photosynthesis v =3xiywezg6sw 6:10 min. v =3xiywezg6sw v =3xiywezg6sw

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PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XI yweZg6Sw 6:10 min. 6:10 min.

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Page 1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS v =3XIyweZg6Sw 6:10 min. v =3XIyweZg6Sw v =3XIyweZg6Sw

PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIShttp://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XIyweZg6Sw

6:10 min.6:10 min.

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PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis• AnabolicAnabolic (small molecules combined) (small molecules combined)• EndergonicEndergonic (stores energy) (stores energy)• Carbon dioxide (COCarbon dioxide (CO22)) requiring requiring

process that uses process that uses light energy light energy (photons)(photons) and and water (Hwater (H22O)O) to produce to produce organic macromolecules (glucose).organic macromolecules (glucose).

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

glucoseglucose

SUNphotonsphotons

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Question:Question:

Where does Where does photosynthesiphotosynthesis take place?s take place?

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PlantsPlants• Autotrophs Autotrophs – produce their own – produce their own

food food (glucose)(glucose)• Process called Process called photosynthesisphotosynthesis• Mainly occurs in the Mainly occurs in the leaves:leaves:

a.a.stoma - poresstoma - pores

b.b.mesophyll cellsmesophyll cells

StomaMesophyllCell

Chloroplast

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Stomata (stoma)Stomata (stoma)PoresPores in a plant’s cuticle in a plant’s cuticle

through which through which water vaporwater vapor and and gasesgases (CO(CO22 & O & O22)) are are exchanged between the plant exchanged between the plant and the atmosphere.and the atmosphere.

Guard CellGuard CellCarbon Dioxide (CO2)

Oxygen (O2)

Found on the underside of Found on the underside of leavesleaves

StomStomaa

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Mesophyll Cell of LeafMesophyll Cell of Leaf

Cell WallNucleusNucleus

Chloroplast

Central Vacuole

Photosynthesis occurs in these Photosynthesis occurs in these cells!cells!

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ChloroplastChloroplast

OrganelleOrganelle where photosynthesisphotosynthesis takes place.

GranumThylakoid

Stroma

Outer Membrane

Inner Membrane

Thylakoid stacks are connected Thylakoid stacks are connected togethertogether

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8copyright cmassengale

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Function of the StromaFunction of the Stroma•Light IndependentLight Independent

reactions occur herereactions occur here•ATP usedATP used to make to make

carbohydrates like carbohydrates like glucoseglucose

•Location of the Location of the Calvin Calvin CycleCycle

copyright cmassengale

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ThylakoidThylakoid

Thylakoid Membrane

Thylakoid SpaceGranum

Grana make up the inner Grana make up the inner membranemembrane

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Question:Question:

Why are Why are plants plants green?green?

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Chlorophyll MoleculesChlorophyll Molecules

• Located in the Located in the thylakoid membranesthylakoid membranes• Chlorophyll have Chlorophyll have MgMg++ in the center in the center• Chlorophyll pigments Chlorophyll pigments harvest energy harvest energy

(photons)(photons) by absorbing certain by absorbing certain wavelengths wavelengths (blue-420 nm and red-(blue-420 nm and red-660 nm660 nm are most important) are most important)

• Plants are Plants are greengreen because the because the green green wavelength is reflectedwavelength is reflected, not absorbed, not absorbed.

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Wavelength of Light (nm)Wavelength of Light (nm)

400 500 600 700

Short wave Long wave(more energy) (less energy)

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Absorption of Light by Absorption of Light by ChlorophyllChlorophyll

wavelengthwavelength

Absorption

violet blue green yellow orange red

Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red Chlorophyll absorbs blue-violet & red light bestlight best

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Question:Question:

During the fall, During the fall, what causes what causes the leaves to the leaves to

change colors?change colors?

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Fall ColorsFall Colors• In addition to the chlorophyll In addition to the chlorophyll

pigments, there are pigments, there are other other pigmentspigments present present

• During the fall, the During the fall, the green green chlorophyll pigments are chlorophyll pigments are greatly reducedgreatly reduced revealing the revealing the other pigmentsother pigments

• CarotenoidsCarotenoids are pigments that are pigments that are either are either redred, , orangeorange, or , or yellowyellow

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Question:Question:

What do What do cells use cells use

for for energy?energy?

