PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY:Ecological Roles, Uses, and Conservation StatusEcological Roles, Uses, and Conservation Status

A.C. Alcala1, E.L. Alcala1, I.E. Buot Jr.2, A. Diesmos3, M.L. Dolar4

E S Fernando5 J C Gonzalez6 and B Tabaranza7E.S. Fernando , J.C. Gonzalez and B. Tabaranza

1 1 Silliman UniversitySilliman University--Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, 2/F SU Marine Lab., Angelo King Center for Research and Environmental Management, 2/F SU Marine Lab., Silliman Beach, Dumaguete City, 6200Silliman Beach, Dumaguete City, 6200

2 2 Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines –– Los Baños, Los Baños, g , g , y ppg , g , y pp ,,College, 4031 LagunaCollege, 4031 Laguna

3 3 National Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos Ave., Ermita, ManilaNational Museum of the Philippines, Padre Burgos Ave., Ermita, Manila4 4 Tropical Marine Research for Conservation, 6363 Lakewood St., San Diego, CA 92122, USATropical Marine Research for Conservation, 6363 Lakewood St., San Diego, CA 92122, USA5 5 Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the

Phili iPhili i L B ñ C ll 4031 LL B ñ C ll 4031 LPhilippines Philippines –– Los Baños, College, 4031 LagunaLos Baños, College, 4031 Laguna6 6 Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, and Museum of Animal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts & Sciences, and Museum of

Natural History, University of the Philippines Natural History, University of the Philippines –– Los Baños, College, 4031 LagunaLos Baños, College, 4031 Laguna7 7 Haribon Foundation, 140 Kalayaan Ave, Diliman, Quezon CityHaribon Foundation, 140 Kalayaan Ave, Diliman, Quezon City

Introduction

• The PhilippinesPhilippines is a

megamega--biodiversitybiodiversity centergg yyof the worldworld

•• InsularInsular nature equableequable andInsularInsular nature, equableequable and

tropicaltropical conditionsGeographic isolation with sea g pbarriersDiverse microhabitatsMountain areas with highMountain areas with high endemism ratesRise of sea level to 120m after lowest level 18 000 20 000 yr Pleistocene Ice-age islandslowest level 18,000-20,000 yr ago was attained 6,000 yr ago

Pleistocene Ice-age islands of the Philippines

Introduction

•• SocioSocio--economiceconomic//ecologicalecologicalimportance of biodiversitybiodiversity H

ICp yyVariety of human uses --medicines, food, natural

ATI

ON

AL

GEO

GR

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products, source of income

Promotes/stabilizes natural d ti it f t

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productivity of ecosystems

Sources of genetic material for bio-technology ER

MA

YPA

bio-technology

• Specific information included ini

© JA

SPE

Specific information included in discussion of various taxonomic groups

Introduction

This presentationpresentation deals with the following taxonomictaxonomic groups:

o, I

Buo

tG

onza

lez

L D

olar

Flowering Plants and Ferns-- E.S. Fernando, I.E. Buot ho

tos:

E F

erna

ndo

J M

aypa

, J G

E A

lcal

a,

Fishes -- A.C. Alcala

Ph

Amphibians and Reptiles -- A.C. Alcala, A. Diesmos

Birds -- J.C. Gonzalez

MammalsMammals--L.M.Dolar, E.L.Alcala, B.Tabaranza

PhilippineFl i Pl

PhilippineFl i Pl

PhilippineFl i PlFlowering PlantsFlowering PlantsFlowering Plants

byby E.S. FernandoE.S. FernandoDepartment of Forest Biological Sciences Department of Forest Biological Sciences College of Forestry and Natural Resources College of Forestry and Natural Resources

ffUniversity of the Philippines University of the Philippines –– Los BañosLos Baños

Plants are the primaryprimaryproducersproducers d provide th habitathabitatproducersproducers and provide the habitathabitat

infrastructureinfrastructuref tfor many ecosystems.

