phytochemicals in cranberries

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries By Thais De Nardo Maria Fernanda Polit Kimberly Steffen FST 694 – Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables November 8 th , 2007

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries. By Thais De Nardo Maria Fernanda Polit Kimberly Steffen FST 694 – Phytochemicals in Fruits and Vegetables November 8 th , 2007. Introduction. Cranberries are dwarf shrubs of the family Ericaceae, genus Vaccinium and subgenus Oxycoccus . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Phytochemicals in CranberriesBy

Thais De NardoMaria Fernanda Polit

Kimberly Steffen

FST 694 – Phytochemicals in Fruits and VegetablesNovember 8th, 2007

Page 2: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

IntroductionCranberries are dwarf shrubs of the family Ericaceae, genus Vaccinium and subgenus Oxycoccus.

There are four species of cranberry:• Vaccinium Oxycoccus or Oxycoccus palustris• Vaccinium microcarpum or Oxycoccus microcarpus• Vaccinium macrocarpon or Oxycoccus macrocarus• Vaccinium erythrocarpum or Orxycoccus erythrocarpus

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Introduction• Cranberries are shrubs of

approximately 5 to 20 cm height and 2 m long. With wiry stems, not thickly woody and small evergreen leaves. The berry is initially white and turns in to a deep red when it is ripe.

• Cranberries are harvested in the fall from late Septemberinto October.

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Cranberries contain many phenolic compounds:

• Anthocyanins• Flavonoids • Proanthocyanidins • Condensed tannins • Low molecular weight phenolic acids

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Phytochemicals Cranberries• Chen et al found that the major phenolic acid

detected in Cranberries is Benzoic acid. • The study also found the presence of (+)-Catechin, p-anisic acid and myricetrin.

Chen, 2001

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Chen, 2001

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries• Vinson et al showed that cranberries have the

highest content of total phenolics per serving by weight among 20 analyzed fruits (373mg of total phenols/55grams of cranberries).

Vinson, 2001

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

• Cranberries were ranked in the same study #6 in overall antioxidant quality.

Vinson, 2001

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

• Cranberries have a wide protective activity: • Prevention of adhesion of certain bacteria in urinary

tract infections• May help against heart disease, cancer and other

diseases.

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Phytochemicals in Cranberries

These health benefits are probably the result of synergistic effects of all phytochemicals present in Cranberries.

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Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention

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Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention

• Cancer is a generic name for more than 100 diseases that can affect all body parts.

• Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal and start dividing rapidly, leading to the formation of more cells without control or order.

• Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States

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Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention

• Several epidemiological studies have proved that an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables are associated with a decrease in the risk of cancer.

• Recent studies show that not only antioxidant activity of cranberries contributes to the observed antitumor activities but also suggests that this anticancer activity may involve a variety of mechanisms

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Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention

• In 2004 a UCLA (Neto, 2007) study showed that water soluble cranberry phenolic extracts inhibit proliferation of several human tumor lines:

– 2 oral cancer cell lines (CAL27 and KB) – 4 colon cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT-116, SW480, and

SW620)– 3 prostate cancer cell lines (RWPE-1, RWPE-2, and 22Rv1)

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Quercetin in cranberries• Inhibits the growth of MCF human breast

adenocarcinoma• HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma• K562 human chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines. • Mammary MCF-7 cells

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Cranberry’s health effects on cancer prevention

• The studies shown that quercetin chemopreventive action includes:– induction of apoptosis– inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor expression

and associated tyrosine kinase activity– reduced expression of Ras protein in colon cancer cells

and primary colorectal tumors– increased expression of endogenous inhibitors of matrix

metalloproteinases – phytoestrogenic activity involving interaction with the

estrogen a- and b-receptors of human

Page 17: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Proanthocyaninds

• Cranberry proanthocyanidins have been proved to inhibit:– ODC (ornithine decarboxylase) in epithelial cells– To selectively inhibit the growth of H460 human large cell

lung carcinoma, HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma, and K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cells

Page 18: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Cranberry peel

• The peel of cranberry fruit contains pentacyclic triterpenoid ursoli acid which has shown to inhibit growth of:– Several leukemia cell lines– A-549 human lung carcinoma– Tumor colony formation of HT-29 and HCT116

models of colon cancer. – Induces a high rate of apoptosis in MFC-7 breast

tumor cell line, HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells and HT-29 colon cells

Page 19: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Mechanisms for tumor inhibition:(in vitro studies)

• Induction of apoptosis in cancer cells• Decreased invasion and metastasis as a result of the

inhibition of MMPs• Inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase expression• Activity and inhibition of inflammatory processes

including cyclooxygenase (COX) activity

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Cranberry’s health effects on cardio vascular diseases

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Cranberries and CVD

• Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in both men and women in most developed countries, including the United States (Chu, 2005)

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Causes of CVD• Increasing age • Gender• Heredity• Physical inactivity• Obesity• High blood pressure• High cholesterol• Stress• Tobacco• Alcohol• Diet

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Cardiovascular Health

• According to recent studies, dietary modifications are suggested to be an effective strategy to prevent CVD.

