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Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence

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Page 1: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Physiological Depth Cues

– Convergence

Page 2: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Physiological Depth Cues

– Convergence– small angle of convergence = far away– large angle of convergence = near

– What two sensory systems is the brain integrating?

– What happens to images closer or farther away from fixation point?

Page 3: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Physiological Depth Cues

– Convergence and accommodation are reflexively linked

Under what circumstances might this be a problem?

Page 4: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Motion Depth Cues

– Motion1. Parallax

Page 5: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Motion Depth Cues

– Parallax

Page 6: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Motion Depth Cues

– Parallax– points at different locations

in the visual field move at different speeds depending on their distance from fixation

Page 7: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Motion Depth Cues

– Parallax

QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Page 8: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

More Depth Cues

• Pictorial Depth Cues

• Physiological Depth Cues

• Motion Parallax

• Stereoscopic Depth Cues

Page 9: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Binocular Disparity

• Your eyes have a different image on each retina– hold pen at arms length and fixate the spot

– how many pens do you see?– which pen matches which eye?

Page 10: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Binocular Disparity

• Your eyes have a different image on each retina– now fixate the pen

– how many spots do you see?– which spot matches which eye?

Page 11: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Binocular Disparity

• Binocular disparity is the difference between the two images

Page 12: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Binocular Disparity

• Binocular disparity is the difference between the two images

• Disparity depends on where the object is relative to the fixation point:– objects closer than fixation project images

that “cross”– objects farther than fixation project images

that do not “cross”

Page 13: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Science

• Science is like a set of procedures:

Identify a question

Page 14: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Science

• Science is like a set of procedures:

Identify a question

Make a Hypothesis

Page 15: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Science

• Science is like a set of procedures:

Identify a question

Make a Hypothesis Make a

Prediction

Page 16: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Science

• Science is like a set of procedures:

Identify a question

Make a Hypothesis Make a

Prediction

Test It

Page 17: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Science

• Science is like a set of procedures:

Identify a question

Make a Hypothesis Make a

Prediction

Test ItPrediction holds

Prediction Fails

Page 18: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Example: The horizontal-vertical illusion

Page 19: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Example: The horizontal-vertical illusion

• Question:

Page 20: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Example: The horizontal-vertical illusion

• Question: Why does the vertical line seem longer?

• Hypothesis:

Page 21: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Example: The horizontal-vertical illusion

• Question: Why does the vertical line seem longer?

• Hypothesis: Wundt -> vertical and horizontal eye movements scan the image differently

• Prediction:

Page 22: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Example: The horizontal-vertical illusion

• Question: Why does the vertical line seem longer?

• Hypothesis: Wundt -> vertical and horizontal eye movements scan the image differently

• Prediction: Stabilized image should eliminate the illusion

• Test:

Page 23: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Example: The horizontal-vertical illusion

• Question: Why does the vertical line seem longer?

• Hypothesis: Wundt -> vertical and horizontal eye movements scan the image differently

• Prediction: Stabilized image should eliminate the illusion

• Test: Illusion is still present in afterimage!

Page 24: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Muller - Lyer Illusion

Page 25: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Muller-Lyer Illusion

• What theory does Gregory take up?

Page 26: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Muller-Lyer Illusion

• What theory does Gregory take up?– Thiery / Woodworth : Muller-Lyer figure

“suggests perspective”

Page 27: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Muller-Lyer Illusion

• What theory does Gregory take up?– Thiery / Woodworth : Muller-Lyer figure

“suggests perspective”

– Is there something about the presence of pictorial depth cues in an image that distorts size?

Page 28: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Depth Cues and Size Distortion

The Ponzo Illusion:

Page 29: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Depth Cues and Size Distortion

The Ponzo Illusion:

Page 30: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Depth Cues and Size Distortion

• The illusion of depth in an image seems to distort the perception of size in the image

Page 31: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Pictures are Weird

• What does Gregory find ambiguous about pictures?

QuickTime™ and aH.263 decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Page 32: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Pictures are Weird

• What does Gregory find paradoxical about pictures?

Page 33: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

The Apparatus

• What does he do to remove the paradox so that the Muller-Lyer figure no longer looks flat?

Page 34: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

The Apparatus

Page 35: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Removing the Background

• With background removed, Muller-Lyer figure actually looks 3D

• What prediction can you make about how the perceived size and the perceived distance of the center line are related?

• How did Gregory test that?

Page 36: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Removing the Background

• Perceived size and perceived distance are tightly related

Page 37: Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence. Physiological Depth Cues – Convergence – small angle of convergence = far away – large angle of convergence =

Next Time

• Stereo vision

• Read Pinker for next Thursday


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