Plants are an

NA

LG

EOG

RA

PHIC

important food food sourcesource for us

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sourcesource for usand our wildlife.

Ptenochirus jagori feedingPtenochirus jagori feeding on fruits of Ficus nota

Pl t GR

APH

IC

Plants have great economiceconomic

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ATI

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GEO

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importance and potential

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Plants play a key role in maintainingth b i l i ll i l b lb l dthe basic ecologicalecological balancebalance and

ecosystemecosystem stabilitystability.

Plants provide ecological goodsd services i

Plants provide ecological goodsand services iand services, i.e.

clean air, potable water, fertile soils.and services, i.e.

clean air, potable water, fertile soils.

Estimated number of species of plantsnumber of species of plants (including algae, fungi, & lichens) currently known from the PhilippinesPhilippines

Plant GroupPlant Group Estimated Number of Estimated Number of SpeciesSpecies

Endemic Endemic SpeciesSpeciespp pp

AngiospermsAngiosperms 8,1208,120 5,800 5,800 (71(71%%))

GymnospermsGymnosperms 3333 6 6 (18(18%%))y py p (( ))

PteridophytesPteridophytes 1,1001,100 285 285 (26(26%%))

BryophytesBryophytes 1,2711,271 195 195 (15(15%%))yop ytesyop ytes ,, 9595 ( 5( 5%%))

AlgaeAlgae 1,3551,355 ??Fungi, slime molds, Fungi, slime molds, && water moldswater molds 3,5553,555 ??&& water moldswater moldsLichensLichens 789789 ??

(data from Gruezo 1979; DENR-UNEP 1997; Villareal & Fernando 2000; Barcelona 2002) Fernando et al. (2006)

Plant GroupPlant Group CRCR ENEN VUVU OTSOTS OWSOWS PEPE All All C t iC t i

Threatened plants of the PhilippinesThreatened plants of the Philippines(2005 assessment by the Philippine Plant Conservation Committee)

Plant GroupPlant Group CRCR ENEN VUVU OTSOTS OWSOWS PEPE CategoriesCategories

AngiospermsAngiosperms 8585 142142 124124 5656 7171 22 480480

GG 99 22 1111GymnospermsGymnosperms -- 99 22 -- -- -- 1111

PteridophytesPteridophytes 99 3535 5151 88 9999 11 203203

BryophytesBryophytes -- 22 -- -- -- -- 22

All Taxonomic All Taxonomic GroupsGroups 9494 188188 177177 6464 170170 33 696696

CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU- Vulnerable; OTS – Other Threatened Species; OWS – Other Wildlife Species; PE – Possibly Extinct.

Fernando et al. (2006)

CENTERS OF PLANT DIVERSITYCENTERS OF PLANT DIVERSITY in the PhilippinesPhilippinesareas rich in plant species, large number of endemic species, areas rich in plant species, large number of endemic species, diverse range of habitats.diverse range of habitats.

