circumstances.

- Fixed direction of elevator trim tab and elevator animation.

- Fixed night lighting on altitude Kohlsman dial.

- Added CRSR clickpoint to the GPS.

- Improved flap lever animation.

- Added method to allow user to set animations on loading aircraft.

- Included alternative textures for VC glass for those that prefer less reflections.

What's new in Version 1.2- New custom 296 GPS gauge.

- New Trutrak autopilot.

- Reworked lighting system for gauges and panel.

- Hot switchable RPM gauge (displays either engine RPM or prop RPM).

- Hot switchable airspeed gauge (displays either Knots or km/h).

- New Sierra Setup program to set user preferences.

- Adjusted animation range of ailerons and rudder.

- 3 new liveries.

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Selecting the SierraOnce the aircraft has been installed start FSX and click on Free Flight. Click on Change... under Current Aircraft. Ensure Show all variations is ticked. The Sierra will appear as "Tecnam P2002 Sierra". If you are using the filters at the top of the Select Aircraft screen the Aircraft manufacturer is Tecnam, the Publisher is Ant's Airplanes and the Aircraft Type is Single Engine Prop.

If the aircraft name starts with Style 1, Style 2 or Style 3 it means this aircraft allows you to change the registration number displayed on the sides of the aircraft by changing the Tail number under "Details". This allows you to easily customise your aircraft to your personal registration and works in exactly the same way as the default aircraft.

If the aircraft name has a registration number as part of the name of the aircraft then you cannot change the registration number as it is fixed as part of the aircraft texture (refer to the Customising the Sierra section for information on how to customise aircraft paints).

Each variation may also include RXP as part of the name. They will also have a GPS graphic in the lower right of the thumbnail picture. If you have the Reality XP GNS WAAS 530 GPS then selecting this aircraft will use a radio stack with the Reality XP GPS in it. Note that the Reality XP GPS is not included in this package and must be purchased separately. Refer to the Modifying the Panel section for information on how to customise this model if you would like to use other avionics gauges.

On the following pages are some pictures of the aircraft repaints available.

Version 1.2 includes an additional 3 repaints which were previously available as separate downloads. The 3 new repaints are VH-JFO, ProSky and ZK-ROZ

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Style 1 available in two colour schemes, red and blue (as shown) or blue and grey. The registration number can be changed on these paints.

Style 2 is only available in this red and gold scheme. The registration number can be changed on this paint.

Style 3 is available in blue and grey (as shown) or a blue scheme. The registration number can be changed on these paints.

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24-5395 is a fictional repaint. Greg from Airsport QLD flying school at Boonah, Queensland was kind enough to let me record the engine sounds from one of his Tecnam's and in return I have repainted the Sierra in Airsport colours that are flown by his Tecnam Golf (a similar aircraft to the Sierra). The registration number is fixed on this repaint.

24-5239 is an Australian recreational aviation registered aircraft also based at Boonah. The registration number is fixed on this repaint.

ZK-NPS is a NZ registered aircraft based at Ardmore. The registration number is fixed on this repaint.

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http://www.airsportqld.com.au/


A UK registered aircraft which I thought looked rather nice. The registration number is fixed on this repaint.

Fuel and PayloadThe Sierra has an unloaded weight of 331 kgs (730 lbs) and a maximum weight of 598 kgs (1335 lbs).

The Sierra has two fuel tanks located within the leading edge of each wing. Each tank holds 50 litres (13.1 gallons) of fuel for a total fuel capacity of 100 litres (26.2 gallons). Note that only 99.2 litres (26 gallons) of fuel is useable.

Baggage is stored behind the seats along with the fire extinguisher and first aid kit. If you set the baggage to more than 0 and less than 20 pounds one small bag will appear here. If you set the baggage load to more than 20 pounds a second, larger bag will appear.

If you set the passenger weight to be more than 0 then a passenger will appear in the aircraft. You can show or hide the passenger by using the Animation Manager (shift+3).

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The Virtual CockpitThe Sierra features a fully 3D virtual cockpit with smooth 3D gauges. As these gauges are an integral part of the 3D model there is no 2D panel available for this aircraft.

Interaction with the various gauges, knobs and buttons is done via mouse. Switches are simply activated by left clicking on the switch. Knobs are turned by holding down the left mouse button and dragging either left or right. You can also turn knobs by using the mouse scroll wheel.

The Sierra features rain effects on the windows. If it is raining in the FSX world then you should see rain drops falling on the canopy and windows. These effects will also appear if you use the external views.

Map and KneeboardIn the left side pocket there is a map and notepad. Clicking on the map will display the FSX map while clicking on the notepad will display the FSX kneeboard where you can find a copy of the checklists and the Quick Start guide.

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TrimThe trim indicator displays the setting of the elevator trim. The elevator trim is controlled by two buttons on the top of each joystick (or via FSX key commands). The TRIM SWITCH determines which set of buttons controls the trim.

Setting the TRIM SWITCH to LH means the left hand joystick buttons will control trim while setting the switch to RH means the right hand joystick buttons will control trim. Because the trim is electronically controlled these buttons will not work if there is no power on the main electrical bus.

Note that the real Sierra only has elevator trim.

RPMDisplays the engine RPM. The Rotax engine is a high revving engine with a max rating of 5800 rpm. With the propeller fitted to this aircraft you will typically achieve around 5250 rpm with full throttle. The engine includes a gear reduction box which reduces the propeller rpm by a factor of 2.42. Therefore, if you have the engine rpm set at 5000 rpm (typical cruise) the propeller will be turning at around 2060 rpm.

AirspeedDisplays the aircraft airspeed in knots. The white arc is the flap operating range. The green arc is the normal operating range. In the yellow arc operations must be conducted with caution and only in smooth air. The red line is the maximum speed for all operations. Clicking on the airspeed gauge will change the units displayed to km/h. Click again to change back to knots. Use the Sierra Setup program to permanently set the units used.

AttitudeDisplays an artificial horizon as well as the pitch of the aircraft. Use the knob to calibrate the attitude bars.

