Curriculum vitae

• Fieldwork

• Labwork:

The world evolutionary radiation of the

cosmopolitan genus Myotis : biogeographic and

temporal origins (M 2)

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet (M 1)

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogeny & evolution of bats:

evolution of diet

Presented by : Yann Gager

Supervised by : Emmanuel Douzery

Phyllostomidae

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae

• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World

Phyllostomidae

• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World

• ~ 160 species described (55 genus) :

More than 10% of Bats =

2nd Order in number of species after Rodents

Phyllostomidae

• Leaf-nosed bats from the New World

• ~ 160 species described (55 genus) :

More than 10% of Bats =

2nd Order in number of species after Rodents

• Great diversity of life-history traits :

Family of Mammals with the biggest number

of diet

Phyllostomidae

Blood

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods Vertebrates

Goals of the study

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Goals of the study

• Reliable phylogenetic tree:

important sampling of species

and molecular data

Goals of the study

• Reliable phylogenetic tree:

important sampling of species

and molecular data

• Preliminary to the study of the evolution of

dietdiet

Samplings

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Samplings

• 120 species + 3 outgroups

Samplings

• 120 species + 3 outgroups

• Compilation & concatenation of genes* :

Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides

*( GenBank )

Samplings

• 120 species + 3 outgroups

• Compilation & concatenation of genes* :

Supermatrix of 6883 aligned nucleotides

12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2

*( GenBank )

12S 16S CO1 CYB RAG-2

Species 1 X ? X ? X

Species 2 X X X X X

Species 3 X X X ? X

Species n X X X X X

Phylogenetic analyses

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

P ,MP ,M

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

• Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)

Phylogenetic analyses

• Maximum likelihood (GTR + Γ + INV)

• Node support : Bootstrap (100 replicates)

• Inference of diet : Trophic levels of the

panTHERIA project*

*( Jones et al. 2009 )

1

Phytophagy

2

Omnivory

3

Animalivory

Evolution of diet

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

Species 1

Species 2

?

Species 3

?

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

Species 1

Species 2

Species 3

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

all changes different

Evolution of diet

• Function ACE with APE (R) :

Ancestral Character Estimation

• Probabilistic model of estimation of the

speed of change of the diet character state

all changes different

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R2

Omnivory R3 NA R4

Animalivory R5 R6 NA

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Phytophagy

Animalivory

Omnivory

Evolution of diet

• Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory

– Food completion

Evolution of diet

• Specialisations, but opportunistic omnivory

– Food completion

– Survival when the favorite food is rare

Prospects

Phyllostomidae and the evolution of diet

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

1) More taxa

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

1) More taxa

2) More genes

Prospects

• To obtain a fully resolved phylogeny !

1) More taxa

2) More genes

3) Both !

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Life-history

traits

Artibeus sp.

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Systematics

Cistugo sp.

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Biogeography

Myotis spp.

Prospects

• Well supported phylogenies:

Working basis for numerous research on bats!

Conservation

Craseonycteris thonglongyai

Acknowledgments

• Team Molecular phylogeny and Evolution:

E. Douzery, F. Botero, M. Ballenghien, P.

Gayral, C. Delsol

• Funding: ANR Mitosys 2006-2010

• Presentation design: M. David• Presentation design: M. David

Thank you !

Supermatrix

• Drawbacks: Missing data

e.g. artefacts

• Benefits: Contribution for a phylogenetic

signalsignal

e.g ½ of 7kb = 3.5 kb !

Supermatrix

100

75

47

97

10099

100

100

100100

100

100

86

46

29

73

85

7395

67

85

97

General Time Reversible ( GTR )

A C G T

A - a∏C b∏G c∏T

C a∏A - d∏G e∏T

• Base frequencies ∏, substitution rates (from a

to f) and branch lengths

G b∏A d∏C - f∏T

T c∏A e∏C f∏G -

• Nucleotide model of evolution

• General Time Reversible (GTR) with a gamma

distribution of rate variation (Γ) and a

proportion of invariant sites (INV)

General Time Reversible + Γ + INV

proportion of invariant sites (INV)

Evolution of diet

• Matrix of rates of change of trophic level state

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA 2,50 0

Omnivory 0,71 NA 0,69

Animalivory 0 0 NA

Rate change of trophic level

• ER = Equal rates

• SR = Synonym rates

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R1

Omnivory R1 NA R1

Animalivory R1 R1 NA

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

• ARD = All rates different

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R2

Omnivory R1 NA R3

Animalivory R2 R3 NA

Phytophagy Omnivory Animalivory

Phytophagy NA R1 R2

Omnivory R3 NA R4

Animalivory R5 R6 NA

OrderChiroptera

Jones and Teeling, 2006

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Blood

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods

Phyllostomidae

Blood Plants Arthropods Vertebrates