1 Sierra Madre Mountains 1 Sierra Madre Mountains Luzon IslandLuzon Island

11 Southern Samar 11 Southern Samar Samar IslandSamar Island

7

2 Mt Pulag2 Mt Pulag Luzon IslandLuzon Island12 Mt Guiting12 Mt Guiting--guitingguiting

Sibuyan IslandSibuyan Island

3 Mt Arayat3 Mt Arayat Luzon IslandLuzon Island 13 Mt Kanlaon13 Mt Kanlaon Negros IslandNegros Island

21

3

4 Mt Makiling4 Mt Makiling Luzon IslandLuzon Island14 Mt Talinis14 Mt Talinis ++ Lake BalinsayaoLake Balinsayao

Negros Island*Negros Island*

5 Lobo, Batangas5 Lobo, Batangas 15 Mt B l 15 Mt B l

64

58 12

95 Lobo, Batangas5 Lobo, BatangasLuzon Island*Luzon Island*

15 Mt Baloy 15 Mt Baloy Panay Island*Panay Island*

6 Mt Isarog6 Mt Isarog Luzon IslandLuzon Island 16 Mt Kitanglad 16 Mt Kitanglad Mindanao IslandMindanao Island

1115

9

1013

14177 Mt Iraya7 Mt Iraya Batan IslandBatan Island 17 Agusan Marsh 17 Agusan Marsh Mindanao IslandMindanao Island

8 Mt Halcon 8 Mt Halcon Mindoro Island*Mindoro Island* 18 Mt Apo 18 Mt Apo Mindanao IslandMindanao Island

9 C I l d9 C I l d

1617

18

9 Coron Island9 Coron Island

10 Palawan Island10 Palawan IslandCox 1988, DENR-UNEP 1997

Fernando et al. (2006)

PhilippinesPhilippines

8888Conservation Conservation Priority Areas Priority Areas yyforfor PlantsPlants

I t tI t t~~ Important Important Plant AreasPlant Areasa t easa t easBased on presence of endangered species, endemism and taxon i h h bit t di it drichness, habitat diversity, degree

of exploration

Fernando et al. (2006)

Philippine FernsPhilippine FernsPhilippine Ferns“Non Seed“Non Seed--bearing Vascular Plants”bearing Vascular Plants”

byby I.E. Buot Jr.I.E. Buot Jr.Institute of Biological SciencesInstitute of Biological SciencesCollege of Arts and SciencesCollege of Arts and Sciences

U i it f th Phili iU i it f th Phili i L B ñL B ñUniversity of the Philippines University of the Philippines –– Los BañosLos Baños

PteridophytesPteridophytes otPteridophytesPteridophytes11001100 species y

J M

aypa

& I

Buo

11001100 species144144 genera3939 families

Pho

tos

by

3939 families(Barcelona 2002)

Buot (2006)

Fourty-nine (49)(49) species are

ThreatenedThreatenedThreatened(Tan et al 1986, Madulid 2000)

loggingslash b rn

loggingslash b rnslash and burn farming

over collection slash and burn farming

over collection etc.

Buot (2006)

AllAll the 2626 endemicCyatheaCyathea species are

vulnerablevulnerable or potentiallyvulnerablevulnerable or potentially endangeredendangered

(Madulid 2000)(Madulid 2000)

TrunksTrunks of CyatheaCyatheaspp. harvested for

Ornamental UseOrnamental UseBuot (2006)

CyatheaCyathea croziers yyharvested from Mt. Mayon

as Teddy bearsTeddy bearsas Teddy bearsTeddy bears

LycopodiumLycopodium spp.ll t dcollected from the

forests of QuezonBuot (2006)

OvercollectionOvercollectionof

Platycerium Platycerium coronariumcoronariumcoronariumcoronarium

from theildwilderness of

Quezon, Laguna, Albay, etc

Buot (2006)

Why ConserveConserve the fernsfernsWhy ConserveConserve the fernsfernsand their alliesallies??

FoodFoodOrnamental

MedicineHandicraftHandicraft

etc.(Zamora and Co 1986)

Buot (2006)

Phili i F h t &Phili i F h t &Phili i F h t &Philippine Freshwater &Marine Fishes

Philippine Freshwater &Marine Fishes

Philippine Freshwater &Marine FishesMarine FishesMarine FishesMarine Fishes

byby A.C. AlcalaA.C. AlcalaSilliman UniversitySilliman University Angelo KingAngelo KingSilliman University Silliman University -- Angelo King Angelo King

Center for Research and Environmental ManagementCenter for Research and Environmental ManagementSilliman Beach, Dumaguete CitySilliman Beach, Dumaguete City

Flock of FreshwaterFreshwater FishesFlock of FreshwaterFreshwater Fishesresult of explosive evolutionevolution of

CyprinidsCyprinidsCyprinidsCyprinids

1818 iencyclopedia thefreedictionary com Cyprinus carpio

1818 species55 genera encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com Cyprinus carpio

17 species in 4 genera are endemic55 generap g

-George Myers (1959)

Probably only 3-4 species Exist!Probably, only 3 4 species Exist!