AltimeterDisplays the aircraft altitude in feet. Use the knob to adjust the barometer settings which are displayed in millibars on the left and in Hg on the right.

Turn/SlipThe aircraft indicates the rate of turn of the aircraft. A skidding aircraft is indicated by the ball moving off center. Note that the aircraft indicator is not an artificial horizon indicator.

Directional GyroDisplays the aircraft heading. This is a vacuum gyro instrument and is therefore susceptible to gyro drift. Cross check with the compass heading and use the knob to adjust any drift if necessary.

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Vertical Speed (VSI)Shows the rate of the climb in hundreds of feet per minute.

ThrottleThere are two throttles fitted to this aircraft and you may use either one depending upon which free hand you have. Push the throttle in to increase the engine rpm and pull out to reduce. The throttles are linked so pushing one will also move the other.

Emergency Locater Transmitter (ELT)In case of emergency you may employ the ELT. The ELT will send a signal which will signal to rescue services that you are in distress. Rescue services can then use the signal to locate your aircraft. Pressing the left side of the switch will turn on the ELT. The light will flash every second indicating that the ELT is working. To cancel the signal press the right side of the switch twice. To reset the ELT click the left side of the switch so that neither side is pressed. This is the normal state of the switch.

Pressing the right side of the switch will put the ELT into self test mode. This will be indicated by a flash of the light and then approximately 10 seconds later the light will flash again indicating the test has completed. Press the left side of the switch so neither side is pressed to reset the ELT.

If you have a severe collision with excessive G-forces then the ELT will automatically trigger. To cancel any false signal press the right side of the switch twice.

Air VentsThe air vents on either side of the panel allow fresh air into the cockpit. Grabbing the various parts of the air vents with the mouse and dragging allows you to adjust the air vents. You can open and close the vents as well as rotate the vents be grabbing various parts of the vents. This has no effect on FSX performance.

Cabin HeatPull out to adjust the amount of warm air in the cabin. Push in all the way to have no cabin heating. This has no effect on FSX performance.

Fuel PumpThe fuel pump is an auxiliary pump. The aircraft includes an engine driven main pump which pumps fuel to the engine during normal operation.

Ignition SwitchesTurn off both switches to stop the engine. These switches need to be on when starting the engine and during normal operation.

Master SwitchThe master switch is a combined battery and starter. Clicking on the switch with the left mouse button will toggle between having the battery on or off. Clicking with the right mouse button will operate the starter.

ChokeUse the choke in very cold conditions when starting the engine. If the air temperature is below 8 deg celsius and the engine will not start you should push choke in and then try starting the engine again. Remember to pull the choke back out when the engine is running to avoid overheating the engine.

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Carb. HeatPull out to apply carburettor heat to the engine.

Throttle FrictionTurn the lever left or right to control the amount of force needed to move the throttle levers (this has no effect in FSX).

Flap LeverThe real Sierra's flaps are continuously variable but FSX doesn't really handle continuously variable flaps. I have therefore set up the aircraft so that each click on the flaps lever will move the flaps by 5 degrees. It seems like a reasonable compromise to me and one used by other developers. Typical flap settings are 15 degrees for take off and 40 (full flaps) for landing.

Light SwitchesThese switches control the external lights as well as the avionics master bus and instrument lights. The landing light is located on the left wing. The strobes are located on each wing tip and on top of the rudder. The nav light switch controls the red navigation light on the left wing tip, the green light on the right wing tip and the white light on the back of the rudder.

The avionics switch turns on and off the avionics bus. Turning this off will turn off the clock, gps, comms radio and transponder. The instr switch turns on and off the gauge lighting.

Generator LightThe generator light indicates if there is no power from the generator. There is no separate switch to control the generator as in older aircraft. It is always on. The generator switch will light up if the master switch is on but the engine is not running.

ClockThe clock operates as either a standard 24hr clock or timer. Press the mode button to switch between clock and timer modes. In clock mode pressing the DT/AV button will switch between displaying the local time and the day and month.

In timer mode pressing the DT/AV button will start and stop the timer. Press the SET/RST button to reset the timer to zero. The timer will count minutes and seconds for the first hour. It will then count hours and minutes.

AutopilotThe autopilot is based on the Trutrak DigiflightII autopilot. Right click on the knob to turn the autopilot on and off. Refer to the "Operating the autopilot" section for more information on how to operate the autopilot.

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GPSThe new GPS in version 1.2 is based on a Garmin 296. Click on the display of the GPS to open the 2D panel popup of the GPS. To close the 2D panel popup click on the GPSmap 296 in the top left of 2D panel GPS or click on the display of the GPS in the VC. Refer to the "Operating the GPS" section for more information on how to use this unit.

Audio PanelThis has no effect in FSX.

Comms RadioThe comms radio has an active and standby channel. Frequency for the standby channel (which is displayed on the right of the screen) is set by rotating the knobs on the right of the radio. The large knob changes the whole numbers while the small knob changes the fractions. Switch the standby and active frequencies (the active is on the left of the screen) with the flipflop button on the left of the unit. The radio can be turned on and off by rotating the volume knob.

TransponderUse the knobs to adjust the transponder code. The selector knob on the right of the unit allows you to set transmit mode as well as turn the unit off. If the unit is ON or in ALT mode then the ident light will flash every 10 seconds or so to indicate that activity is happening.

Flaps IndicatorIndicates the position of the flaps. Markings are for 0 (normal), 15 (take off) and 40 (landing) degrees.

Cylinder Head TemperatureTemperature is in degrees Celsius. Green shows the normal operating range, yellow caution and red lines show limits.

Engine Oil TemperatureTemperature is in degrees Celsius. Green shows the normal operating range, yellow caution and red lines show limits.

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Engine Oil PressureTemperature is in degrees Celsius. Green shows the normal operating range, yellow caution and red lines show limits.