• The increase in intake of one daily serving of fruits and vegetables translates to a 4% reduced risk of CVD (Chu, 2005).

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Antioxidant mechanisms of Flavonoids

1. Direct radical scavenging2. Down-regulation of radical production3. Elimination of radical precursors, such as hydrogen

peroxide.4. Metal chelation 5. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase

6. Elevation of endogenous antioxidants

Page 27: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Low Density Lipoproteins

• Increased rate of LDL in intima initiates an inflammatory response causing oxidation.

• Oxidation leads to leasions on the arteries, known as fatty streaks.

• Oxidation of human LDL is involved with development of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries, leading to heart attacks and strokes.

Page 29: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

How can cranberries help?• A study done by Chu et al (2005) showed that a single serving

of cranberry juice was found to significantly increase plasma antioxidant levels up to 7 hours.

• The study measured the inhibition of LDL oxidation by different concentrations of cranberry (Chu, 2005):

• 1mg cranberry/ml → 50.7% inhibition• 2.5mg cranberry/ml → 71.41% inhibtion• 5mg cranberry/ml → 94.7% inhibition• 10mg cranberry/ml → 100% inhibition

Page 30: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

LDL oxidation by Cranberries

Chu, 2005

Page 31: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

How can cranberries help?• A study done by Porter et al (2001), looked at the

actions of proanthocyanidins with inhibition of copper induced LDL oxidation in vitro.

• Study looked at 6 different fractions:• Fraction 2 → hydroxycinnamic acid and anthocyanins• Fraction 3 → flavonols• Fraction 4 → flavonols and few low molecular weight

proanthocyanidins• Fraction 5 and 6 → proanthocyanidins

Page 32: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Effect of cranberry flavonoids on lag time of copper induced LDL oxidation

proanthocyanidins

proanthocyanidins

Porter, 2001

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How can cranberries help?

• A study done by Ruel et al (2005) looked at the health benefits of drinking cranberry juice (Ocean Spray’s Light Cranberry Juice Cocktail) at a daily dose of 7ml/kg of body weight for 14 consecutive days.

Page 34: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

How can cranberries help?Plasma antioxidant capacity before (white) and after (black) 14 day cranberry juice supplementation

Oxidized LDL before (white) and after (black) 14 day cranberry juice supplementation

Ruel, 2005

Page 35: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

In summary

• LDL oxidation is responsible for heart attacks and strokes.

• Flavonoids in cranberries have shown to have potent antioxidant activity.

• Cranberries are not a required compound in human diet, however, a diet rich in cranberries could possibly help prevent CVD.

Page 36: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Cranberries to prevent urinary tract infections

Prevention as opposed to treatment.

Page 37: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Urinary Tract

• System responsible for making urine and carrying it out of the body

• Includes:– Bladder– Kidneys– Connecting tubes

Page 38: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

How common are UTIs?

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Page 39: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

How common are UTIs?

• One quarter of women will experience what is known as a UTI during their lifetime– Of these, another

quarter will suffer recurrent infections.

Page 40: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Treatment• Direct costs of treatments last year exceeded $1.6

billion.• Antibiotic therapy is typical:

– Pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Proteus and Pseudomonas are fimbriated gram-negative rods, and the fimbriae attach the bacteria to epithelial cells. These pathogens account for nearly all UTIs; requiring antibiotic therapy.

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• With treatment options hindered and expensive, cranberries, particularly in the form of cranberry juice, have been widely used for the prevention of UTIs. Cranberry has been associated with preventing UTIs for the last century. In recent years, physicians have begun to recommend daily intake of cranberry as a safe alternative to prevent UTIs. Cranberry juice, especially in the form of a juice cocktail drink with 27% cranberry, is the usual choice for UTI prevention. 100% cranberry juice is highly acidic and thereby diluted into palatable cocktail drinks.

Page 46: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

• Cranberry juice is effective at preventing bacterial adherence instead of displacing the bacteria already attached to epithelial walls.

• Cranberry juice causes loss of fimbriae and elongation of the bacterial cell wall.

Page 47: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

• Evidence for the prevention of UTIs rather than treatment, exists in studies done over a 12-month period in women, citing two controlled, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled experiments.

• Yet, no evidence exists that cranberries will treat UTI once an infection is present.

Page 48: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

For infection (UTIs) to develop, bacteria wants to adhere to cells.

Since the adherence of many bacteria species to cells is mediated by lectin-sugar interactions, foods high in lectins or carbohydrates may affect the infection process – cranberries.

Page 49: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

Problems

• Potential problems arise when considering any phytochemical for prevention and/or treatment purposes.

Page 50: Phytochemicals in Cranberries

• We are unable to tell who is most likely to benefit from long-term treatment with cranberries.

• Nearly all studies done on cranberries have used different preparations and amounts of cranberry or cranberry extract. The optimal preparation and dose have yet to be determined.

• Cranberry juice has a high oxalate content; there is a risk for precipitate urinary stone formation with regular use.