A.C. Alcala (2006)

TOP CARNIVOROUSMarineMarine Fi h B

Stoc

kwel

l

6969 i

MarineMarine Fishes

tos

by J

May

pa &

6969 species44 Families

Pho

t

44 Families

Serranidae

Carangidae LethrinidaeLutjanidaeA.C. Alcala (2006)

The top May

paThe top

carnivorouscarnivorous fish is Pho

tos

by J

M

firstfirst to disappear and

lastlast to appearlastlast to appearin exploitedexploited reefs

A.C. Alcala (2006)

The carrying capacity is probably reached for

30 35Diversity Biomass

Species richnessSpecies richnessbut not for BiomassBiomass

y = -0.0493x2 + 2.0024x + 3.0381R2 = 0.969220

25

ies

25

30

00m

-2)

ybut not for BiomassBiomass.

RecoveryRecovery is

10

15

No.

of s

peci

10

15

20

omas

s (K

g·50RecoveryRecovery is

slow and only when

protectedprotected y = 0.0781x2 - 0.0234x + 0.5005R2 = 0.9777

0

5

0 5 10 15 20 250

5

10

Biprotectedprotected.

ockw

ell

0 5 10 15 20 25

Years of Protection

RecoveryRecovery of top carnivorouscarnivorous fish44 F ili MPAMPA: J

May

pa &

B S

to

in 44 Families in MPAsMPAs(source: B Stockwell, APCRS 2006)

A.C. Alcala (2006)

Pho

tos:

The original species richnessspecies richness before g ppintense exploitationexploitation is unknownunknown.

MPAsMPAs are useful toh tttt by

J M

aypa

show patternspatterns of

recoveryrecovery on

Pho

to b

coral reefscoral reefs only -- slow, decades

A.C. Alcala (2006)

Philippine Amphibians Philippine Amphibians Philippine Amphibians pp pand Reptiles pp pand Reptiles pp pand Reptiles

byby A C AlcalaA C Alcala11 and A Diesmosand A Diesmos22byby A.C. AlcalaA.C. Alcala and A. Diesmosand A. Diesmos11Silliman University Silliman University -- Angelo King Angelo King

Center for Research & Center for Research & E i t l M tE i t l M tEnvironmental Management Environmental Management

Silliman Beach, Dumaguete CitySilliman Beach, Dumaguete City

22National Museum of the PhilippinesNational Museum of the PhilippinesP d B A E it M ilP d B A E it M ilPadre Burgos Ave., Ermita, Manila Padre Burgos Ave., Ermita, Manila

ypa,

E &

A A

lcal

a

Estimated number number ofof species species ofof amphibians amphibians Phili iPhili i

J M

ay

AmphibianAmphibian # Species# Species # in Forest# in Forest

in the PhilippinesPhilippines

CaeciliansCaecilians 33 33 100.0 100.0 %%

Frogs & ToadsFrogs & Toads 9999 8484 84.9 84.9 %%

TOTALTOTAL 102102 8787 85 385 3 %%TOTALTOTAL 102102 8787 85.3 85.3 %%

More than 100100 speciesspecies, will increaseincrease with refinementsrefinementst tit tiin systematicssystematics

7 Families7 Families, mostly RanidsRanids & RhacophoridRhacophorids

6363%% h dh dUp to 6363%% determined to be near threatenedthreatened to

endangeredendangeredAC Alcala & A Diesmos (2006)

os: J

May

pa

Estimated number number ofof species species ofof reptiles reptiles Phili iPhili i