Fuel Tank LevelsDisplays the amount of fuel in the left and right tanks which are located in the wing's leading edge. Each tank holds 50 litres (13.2 gal) with 49.5 litres (13.07 gal) useable. Ensure the wings are level to get an accurate reading.

Battery VoltageIndicates the voltage on the main bus with the normal range from 12 to 14 volts. If the generator is working you should have 13.5 volts displayed. If there is less than that displayed it indicates that you are using battery voltage only.

Fuel PressureShows the fuel pressure. This gauge is directly connected to the fuel system and is not electric. Typical fuel pressure should be around 0.3 bar.

Hobbs MeterDisplays the total number of hours the engine has been running for.

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Fuel LeversThe fuel levers control the fuel flow from each of the wing tanks. The left lever controls the flow from the left wing tank and ... well I guess you can figure out what the right lever does. In normal flight both levers should be ON as shown in the picture.

If the level in one tank is higher than in the other you can balance the tanks by turning off the fuel lever for the higher tank. When both tanks are level again turn both levers ON. You should always have at least one fuel lever ON when the aircraft is in flight.

BrakeThe Sierra uses a hand brake rather than the toe brakes you usually find in most aircraft. Pull back on the lever to apply the brakes. The brakes are applied evenly to both wheels so there is no differential braking in the Sierra.

As trying to pull a lever with the mouse and control the airplane at the same time can be rather difficult in FSX you can use standard key, joystick or rudder pedal controls to work the brakes.

Parking BrakeIn the real Sierra you apply the parking brake by pulling back the hand brake lever and then turning the Parking Brake lever to the ON position. The hand brake is then held in place. In the FSX aircraft applying the parking brake will pull back the Brake Lever automatically.

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Reality XP Radio StackIf you have selected to fly one of the RXP versions and you have the Reality XP 530 GPS installed (available separately) then the radio stack will look like the picture on the right. From the top is the audio panel, the GPS, the SL-30 comms/nav radio and the Transponder. All of these gauges, apart from the SL-30, is supplied in the Reality XP 530 GPS package and you should refer to the manuals from Reality XP on how to use these items.

The SL-30 is included in the Sierra package and is a combined Communications and Navigation radio. The real SL-30 is a very complex instrument and not all of the functions have been modeled in this version.

In addition to the Coms and Nav functions the radio will also act as a Course Deviation Indicator.

To turn on the radio click on the left knob. The flip flop switch will transfer the active and standby frequencies.

The Com button will place the radio into com mode and the active and standby comms frequencies will be displayed. The standby frequency can be changed clicking on the large outer knob and small inner knob located on the far right of the radio.

The Nav button will place the radio into nav mode and the active and standby nav frequencies will be displayed on the screen. Use the knobs to adjust the standby frequency.

The OBS button allows you to change the OBS course heading. The right of the display shows a graphic CDI. The aircraft in the centre of the display points up in the To condition and down in the From condition. The bars indicate the deviation from the course with each bar representing 1 degree of deviation. If there is no active signal then the display will show "flagged". If the active nav frequency is an ILS localizer then the OBS heading will change to "loc" and the radio will automatically tune to the correct course for the ILS course.

NOTE: The RXP 530 GPS CDI (the button on the far left under the display) is used to switch between NAV (VLOC) and GPS modes. The SL30 graphic CDI will display the deviation from the VOR/Localizer or GPS course deviation depending on the CDI mode set in the RXP 530 GPS. If the RXP 530 GPS is set to GPS and there is no valid flight plan then "flagged" will be displayed.

The T/F button will switch the radio to show the current radial. The OBS heading will change to

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display "vor". Pressing the T/F button again will switch between showing the To radial and the From radial. This button will not work if the nav is tuned to a localizer. If there is no valid signal then the radial will be dashed.

NOTE: The T/F display will only work if the RXP 530 GPS CDI (the button on the far left under the display) is set to VLOC. If it is set to GPS then "---" will be displayed as the heading.

The RXP panel also includes an additional Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) gauge which fills the blank hole directly below the clock. The CDI will display horizontal deviation as well as vertical deviation (glideslope) and will allow you to perform ILS approaches.

The CDI will display whether it is NAV/VLOC or GPS mode. This mode reflects the CDI setting in the RXP GPS. Note, there is no other NAV/GPS switch in the cockpit. If you are not using the RXP GPS you must use a key command to switch between NAV/GPS modes.

The CDI is not included in the normal panel as there is no NAV radio in that aircraft (and very few real world Sierras have CDI gauges).

Animation Manager

The Animation Manager is a 2D pop up screen which you select by pressing Shift+3. You can use the animation manager to show or hide various parts of the aircraft. Most of the options are self explanatory but here is a list of them anyway with some notes on what they do.

Pilot visible in virtual cockpit : By default this is off. If you click this to on and the joysticks are not visible then the joysticks will be made visible (the pilot's hand needs to be connected to the joystick).

Pilot visible in external views : By default is on.

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Passenger visible in virtual cockpit : Is on when the aircraft first loads if the passenger weight is more than 0. You can switch the passenger off or on at any time though depending on personal preference.

Passenger visible in external views : Same as for the passenger in virtual cockpit but for the external views. This allows you to have separate display options for the VC and external views.

Sunglasses : You can individually switch the sunglasses on or off for the pilot and passenger. When the aircraft first loads the sunglasses are turned off it is night time.

Wheel covers visible : Shows or hides the covers (or spats) over the wheels. The initial setting for this is set in the title of the aircraft in the aircraft.cfg file. If the title includes "Covers" then the aircraft will have wheel covers visible when it first loads.

Nose wheel fairing visible : Shows or hides the fairing on the nose wheel. The initial setting for this is set in the title of the aircraft in the aircraft.cfg file. If the title includes "Fairing" then the aircraft will have the fairing visible when it first loads.

Joysticks visible in the virtual cockpit : Some people prefer to fly with the joysticks or yokes not visible in aircraft . Usually I like to fly without the yokes visible in most aircraft but in the Sierra this is less of a problem as the joystick doesn't obscure any of the panel. This switch will not work if the pilot is visible in the virtual cockpit as the pilot's hand needs to be connected to the joystick.

