Phonological and Phonemic Awareness

Jeanne M. MaggiacomoSpring 2014

EDC424

Definitions: Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language.

Example: the word “cat” has three phonemes: /c/-/a/-/t/. (when a letter is between the slash marks /, one make the sound /m/=“mmmmm”

Grapheme is the written representation of a phoneme. A grapheme can be one letter (m) or more than one letter (igh).

Onset is the sound(s) that come(s) before a vowel in a syllable. In the word “ship”, the /sh/ is the onset.

Rime is the vowel and any sound that come after it in a syllable. In the word “ship”, /ip/ is the rime.

Phonemic Awareness

PA is the ability to hear, think about, identify, and mentally manipulate the individual phonemes (sounds) in spoken words and syllables.

Metalinguistic awareness: meta from the Greek meaning “above” or “overriding”, as consciousness and linguistic meaning “having to do with language” and awareness meaning conscious thinking about. Put it all together- knowing how to think about language, how it works.

So… what is Phonemic Awareness?

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Phonological Awareness

Phonological Awareness- The understanding that the stream of speech can be divided into smaller segments. Easiest to understand to hardest: words, syllables, onset/rime, phonemes.

Phonemic Awareness- is a subset of Phonological Awareness. PA is the understanding that the words are made up of individual sounds (called Phonemes) and that they can be manipulated. As when we match, blend, segment, and change.

The Difference between Phonological Awareness and

Phonemic Awareness

“And of the Four Broad areas, Rhyming and Phonemic Awareness have been found to be particularly critical in predicting children’s successful development of reading and writing skills.” (Adams, 1990; Juel, 1988; Maclean, Bryant, & Bradley, 1987)

“Explicit instruction in Phonemic Awareness and phonetic decoding skills produces stronger reading growth in children with Phonological weaknesses than do approaches that do not teach these skills explicitly.” (Torgensen, 2000)

Research

http://bcove.me/pk7a6n6w

Levels of Complexity

Take a moment and think … how many phonemes?

Let’s try counting phonemes

Syllable- a unit of speech organized around a vowel sound. Every syllable has a vowel sound but not every syllable has a consonant sound. Can you think of an example?

Onset- beginning consonant sound in a syllable. Not every syllable has and onset.

Rime- the vowel and the sounds that come after it in a syllable.

Phoneme- the smallest unit of sound in a language.

Metalinguistic Awareness of…

Phonetics standpoint- a consonant is a type of phoneme. (sound not letter)

What makes a consonant sound? Air flow is completely or partially stopped- sound is impeded. Tongue, lips, teeth, back of throat. Consonant sounds are classified by place and manner

of articulation. Place: where in the mouth they are produced Manner: how they are produced

Consonants

Mouth Formation

Bilabial: lips together Labio-dental: lips and teeth Inter-dental: tongue between teeth Alveolar: tongue on ridge behind teeth Palatal: tongue on roof of mouth Velar: tongue raised against soft palate Glottal: sound made by blowing air through

glottis

Place of Articulation Terms

Stop: flow of air is stopped completely for a time

Continuant: continuous sound Nasal: sound travels through nasal cavity Fricative: air passes through a narrow space

causing friction Affricatives: combination of stop and fricative Liquid: floating sound Glide: seems like two sounds moving together

Manner of Articulation

Place and Manner ChartPlace

Manner

Lips together(bilabial)

Teeth on lips (labio-dental)

Tongue between teeth (inter-dental)

Tongue on ridge behind teeth (aleveolar)

Tongue pulled back on roof of mouth (palatal)

Back of throat (velar)

Glottis (glottal)

Stop: air stoppedUnvoicedVoiced

/p//b/

/t//d/

/k//g/

Nasal /m/ /n/ /ng/

Fricative: frictionUnvoicedVoiced

/f//v/

/th//th/

/s//z/

/sh//zh/

Affricative: stop + fricativeUnvoicedVoiced

/ch//j/

GlideUnvoicedVoiced

/y/ /wh//w/

/h/

Liquid: floating sound /l/ /r/

Vowels Chart

boot

book

bait

bit

bitebet

batcut

beat

far

port

down

mouth/cow

coin/boy

bought

boat

above

Why teach Phonological Awareness?

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Say-It-Move-It

Elkonin Boxes

http://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/elkonin_boxes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIhurqhIk0c