• The success of cranberries as a preventive agent depends on the consumer. At present, cranberry is not available as a prescription.

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Conclusion:

• Cranberries have shown a wide variety of health effects due to synergistic effects of its phytochemical compounds.

• In vitro research has shown health benefits including chemopreventive action, cardiovascular protection and urinary tract infection prevention.

• Future steps include in vivo research to support in vitro findings.

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References:• [1] Aviram, M., and B. Fuhrman. 2003. Effects of Flavonoids on the Oxidation of Low-Density-

Lipoprotein and Atherosclerosis. In Flavonoids in Health and Disease. Rice-Evans, C.A. and L. Packers. 2nd Edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York, NY. 165-203p.

• [2] Chen, H., Zuo, Y. and Deng, Y. 2001. Separation and determination of flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in cranberry juicy by high-performance chromatography. Journal of chromatography A, 913:387-395.

• [3] Chu Y. and R.H. Liu. 2005. Cranberries inhibit LDL oxidation and induce LDL receptor expression in hepatocytes. Life Sciences, 77: 1892-1901.

• [4] The Cranberry Institute. http://www.cranberryinstitute.org/news/pressrel.htmAccessed on September 24 and October 29, 2007.

• [5] DiSilvestro, R.A. 2001. Flavonoids as Antioxidants. Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Wildman, R.E.C. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. 127-138p.

• [6] Dubick, M.A., and S.T. Omaye. 2001. Modification of Atherogenesis and Heart Disease by Grape Wine and Tea Polyphenols. In Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods. Wildman, R.E.C. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL. 235-253p.

• [7] Harkins, K. 2000. What’s the use of cranberry juice? Age and Ageing. 29: 9-12. • [8] Howell, A. 2007. Bioactive Compounds in cranberries and their role in prevention of urinary

tract infections. Molecular Nutrition Food Resources. 51: 732-737. • [9] Jepson, R., Mihaljevic, L., Craig, J. 2004. Infection and Inflammation of the Genitourinary

Tract. Journal of Urology. 173: 1988-1990.

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• [10] Leahy,M., J. Speroni, and M. Starr. 2002. Latest Developments in Cranberry Health Research. Pharmaceutical Biology, 40:50-54.

• [11] Merrian-Webster Online Dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/. Accessed on October 25, 2007.

• [12] National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health: What is cancer? http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/what-is-cancerAccessed on November 2, 2007.

• [13] National Center for Health Statistics: Deaths / Mortality. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htmAccessed on October 30, 2007.

• [14] Neto, C. 2007. Cranberry and Its Phytochemicals: A Review of In Vitro Anticancer Studies. The Journal of Nutrition. Supplement: International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer. 37: 186S-193S

• [15] Pietta, P, C. Gardana, and A.Pieta. 2003. Flavonoids in Herbs. In Flavonoids in Health and Disease. Rice-Evans, C.A. and L. Packers. 2nd Edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc: New York, NY. 43-69p.

• [16] Reed, J. 2002. Cranberry flavonoids atherosclerosis cardiovascular health. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition, 42:301-316.

• [17] Ruel, G., S. Pomerleau, P. Couture, B. Lamarche, C. Coullard. 2005. Changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidizing low-density lipoprotein levels in men after short-term cranberry juice comsumption. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 54:856-861

• [18] Porter, M.L., C.G. Krueger, D.A.Wiebe, D.G.Cunningham, and J.Reed. 2001. Cranberry proanthocyanidins associated with low-density lipoprotein and inhibit in vitro Cu2+ -induced oxidation. J. Sci Food Agric, 81:1306-1313.

References:

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• [18] Ruel, G., S. Pomerleau, P. Couture, B. Lamarche, C. Coullard. 2005. Changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidizing low-density lipoprotein levels in men after short-term cranberry juice comsumption. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 54:856-861

• [19] Sun, J. and Liu, R. 2006. Cranberry phytochemical extracts induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Letters, 241:124-134.

• [20] United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service: 2007 Cranberry production up slightly. Released Aug 21st, 2007: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/Cran//2000s/2007/Cran-08-21-2007.pdfAccessed on October 26, 2007.

• [21] Vison, J.A., X. Su, L.Zubik, and P. Bose. 2001. Phenol Antioxidant Quantity and Quality in Foods: Fruits. J. Agric. Food Chem, 49:5315-5321.

• [22] WebMD online reference: UTIs www.webmd.com/UTIs Accessed on October 26, 2007.

• [23] Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Cranberries. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CranberryAccessed on September 24, 2007.

• [24] World Health Department: Cancer. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/Accessed on November 1, 2007.

• [25] Yan X., Murphy, B., Hammond, G., Vinson, J. and Neto, C. 2002. Antioxidant Activities and Antitumor Screening of Extracts form Cranberry Fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 50: 5844-5849.

• [26] Zafriri D., Ofek, I., Rivka, A., Pocino, M. 1988. Inhibitory Actvity of Cranberry Juice on Adherence of Type I and Type P Fimbriated Escherichia coli to Eucaryotic Cells. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 33: 92-98.

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