Wheel chocks : Places wheel chocks under the rear wheels. Make sure you remove them before taxiing.

Aircraft tiedowns : Places the wing tiedowns. Make sure you remove them before taxiing.

Pitot tube covers : Places the covers over the pitot tubes under the left wing. Make sure you remove them before taxiing.

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Sierra Setup ProgramSierra Setup program requirements:The Sierra Setup program is a standalone program that allows the user to set some preferences for the Sierra LSA. Note that you can still fly the Sierra without using the Sierra Setup program. To run the Sierra Setup program Microsoft .NET 4.0.30319 or later needs to be installed.

Normal SettingsControls whether the pilot and passenger are visible or not. Note that if the pilot is visible in the virtual cockpit then the joysticks must be visible in the virtual cockpit as well.

"Display prop RPM instead of engine RPM" let's you change whether the RPM gauge displays prop RPM instead of Engine RPM.

"Display airspeed as Km/h" will change the airspeed gauge to display km/h instead of knots.

"Invert mouse wheel controls" allows the user to set how the mouse scroll wheel will behave when manipulating knobs. With most FSX aircraft scrolling down will decrease the value. Personally I find scrolling down to increase the numbers more natural so I added this setting to make me happy.

"Enable engine damage modelling" activates the possibility of damaging the engine by overheating. Read the "Engine Damage" section below for more information.

Cold and Dark SettingsThese settings are used when the aircraft is first loaded and the battery is off, the fuel selectors are off and the aircraft is on the ground.

Air Vents

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The air vents are located on the far left and far right of the panel.

Save These SettingsClick on this button to save the settings as they appear on screen.

Load Current SettingsLoads the current settings from disk. When the program starts the current settings will be read from the files and displayed on screen.

Reset To DefaultRestore the settings on screen to the default settings. Use "Save These Settings" to save the settings.

MessagesDisplays any messages from the program such as file saved, loaded etc. This is so you don't have any of those annoying popup messages that you have to click OK on. If an error occurs when loading or saving settings an error code will be displayed. Contact [email protected] for help in resolving any errors.

RXP VersionUse this setting to control how the radio stack appears in the virtual cockpit of the RXP version. By default the RXP version is set to display the RealityXP 530 GPS (the RealityXP GPS is not included with the Sierra). If you don't have the RealityXP 530 GPS then you can change the radio stack to display either the RealityXP 430 GPS (the RealityXP GPS is not included with the Sierra) or the default FSX 530 GPS. If you have made some of your own custom changes to the radio stack then select the "Custom panel" option to avoid having your changes overwritten.

Window reflectionsAllows you to control how much reflections are in the interior windows and gauge glass. Default shows the maximum amount of reflections, Medium reduces the amount of reflections and Clear will remove the reflections.

WeightAllows you to set the Pilot, Passenger and Baggage weights (these are saved to the aircraft.cfg file). Due to the nature of FSX the fuel % cannot be saved (you will need to use the fuel and payload editor in FSX to change your fuel load) but is included here to help you work out how much your takeoff weight will be.

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Engine DamageThe Sierra features some custom engine temperature management. This means that things such as outside air temperature, airspeed, carburetor heat will affect the engine cylinder head temperature and oil temperature. If either of these temperatures gets too hot then the engine will fail. Under most normal operating circumstances it would be very hard to overheat the engine although parked on the ground on a hot day with the engine at full revs and the carburetor heat and choke on will certainly get things a bit hot under the collar.

The easiest way to damage the engine though is to run out of oil. If you use the FSX failures to trigger either an oil leak or an oil system failure then temperatures will rapidly build leading to a complete engine failure and lots of black smoke. Click on the fire extinguisher (located behind the passenger seat) to douse the black smoke. You may need to click on the extinguisher a few times.

Cold temperatures can also affect the engine startup. If the outside air temperature is below 8 deg celsius then you should use the choke when starting the engine. Push the choke lever all the way in and then start the engine as normal. Make sure you pull the choke back out when the engine has warmed up.

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Operating the autopilotThe autopilot is a simple unit with only three controls but it still controls the pitch and heading of the aircraft. The avionics master switch must be on to provide power to the autopilot.

MODE BUTTON selects the lateral mode.

VALUE KNOB adjusts the selected values. Left click and drag left or right to rotate the knob. Right clicking on the knob engages or disengages the autopilot.

ALT BUTTON selects the vertical mode.

The autopilot will provide lateral guidance following either a programmed heading or a GPS track. Vertical guidance consists of either an altitude hold function or a fixed rate of climb or descent. The autopilot will not follow a nav radial (such as a VOR) or a glideslope.

When power is first applied the autopilot will go through a startup routine. When the autopilot is ready "AP OFF" will be displayed.

Engage and disengage the autopilot by right clicking on the VALUE KNOB. When the autopilot is engaged the autopilot will continue to track the aircraft's current heading and vertical speed. If the vertical speed is -100/+100 fpm then the autopilot will go into altitude hold mode.

To change the course ensure the SEL value is underlined by pressing the MODE BUTTON. Use the knob to change the course.

To change the vertical speed ensure the SVS value is underlined by pressing the ALT BUTTON.

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Use the knob to change the vertical speed. The aircraft will continue climbing or descending at the rate selected. The pilot should monitor the aircraft's airspeed to ensure the aircraft does not stall or overspeed.

To enter Altitude hold mode press the ALT key to underline the SVS value. Press ALT a second time and Altitude hold mode will be engaged. (note: FSX may take a few seconds to enter Altitude hold mode as the altitude is rounded off to the nearest 100 ft).

Pressing MODE BUTTON while SEL value is underlined will switch the autopilot to track the GPS course. Pressing the MODE BUTTON again will disengage the GPS mode. Note: If you are using the RXP model and have one of the RealityXP GPS units then pressing the MODE BUTTON may not work. In this case use the CDI button on the RealityXP GPS unit to switch modes.