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Energy for Life on EarthEnergy for Life on Earth

•Sunlight is the ULTIMATE energy for all life on Earth

•Plants store energy in the chemical bonds of sugars

•Chemical energy is released as ATP during cellular respiration

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Structure of ATPStructure of ATP

• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate

• It is composed of the nitrogen base ADENINE, the pentose (5C) sugar RIBOSE, and three PHOSPHATE groups

• The LAST phosphate group is bonded with a HIGH ENERGY chemical bond

• This bond can be BROKEN to release ENERGY for CELLS to use

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Removing a Phosphate from Removing a Phosphate from ATPATP

Breaking the LAST PHOSPHATE bond from ATP, will ---– Release ENERGY for cells to use– Form ADP– Produce a FREE PHOSPHATE

GROUP

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High Energy Phosphate High Energy Phosphate BondBond

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FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-FREE PHOSPHATE can be re-attached to ADP reforming ATPattached to ADP reforming ATP

Process called Process called PhosphorylationPhosphorylation

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Photosinthesis vs. Photosinthesis vs. respirationrespiration

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QMgCziQgrus

2:42 min2:42 min

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Parts of photosynthesisParts of photosynthesisLight Reaction SummaryLight Reaction Summary

Reactants:Reactants:

• HH22OO

• Light EnergyLight Energy

Energy Products:Energy Products:• ATPATP• NADPHNADPH

copyright cmassengale

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Light Independent Light Independent ReactionReaction• ATP & NADPHATP & NADPH from light from light

reactions used as energyreactions used as energy

• Atmospheric Atmospheric C0C022 is used is used to to make sugarsmake sugars like glucose like glucose and fructoseand fructose

• Six-carbon Sugars made Six-carbon Sugars made during the during the Calvin CycleCalvin Cycle

• Occurs in theOccurs in the stroma stroma

copyright cmassengale

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Two Parts of Two Parts of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Two reactions make up Two reactions make up photosynthesis:photosynthesis:

1.1.Light Reaction or Light Light Reaction or Light Dependent ReactionDependent Reaction - -

Produces energy from solar Produces energy from solar power (photons) in the form power (photons) in the form of ATP and NADPH.of ATP and NADPH.

SUNSUN

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Two Parts of Two Parts of PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

2. 2. Calvin Cycle or Light Calvin Cycle or Light Independent Independent ReactionReaction

• Also called Also called Carbon Carbon FixationFixation or or CC33 Fixation Fixation

• Uses energy (Uses energy (ATP and ATP and NADPHNADPH) from light ) from light reaction to make sugar reaction to make sugar (glucose).(glucose).

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ChloroplastChloroplast

GranumThylakoid

STROMA– where Calvin Cycle occursOuter Membrane

Inner Membrane

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PhotorespirationPhotorespiration

• Occurs on hot, dry, bright daysOccurs on hot, dry, bright days• Stomates closeStomates close

• Fixation of OFixation of O22 instead of CO instead of CO22

• Produces Produces 2-C molecules 2-C molecules instead of 3-C sugar moleculesinstead of 3-C sugar molecules

• Produces Produces no sugarno sugar molecules molecules or or no ATPno ATP

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PhotorespirationPhotorespiration

Because of photorespiration, Because of photorespiration, plants have special plants have special adaptations to limit the effect adaptations to limit the effect of photorespiration:of photorespiration:

1.1. CC44 plants plants

2.2. CAM plantsCAM plants

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CC44 Plants Plants• Hot, moist Hot, moist

environmentsenvironments• 15% of plants 15% of plants

((grasses, corn, grasses, corn, sugarcane)sugarcane)

• Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in 2 placesoccurs in 2 places

• Light reactionLight reaction - - mesophyll cellsmesophyll cells

• Calvin cycleCalvin cycle - - bundle sheath bundle sheath cellscells

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CAM PlantsCAM Plants• Hot, dry environmentsHot, dry environments• 5%5% of plants (cactus and ice of plants (cactus and ice

plants)plants)• Stomates closed during dayStomates closed during day• Stomates open during the nightStomates open during the night• Light reaction - occurs during Light reaction - occurs during

the daythe day• Calvin Cycle - occurs when COCalvin Cycle - occurs when CO22

is presentis present

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Question:Question:

Why do CAM Why do CAM plants close plants close

their stomata their stomata during the day?during the day?

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Cam plants Cam plants close their close their

stomata in the stomata in the hottest part hottest part of the day to of the day to

conserve conserve waterwater

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Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration

copyright cmassengale

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Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

• A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (Ocatabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O22)) requiring process that uses energyenergy extracted from macromolecules (glucose)macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP)energy (ATP) and water (Hwater (H22O).O).

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucoseglucose ATP

copyright cmassengale

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Question:Question:• In what kinds organisms does In what kinds organisms does

cellular respiration take place?cellular respiration take place?

copyright cmassengale

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Plants and AnimalsPlants and Animals• Plants - AutotrophsPlants - Autotrophs: self-producers.• Animals - Heterotrophs:

consumers.

copyright cmassengale

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MitochondriaMitochondria

• OrganelleOrganelle where cellular respirationcellular respiration takes place.

Innermembrane

Outermembrane

Innermembrane space

MatrixCristae

copyright cmassengale