PIA 3090

Comparative Public Administration

Week 3

Historical Models, “Contemporary Models” and Socio-Economic Change

Presentations

“Golden Oldies”

Literary Maps

Overview

The Public Sector and the Economy

Debates Over Development Management

The European Model, North Atlantic Unity and Japan

Comparative Public Administration Issues

Ideology as Social Science

The Public Sector and the Economy

Reminder:

Karl Marx- The Other German-

Source of ideas about the developmental state. Marx as a Social Scientist not an Ideologue. The contemporary of Max Weber

Karl Marx: Another Five Minutes

a.. Original Marxian views- State as the instrument of the ruling classes

b. The dialectic and Historical Materialism

c. Model: (John Armstrong- The Conservative Marxist)

-Thesis

-Antithesis

-Synthesis

Dialectic

Thesis Antithesis

Synthesis

Class Conflict: Four Epochs

SlaveryFeudalismCapitalismSocialism

e. Functionaries as the petty bourgeoisie

f. Communism- state and the bureaucracy whither away

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin)(April 22 1870  – January 21, 1924)

Command Economy- Revised by Lenin

1. Under socialism, government, the bureaucracy should manage the economy

2. The development of an elaborate national planning system

1. Keynes- Failure of market

Command Economy

4. The debate: Keynesianism and European Socialism (the Rose)- How much is this part of Command Economy Framework? (Guy Peters)

5. Development Administration: Command Economics in the Third World? (Heady, Riggs vs. Vincent and Eleanor Ostrom)

Debate over the Economy

1. The International Contemporary State: Continental Europe vs. the U.S. or the U.K.

2. Adam Smith, "the hidden hand" and Classical Economics- An Anglo-Saxon View

3. Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union: Command Economy (whole or part)

Adam SmithJune 5, 1723 – July 17, 1790

Continental Europe

Counter-influence of St. Simonism- an interventionist view (See John Armstrong).

“the era of abundance could be attained certainly and quickly. The guaranteed means were applications of science and technology to unrestricted mastery of nature.”

Count de Saint-Simon

1760-1825

Count Henri de Saint-simon

Social Democracy

The Rose

Socialism and the Rise of Labor in Europe

The Second International

American Activism vs. European Socialism (U.S. Social Democratic Party)

“We’re All Keynesians Now”Friday, Dec. 31, 1965

Unification of the North Atlantic- 1930s-1970s- The Primacy of Keynesianism

1. Monetary Policy

2. Fiscal Policy

3. Wage and Price controls

The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control

1. Traditional- police and law and order

2. National Defense

3. Social Services- Education and Health and Welfare

4. Resource Mobilization

The Functions of Government under Keynesian Control- Continued

5. Economic Growth generation

6. LDCs and Modernization Theory: Agraria vs. Industria (Turner and Holm)

7.The challenge of Public Choice, rationalism and the University of Chicago School: Neo-Orthodoxy- less influence outside of the Anglo-Saxon world

Agraria vs. Industria

Development

Agraria

Attitudes: parochial – fixed rulesCustoms: particularistic / inheritedStatus: ascriptiveFunctionally: diffuseHolistic ChangeLack of Specialized Roles

Result

Agricultural, rural, poorOral / illiterateAuthoritarian instabilitySubsistence – non-monetaryRevolution and violenceOccupation fixed

Industria

UniversalisticLegal / RationalAchievement OrientedRoles Functionally SpecificHigh Degree of TechnologyManufacturing and Production

Oriented

Result

CommercialDemocratic / PeacefulOccupational mobilityLiterateUrban, RichIncrementalism, Stability and Gradual

Change

Breaktime

Ten Minute Break

Chalmers JohnsonAuthor of the Week

(Japan and Economic Development)

Prologue: Two quotes:

"There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1]

"What is lawful and therefore is unlawful, depends on the culture and the country in question."[2]

[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.

[2] Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 3.

Japan and Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)

Asian Model

Corporatist- Inter-meshing of state and Private Sector

Management (not Political) Focus

Growth and Export

Model for Asian Tigers

Ministry of International Trade and Industry

 

Block 10, Government Offices Complex, Jalan Duta,50622 KL, MalaysiaTel no: 603-6203 3022Fax no: 603-6201 2337Email:webmiti@miti.gov.my

Fred Warren Riggs, 90, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, professor emeritus of political science, passed away on February 9, 2008

Riggs Life

Professor Riggs was born in Kuling, China on July 3, 1917, the son of agricultural missionary parents Charles H. and Grace (Frederick) Riggs.  He attended Nanking University, 1934-35.

Comparative Public Administration Issues

a. The politics-administration dichotomy

b. Environmental and cultural factors are important. Ecology as an issue

c. Bureaucracy as a Negative? Keep government out of people's lives

ISSUES

d. Comparative as a method- structural-functionalist

e. Systemic influence on the individual- role definition, socialization and development of organizations vs. institutions

Comparative Methods

Development Administration: C.A.G.- Focus on comparative and development administration. Bad reputation

Foundations and CAG- chalets in Italy to discuss administrative and political development

US AID and Universities- 3 out of every 4 dollars never left the U.S. Now .93 never leaves.

Post-Vietnam and Iran

CAG Contined NIPAs, staff colleges and IDMs spring up all over Africa and

Asia

After 1975/80- Foundations pulled the plug

CAG End of Ford grant, 1974

Post-Vietnam syndrome: Withdrawals, Ayatollas, now nine-one-one

End of Development as a consensus Northern Tier goal

THEORY: Civil Society vs. State

DEBATES

John D. Montgomery vs. Milton Esman

End of Macro-Approach

1.The Macro Approach: No Longer In Vogue (except with Ferrel Heady)

a. Systems building from Almond to Riggs

b. Almond's functions and Easton's black boxes

c. Theme- Look at common functions- focus on INSIDE processes of executive government

End of Macro-Approach

2. Things often done by different structures and processes

Key:- Who makes rules- who carries out,

implements

3. Critics: Lack of systems level theory

The Situation in 1983:Modified "traditional Approach"- A Micro and Meso level approach

a. Most like an "orthodoxy" of public administration

b. Comparative Study of:

1. Parts of the System- budgeting, personnel, inter-governmental relations, policy process

2. Or whole systems- Britain vs. France, U.S. vs. Russia, Botswana vs. Tanzania-

Not Comparative

Middle Range Theory:

a. Problem- largely non-theory

b. Focus on specific relationships: eg. bureaucracy and political and moral variables within a country

c. Mostly case studies- Egypt, Botswana, the U.S. All the same method. "The Case Study"

Robert King Merton July 4, 1910 - February 23, 2003

The Situation in 1989

c. Often turns out to be very specific: i.e. focused institutions

1. Ombudsman2. Auditor General3. Territorial Governor as rep. of national authority- the Prefectoral system

d. The Problem: Comparative studies of institutions are very expensive-run out of money/go back to case studies

From 1989-2001

End of Cold War

Application of Structural Adjustment to Socialist Countries

September 11

Democracy and Governance

SICA- The Current Generation: Public-Private Partnerships

Jennifer Brinkerhoff: George Washington University

2001-Present

Micro-Issues:

Debate about “Whole of Government

1. Public-Private Partnerships

2. Contracting Out

3. Three D’s: Diplomacy, Defense and Development

Mock Question

According to Johnson, "There are several ways in which the government has influenced the structure of Japan's special institutions."[1] Assess the Asian Model from a Comparative Public Management Perspective. What Socio-Economic Systems does Chalmers Johnson identify? How do they relate to the state? How has government grown according to Peters?

[1] Chalmers Johnson, MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982), p. 14.