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Operating the GPSThe GPS is based on a Garmin 296 portable aviation receiver.

This is not a 100% accurate simulation of the real world unit. The real unit is a very complex device with many options and settings. Having said that this unit does pretty much everything that the default GPS units do (and one or two things that they don't). This GPS uses the FSX gps.dll module (just like the default 295 and 500 GPS units) and is therefore subject to some of the same limitations as the default GPS units.

If tClicking on the display will bring up a 2D popup of the GPS. Clicking on the GPSmap 296 area in the top left of the 2D popup will close it again. The ROCKER switch is used to move the cursor and change highlighted fields.

Turning on the GPSIf the aircraft loads with power supplied to the GPS then the unit will already be running. Otherwise, ensure the Master Switch/Battery and Avionics Switch are both on. Press the POWER button. A warning screen will display, press ENTER to accept the conditions of use of the GPS.

The satellite acquisition screen will display and after about 10 seconds your position will be displayed. Press ENTER to finish the startup.

Turning the GPS offPress the POWER button and the GPS will turn off.

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Page SequenceThe GPS features 4 main pages, Map Page, Panel Page, Active Route Page and Position Data Page that you can cycle through by pressing the PAGE and QUIT buttons. The unit will start with the Map Page active.

Creating a Direct To1. Press the DIRECT TO button to display the Go To Page. Use the ROCKER to highlight the identifier in the top line of the display.

2. Press ENTER to start editing the identifier.

3. Use the ROCKER up and down to change the highlighted letter. Use left and right to move the cursor. Press ENTER when you have finished editing the Identifier. If there is more than one matched entry in the FSX database then a popup will display below the Identifier listing all the matches. Use the ROCKER up and down keys to scroll through the list and press ENTER when you have selected the particular entry you need.

4. With the on screen Go To button highlighted press ENTER and the GPS will create a course from your present position to the selected destination.

5. You can use the on screen Show Details button to see further details about your selected destination if you wish.

Finding a Nearby Point1. Press the NRST/FIND button to display the Nearest Pages.

2. Use the ROCKER left and right keys to select the nearest Airport, VOR, NDB or Intersection list.

3. Use the ROCKER up and down keys to scroll through the list. The nearest 15 destinations within 200NM are displayed by the GPS.

4. Press ENTER to see the details for the nearest item you have selected.

5. Press DIRECT TO to create a Direct to flight plan to the highlighted item.

Ant's Airplanes 24


Selecting an Approach1. Use the PAGE or QUIT buttons to cycle to the Active Flight Plan page. The final destination must be an airport for you to select an approach.

2. Press MENU to display the popup menu and use the ROCKER to highlight Select Approach. Press ENTER. You will be taken to the Airport Approach page.

3. Use the ROCKER to select the desired approach. A Transition menu will appear if there is more than one transition. Use the ROCKER to select the desired transition and press ENTER. The approach name will be added to the flight plan indicating that the approach has been loaded but not yet activated.

4. To activate the approach press MENU and use the ROCKER to highlight Activate Approach. Press ENTER to make the approach active. The Flight Plan Page will now display the Active Approach (note that the Active Approach cannot display the ETA, this is a limitation of FSX).

5. You can delete the approach or select a new approach by pressing MENU and selecting the options in the MENU popup on the Flight Plan Page.

Map PageThe Map Page displays a real time moving map. Using the IN and OUT keys you can adjust the zoom of the map. The map operates in either of two modes, location mode and pan mode. Location mode is centred on your aircraft position while pan mode allows you to move the position of the map so you can examine areas along your flight plan if you wish. Use the ROCKER to enter pan mode and pan the map. Pressing QUIT while in pan mode will switch back to Location mode.

The Map Page will display your current ground speed, track, distance to next waypoint, next waypoint name and ETE of your next waypoint.

A navigation arc (Horizontal Situation Indicator or HSI) appears when in Track Up mode. A magenta arrow will display the heading to your next waypoint.

Map OrientationBy default the map will be in Track Up mode. Press the MENU button to switch between Track Up and North Up. Note that the Navigation Arc will only appear in Track Up mode.

Zooming In and OutUse the IN and OUT keys to change the map scale from 120ft to 800NM. The current range is displayed in the bottom right of the screen.

Declutter the MapTo declutter the Map Page:

1. Press ENTER to remove airspace boundary detail.

2. Press ENTER again to remove Navaids.

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3. Press ENTER again to show all details.

Panning the MapPress up, down, left or right on the ROCKER to enter Pan Mode. Use the ROCKER and IN and OUT keys to pan and zoom around the map. As you move the map your distance and bearing from your current location to the point marked on the map will be displayed in the data window on the top of the screen.

Press QUIT to finish panning the map and the map moves back to your present location and returns to location mode.

If you move over an Airport, VOR, NDB or Intersection then the name will be displayed in the data window on the top of the screen. Pressing ENTER will display the Information Page for the selected item.

Panel PageThe Panel Page shows GPS derived data in a graphical format similar to an instrument panel. Keep in mind the differences between this page and your mechanical instruments. Mainly that the speed shown is your GPS ground speed.

Active Route PageThis page will display the legs of any flight plan loaded. As the 296 GPS uses the FSX GPS engine the 296 GPS will display the flight plan currently loaded into FSX. You can, if you wish, create a flight plan from scratch with the 296 GPS. You can also edit the existing flight plan. You cannot delete all the waypoints from the flight plan however as this tends to cause FSX to crash.

Creating a new flight planIt is recommended that you use the FSX flight planner to create any new flight plans as the FSX flight planner will save the flight plan. Although you can create a flight plan with the GPS it may not save correctly if you save the flight.

1. With no flight plan currently loaded press ENTER and the Go To Page will be displayed.

2. Press ENTER to start editing the identifier.

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3. Use the ROCKER up and down to change the highlighted letter. Use left and right to move the cursor. Press ENTER when you have finished editing the Identifier. If there is more than one matched entry in the FSX database then a popup will display below the Identifier listing all the matches. Use the ROCKER up and down keys to scroll through the list and press ENTER when you have selected the particular entry you need.