Phot

o

ReptileReptile # Species# Species # in Forest# in Forest

in the PhilippinesPhilippines

LizardsLizards 107107 8282 76.6 76.6 %%SnakesSnakes 8585 6262 72.9 72.9 %%TurtlesTurtles 33 22 66.766.7 %%TurtlesTurtles 33 22 66.7 66.7 %%CrocodilesCrocodiles 22 11 50.0 50.0 %%

TOTALTOTAL 197197 147147 74.6 74.6 %%

14 Families14 FamiliesLizardsLizards & snakessnakes are predominantpredominant15 S i15 S i kk (H d hiid )(H d hiid )15 Species 15 Species of sea snakessea snakes (Hydrophiids) (Hydrophiids)

are excludedexcludedAC Alcala & A Diesmos (2006)

8585%% of the AmphibiansAmphibians and 75%75% of the ReptilesReptilesare associated with ForestsForests.

May

pa

A hibiA hibi

Pho

to b

y J

AmphibiansAmphibians- indicators of climate changeclimate change- 2828 to 6363%% ThreatenedThreatened to Critically EndangeredCritically Endangered

ReptilesReptiles - Probably 3030%% ThreatenedThreatened to EndangeredEndangeredy gy g

AC Alcala & A Diesmos (2006)

os: J

May

pa

Our study in SW NegrosSW Negros shows 2020%% species

Phot

o

Our study in SW NegrosSW Negros shows 2020%% species

locally extinct in 5050--6060 years (Alcala E et al 2004 Environmental Conservation journal)(Alcala, E. et al. 2004, Environmental Conservation journal)

KeyKey ActivityActivity for conservation:

Protected Protected areas by locallocal stakeholders

ll A hibiA hibiRole of largelarge species of AmphibiansAmphibians &

ReptilesReptiles: nutrient cycling, leather industrypp y g, y

AC Alcala & A Diesmos (2006)

Philippine BirdsPhilippine BirdsPhilippine Birds

byby J.C. GonzalezJ.C. GonzalezAnimal Biology Division, Institute of Biological SciencesAnimal Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences

College of Arts & Sciences, and Museum of Natural HistoryCollege of Arts & Sciences, and Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines –– Los BañosLos Baños

Philippines is a global hotspotglobal hotspot for

AVIAN diversitydiversity and endemismendemism.

ez

576576 species

os b

y JC

Gon

zale

192 192 are endemic(Collar et al., 1999)

Pho

to

JC Gonzalez (2006)

tos:

JC

Gon

zale

z

5 new5 new species describeddescribed

Phot

Bukidonon WoodcockBukidonon Woodcock (Scolopax bukidnonensis)

At least 5 new5 new species recently describeddescribedBukidonon WoodcockBukidonon Woodcock (Scolopax bukidnonensis)

Calayan RailCalayan Rail (Gallirallus calayanensis)

Camiguin Hanging ParrotCamiguin Hanging Parrot (Loriculus camiguinensis)

Lina’s SunbirdLina’s Sunbird (Aethopyga linarabori)Lina s SunbirdLina s Sunbird (Aethopyga linarabori)

Pygmy FrogmouthPygmy Frogmouth (Batrachostomus pygmaeus)

JC Gonzalez (2006)

tos:

JC

Gon

zale

z

TaxonomyTaxonomy Philippine Birds

Phot

TaxonomyTaxonomy of Philippine BirdsDividedDivided into twotwo groupsDividedDivided into twotwo groups

Morphological (Gill 1990)

Bi h i l S t tiBiochemical Systematics (Sibley & Monroe 1991)

ChecklistChecklist follows twotwo sourcesChecklistChecklist follows twotwo sourcesKennedy et al., 2000 - 572572 speciesBi dLif I t ti l 576576 iBirdLife International - 576576 species

JC Gonzalez (2006)

tos:

JC

Gon

zale

z

Threatened Philippine Bird SpeciesThreatened Philippine Bird Species

Phot

Threatened Philippine Bird SpeciesThreatened Philippine Bird SpeciesYearYear 19881988 19941994 19991999 20062006