4. With the on screen Go To button highlighted press ENTER and the GPS will add the destination to the flight plan.

5. Use the ROCKER up and down to select the position to add a new waypoint. If the bottom line is highlight you can just press ENTER to add another waypoint. Otherwise press MENU and select Add Waypoint to insert a new waypoint at the highlighted location in the flight plan.

6. You can use the MENU to delete waypoints (you cannot delete all waypoints, one must remain) or to change the active waypoint.

Position PageThe Position Page displays information about your current position, time, the nearest airport to your current location as well as details about your next waypoint and current speed and altitude. In the top left of the screen is a compass ribbon with your current heading under the red vertical bar. A violet bar indicates the course you should be flying to reach your next waypoint.

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Customising the SierraThe RXP radio stackYou may like to install your own avionics into the Sierra. Because the gauges in the standard model are so intertwined with the 3D model there is a RXP model which has a simple blank radio stack with no 3D knobs. This allows you to make changes to the RXP models radio stack to install various avionics packages.

It is beyond the scope of this document to go into all the details of how to customise panels but here are a few tips.

Inside the FSX\Simobjects\Airplanes\Ants Tecnam Sierra\panel.rxp530 folder there are a number of panel.xxx.cfg files.

FSX will only use the panel.cfg file to display gauges. By default the panel.cfg file in the panel.rxp530 folder is setup to use the Reality XP 530 GPS. The Sierra Setup program allows you to select from 3 different possible panels and will copy the appropriate inactive panel.cfg file and overwrite the existing panel.cfg.

If you have created your own custom panel then use the Sierra Setup program to select the custom panel option. This will prevent the Sierra Setup program from overwriting your custom settings.

Creating RepaintsIt is beyond the scope of this manual to discuss how to create your own repaints. You may download the paintkit for the Sierra from www.antsairplanes.com/downloads/SierraPaintkit.zip. The paintkit includes photoshop files with separate layers. The files can be opened by most programs that open photoshop files. Feel free to upload any repaints you create to flight sim libraries.

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http://www.antsairplanes.com/downloads/SierraPaintkit.zip


Flying the SierraThe following procedures have been adapted from the real world procedures and modified for use in FSX. They should not be used for real world aviation.

Before StartEnsure that the parking brake is set and that the aircraft has been fueled and loaded for the trip.

Engine StartCheck in all directions that the propeller is clear and that there are no objects or persons in the vicinity.

Ensure the Master Switch is on and both ignition switches are on. The generator light should come on and the battery voltage should be around 13 volts.

In cold conditions (less than 8 degrees Celsius) it will be necessary to use the choke. Push the choke all the way in. In FSX the engine will not start if the choke is not set correctly.

Turn on the Fuel Pump and allow the fuel pressure to build to around 0.3 bar. When the pressure has built up turn off the Fuel Pump. In FSX the engine will not start if there is no fuel in the fuel lines (ie fuel pressure is 0).

The pilot should call "CLEAR" before right clicking on the Master Switch. This will activate the starter motor and the engine should start. If you are using the choke ensure you pull it back out again after the engine has started. Ensure that the engine parameters are OK before taxiing.

Before TaxiEnsure the radios are on and set and that the altimeter is set correctly for the airport altitude. Make sure the engine RPM is at idle to prevent the aircraft lurching forward. Now release the parking brake.

TaxiingControl the taxi speed with the throttle and not just the brakes. Remember that this aircraft does not have differential braking so steering is done with the rudder pedals which are directly linked to the nosewheel.

Before Takeoff ChecksMake sure the parking brake is on and that your prop wash is clear. Try to turn the airplane into the wind to aid in cooling. It is very easy to overheat the engine and cause engine failure if you run the engine at high RPM on the ground.

Increase the RPM's to 4000. Check the ignition system by turning of the left ignition switch. RPM drop should not be more than 300rpm. Turn the left ignition switch back on and then repeat with the right ignition switch.

Reduce throttle to idle.

Set flaps to 15 degrees for takeoff.

Takeoff and ClimbWhen you have take off clearance or have made the necessary radio calls centre the airplane on the runway centreline. Slowly feed in full throttle (5200rpm). You should apply some right rudder to overcome the torque from the engine and keep the aircraft straight. Rotate at 55 knots and climb out at 60-80 kts. At 300' AGL you can raise the flaps and lower the nose to a climb attitude.

For a fully loaded aircraft you can expect to climb at 70 kts at 900fpm. With only the pilot and a

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light fuel load you could achieve 1400fpm. Maintain full throttle throughout the climb.

CruiseOnce at cruise height level off the airplane and adjust the power for cruise (5000rpm). The airplane flies with a slight nose down attitude and you need a bit of down trim to maintain level flight. Check your fuel balance to ensure both tanks are draining evenly. Shut off the fuel selector for the lower tank if necessary. There is no need to lean the engine since it is automatic.

DescentPlan your descent so you are not running at idle. You do not want to shock cool the engine especially in cold weather.

Before LandingFly the downwind leg at 70 kts. Flaps should not be used above 70 kts. Turn base at 70 kts with 15 degrees of flap. Turn finals at 60 kts with full flap (if necessary).

LandingLand on the main wheels first. There is never a reason to do a three point landing in a tricycle gear airplane. Touchdown speed should be around 50kts.

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Takeoff PerformanceTakeoff distance

Conditions:

Flaps - 15 deg

Full Throttle

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Climb PerformanceClimb rate in clean configuration

Flaps - 0 deg

Full Throttle

Example (follow the blue line)Given:OAT = 17 deg C

Altitude = 5600 ft

Weight = 500 kg (1102 lbs)

Result:

Rate of climb = 793 ft/min

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Landing DistancesLanding distance and ground roll

Condition:

Weight = 600kg

Flaps = 40 deg

Engine = idle

Distance over a 50ft obstacle

OAT: ISA -10 deg C

Hp (ft) Total Distance (M) Ground Run (M)

0 239 92

2000 245 98

4000 252 103

6000 260 109

OAT: ISA + 0 deg C


0 243 95

2000 249 101

4000 258 107

6000 265 113

OAT: ISA + 10 deg C


0 247 98

2000 255 104

4000 263 111

6000 271 118

OAT: ISA + 20 deg C


0 250 101

2000 259 108

4000 268 114

6000 277 122

Decrease distances by 10% for each 10kts of headwind.

Increase distances by 20% for each 10kts of tailwind.

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Cruise PerformanceMaximum takeoff weight = 600kg (1320 lbs)

Fuel tanks 2 x 50 litres (2 x 13.2 gal) less the unusable fuel

Altitude Engine RPM Speed KTAS Consumption (Gal/h)

Endurance (hrs) Range (Nm)

0ft 4600 100 4 6.5 650

5000 106 4.8 5.5 583

5200 113 5.3 4.9 553

2000 4600 102 4 6.5 663

5000 108 4.8 5.5 594

5200 114 5.2 5.0 570

4000 4600 106 4 6.5 689

5000 108 4.5 5.8 626

5200 114 4.9 5.3 604

6000 5000 107 4 6.5 695

5200 109 4.5 5.8 632

8000 5150 108 4 6.5 702

5200 110 4.3 6.0 660

10000 5200 108 4 6.5 702

12000 5200 104 3.7 7.0 728

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Normal ChecklistsThe following procedures have been adapted from the real world procedures and modified for use in FSX. They should not be used for real world aviation.

Before StartingParking Brake SET

Flight Controls CHECK

Throttle IDLE

Master Switch ON

Generator Light ON

Trim Control CENTRED

Trim Switch LEFT

Fuel Quantity CHECK

Master Switch OFF

Canopy CLOSED AND LOCKED

StartupBrakes SET

Master Switch ON

Fuel Selector Valves BOTH ON

Electric Fuel Pump ON until pressure reads 0.3 bar

Electric Fuel Pump OFF

Throttle IDLE

Choke ON if air temperature is below 8 deg C

Ignition Switches BOTH ON

Master Switch START use right mouse click

Engine Instruments CHECK

Choke OFF

Engine rpm 2000-2500rpm

Fuel Pressure CHECK

Before Take-offParking Brake ON

Altimeter SET

Radio and Avionics ON

Engine Instruments

Oil Temperature 90-110 deg C

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Cylinder Head Temperature 90-135 deg C

Oil Pressure 2-5 bar

Fuel Pressure 0.15-0.40 bar

Generator Light OFF

Throttle 4000rpm

To test ignition systems

Maximum RPM drop with only one ignition 300rpm

Throttle IDLE

Fuel Selectors BOTH ON

Flaps 15 degrees take off setting

Trim CENTRE

Transponder ALT

Takeoff and ClimbParking Brake OFF

Carburetor heat OFF

Throttle FULL (5200 rpm)

Vr (Rotation Speed) 48 KIAS

Climb at 60 knots with 15 deg flaps

Above 300' AGL

Flaps RETRACT

Establish Vy clean 68 KIAS

Trim ADJUST

Cruise Climb 70 - 80 KNOTS

CruiseThrottle 5000 rpm

Engine Instruments CHECK WITHIN RANGES

Normal position of the fuel selectors is both on. Check fuel balance and if necessary shut off the higher reading tank using the appropriate fuel shutoff valve until tanks are balanced. Be sure that one tank is feeding the engine at all times.

Before LandingElectric Fuel Pump ON

Landing Light ON

Downwind 70 KIAS

Base 70 KIAS with 15 deg flaps

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Finals 60 KIAS with full flap (if necessary)

Optimal Touchdown Speed (full flaps) 40 KIAS

After LandingFlaps RETRACT

Transponder STANDBY

Engine Shut DownElectrical Equipment OFF

Ignition Switches BOTH OFF

Lights OFF

Master Switch OFF

Fuel Valves BOTH OFF

Parking Brake SET

Chocks INSTALL (Shift+3)

Parking Brake OFF

Post Flight CheckPitot Tube Cover INSTALL (Shift+3)

Aircraft TIED DOWN (Shift+3)

Canopy CLOSED

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Emergency ProceduresEngine failure during takeoff runThrottle IDLE

Brakes APPLY AS NEEDED

Ignition Switches OFF

Master Switch OFF

When the aircraft is under control

Fuel Selector Valves OFF


Engine failure immediately after takeoffAirspeed 60kts

Identify landing area

Flaps AS REQUIRED

Throttle AS REQUIRED

At touch down


Master Switch OFF



Irregular Engine RPMThrottle CHECK

Engine Gauges CHECK

Fuel Quantity Indicators CHECK

Carburetor heat ON

Electric Fuel Pump ON

if problem persists

Fuel Selector Valve BOTH ON

if problem persists

LAND ASAP

Low Fuel PressureIf the fuel pressure indicator falls below 0.15 bar

Fuel Quantity Indicators CHECK


Fuel Selector Valve BOTH ON

if problem persists

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LAND ASAP

Low Oil PressureOil temperature CHECK

if the temperature is increasing

If stable with the green arc LAND ASAP

If increasing LAND ASAP and expect engine failure

In-flight Engine RestartAltitude Preferably below 4000ft

Carburetor heat ON


Fuel Selector Valves BOTH ON

Throttle MIDDLE POSITION

Ignition Switches ON

Master Switch START

Engine Out GlideFlaps RETRACT

Speed 68 KIAS

Electric equipment OFF

In-flight engine restart If conditions permit, try to restart

Glide ratio is 12.8 therefore with 1000ft of altitude it is possible to cover 2 nautical miles in zero wind conditions.Engine Fire while ParkedFuel Selector Valves OFF



Master Switch OFF

Parking brake OFF

Escape from aircraft

Engine Fire during TakeoffThrottle IDLE

Brakes AS NEEDED

with the airplane under control



Cabin heating OFF


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Master Switch OFF

Parking brake OFF

Escape from aircraft

Engine Fire in-FlightCabin heat OFF



Throttle FULL IN until the engine stops

Cabin Vents OPEN


Do not attempt an inflight restart

Procedure for forced landing APPLY

Cabin Fire during FlightCabin heat OFF

Cabin vents OPEN

Canopy OPEN if necessary

Master Switch OFF

Use fire extinguisher on fire

Procedure for a forced landing APPLY

FSX note:If you use the FSX failures engine to create an engine fire there is no way to extinguish that fire when using a piston engine. The FSX fire system only works with jet engines and not piston engines. If you trigger an engine failure due to overheating or an oil system failure then you may be able to use the fire extinguisher to put out the smoke.

Forced Landing without Engine PowerEstablish 68 KIAS

locate suitable landing area AS NEEDED




Safety Belts TIGHTEN

Canopy LOCKED

Flaps AS NECESSARY

Master Switch OFF

Touchdown 48 KIAS

Power-on Forced LandingEstablish DESCENT

Flaps AS NECESSARY

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Establish 68 KIAS

select suitable landing area

Safety Belts TIGHTEN

Canopy LOCKED

Flaps AS NECESSARY




Master Switch OFF

Recovery from Unintentional SpinPower IDLE

Aileron NEUTRAL

Rudder FULL OPPOSITE

Elevator NEUTRAL

Hold until rotation stops

Rudder NEUTRAL

Elevator RECOVER FROM DIVE

FSX Note: The Sierra is not rated to do intentional spins. However, this model will spin if provoked. To spin the Sierra climb to a safe altitude, reduce throttle to idle, maintain altitude as airspeed decreases, when the aircraft stalls wait until the nose falls below the horizon, apply full rudder in the direction of the dropping wing and pull back on control stick, hold for two turns and then slowly release rudder and control stick to neutral.

Ant's Airplanes 41


FAQs and Known Issues- Turning off the master switch turns off the Instruments light switch. The FSX gauge backlighting system is less than perfect and to get the panel lighting working well I have used a few tricks. One of the effects of this is that turning off the master switch will also turn off the instrument lights switch.

- There are no shadows in the virtual cockpit. FSX requires the cockpit to have completely closed geometry to display shadows correctly. In the interests of better frame rates I chose not to make this model compatible with virtual cockpit shadows.

- Engine Failure on load. Under some circumstances the aircraft may load with smoke coming out of the engine. I'm still not sure of the cause of this rare problem but pressing Ctrl+Shift+R will force FSX to reload the aircraft and this should fix the problem.

- Uninstalling the demo version. I advise that you uninstall the demo version before installing the full version. Use the "Uninstall Ants Sierra" program located in the root FSX folder or accessed via your Start menu under "Ant's Airplanes". The demo version installs into a separate folder from the full version. If you do not uninstall the demo before installing the full version you should not try to uninstall the demo using the uninstall program or start menu option. Doing so will delete the full version. In this case you should manually uninstall the demo by deleting the "Ants Sierra LSA Demo" folder from Microsoft Flight Simulator X\SimObjects\Airplanes.

- Cannot see Strobe and Landing Light effects in virtual cockpit. This problem occurs when in windowed mode (in full screen it seems to be fine) and is due to the FSX clipmode. Because the airplane is so small the effects are too close to the viewpoint and get clipped by FSX. The fix is to add "ClipMode = Minimum" to the end of the "Title = Virtual Cockpit" entry in your camera.cfg file. This file is located in the same folder as your FSX.cfg file.

Installed FilesThe following files are installed by this package. No default files are altered or deleted by this package.

Microsoft Flight Simulator X\Effects

Ants_P2002_Engfail.fx

Ants_P2002_EngineStart.fx

Ants_P2002_Flash.fx

Ants_P2002_Landing2.fx

Ants_P2002_Strobe2.fx

Ants_P2002_tchdrt.fx

Ants_P2002_vclight2.fx

Microsoft Flight Simulator X\SimObjects\Airplanes

Ants Sierra LSA (all files and folders within)

Note: The demo version is installed into a "Ants Sierra LSA Demo" folder.

Microsoft Flight Simulator X\Uninstall Ants Sierra.exe (the uninstall program)

Shortcuts to the Sierra Pilot's Handbook, Sierra Quick Start and Sierra Setup are placed on your desktop. These files are located in the Ants Sierra LSA folder.

Ant's Airplanes is added to your Start menu. You can access the Pilot's Handbook and Quick Start

Ant's Airplanes 42


as well as the uninstall program from here.

CreditsModeling, sounds, textures, flight dynamics, manuals by Anthony Lynch. Visit my website at www.antsairplanes.com to download some free scenery and aircraft.

Special thanks to Greg Neale from airsport qld (www.airsportqld.com.au) at Boonah airfield for allowing me to record the engine sounds of his aircraft. You may download a free copy of Boonah airfield if you like.

Thanks to Rod Vaughan for the photos he provided of his Sierra and his flying notes.

Thanks to Mark Gamer for taking me for a fly in his Sierra.

Testing by: Rod Vaughan, David Tonks, Mark Gamer, James Turner, Butch, TreetopsThanks to Dave Nunez for FSDSxTweak.

Thanks to Klotz Karl-Heinz for Aircraft Airfile Manager.

Thanks to all those people who pointed out bugs and typos in earlier versions.

CopyrightThis software is protected by copyright laws and cannot be copied, duplicated, resold or redistributed either wholly or in part. The end user can (and is encouraged to) make backup copies for personal use.

The author declines any responsibility for damages or loss caused by using this software.

All trademarks and brand names are trademarks and brand names of their respective owners and their use herein does not represent or imply endorsement by the trademark holders.

This software is designed for entertainment purposes and should not be used for aviation training.

All rights reserved. Copyright 2011 Anthony Lynch / Ant's Airplanes.

Ant's Airplanes 43

http://www.airsportqld.com.au/

http://www.antsairplanes.com/

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