C i i lC i i l 4949 1616 1313 1313CriticalCritical 4949 1616 1313 1313

EndangeredEndangered 3232 1313 1212

VulnerableVulnerable 4545 4343 4343

Data DeficientData Deficient -- 44 44

NearNear--threatenedthreatened 4040 4848 4949 5656

SOURCESOURCE Collar & Collar & Collar et alCollar et al Collar et alCollar et al BirdLife BirdLife SOURCESOURCE AndrewAndrew Collar et al.Collar et al. Collar et al.Collar et al. InternationalInternational

JC Gonzalez (2006)

otos

: JC

Gon

zale

z

Extinct or Extirpated BirdsExtinct or Extirpated Birds

Ph

Some speciesspecies are likely to be extinctextinct, having notbeen recordedrecorded for several years.been recordedrecorded for several years.

•• Negros FruitNegros Fruit--DoveDove (Ptilinopus arcanus)t 1953-not seen since 1953

•• Sulu BleedingheartSulu Bleedingheart (Gallicolumba menagei)not seen i 1891-not seen since 1891

•• Cebu FlowerpeckerCebu Flowerpecker was reported extinct in1901 b t rediscovered i 1992

JC Gonzalez (2006)

1901, but was rediscovered in 1992

otos

: JC

Gon

zale

z

Extinct or Extirpated BirdsExtinct or Extirpated Birds

Pho

Two subspeciessubspecies are known to be

f ti ll ti tti tfunctionally extinctextinct

•• Ticao Tarictic HornbillTicao Tarictic Hornbill•• Ticao Tarictic HornbillTicao Tarictic Hornbill(Penelopides panini ticaensis)

Si ij H i P tSi ij H i P t•• Siquijor Hanging ParrotSiquijor Hanging Parrot(Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis)

JC Gonzalez (2006)

tos:

JC

Gon

zale

z

Major ThreatsMajor Threats

Phot

jj• Habitat loss & conversion

D f t ti y J

May

pa

• Deforestation• Collection of secondary forest

products

Pho

to b

y

products• Large scale land conversion

Encroachment f permanent &• Encroachment of permanent &shifting agriculture (kaingin)

• Hunting and PoachingHunting and Poaching

JC Gonzalez (2006)

tos:

JC

Gon

zale

z

Why conserve birds?Why conserve birds?

Phot

• Exceptionally rich avifauna and center for global avian endemismavian endemism

• Biological indicators for diversity andenvironmental healthenvironmental health

• Keystone species and form large ticongregations

• Agents for both pollination and seed dispersal and controlling pest populations

JC Gonzalez (2006)

Phili i M iPhili i M iPhili i M iPhilippine Marine Mammals

Philippine Marine Mammals

Philippine Marine MammalsMammalsMammalsMammals

by by M.L. DolarM.L. DolarTropical Marine Research for ConservationTropical Marine Research for ConservationTropical Marine Research for ConservationTropical Marine Research for Conservation6363 Lakewood St., San Diego, California6363 Lakewood St., San Diego, California

MarineMarine Mammals , WW

FMarineMarine MammalsOrder Cetacea 2626 species L

Dol

ar, B

Pitm

an,

Order Cetacea 2626 speciesBaleen Whales = 55

Toothed Whales/Dolphins = 2121

Pho

tos

by L

Order Sirenia 11species

Toothed Whales/Dolphins = 2121Toothed Whales/Dolphins

Order Sirenia 11speciesAll 2626 are threatenedthreatened!!

Sirenia Baleen WhalesML Dolar (2006)

All WhalesWhales & DolphinsDolphins are threatened by

fish netsfish nets ( ill t i t d ift t t )fish netsfish nets (gill nets, ring nets, drift nets, etc) often as byby--catchcatch of fishers

ML Dolar (2006)

RarestRarest and Critically endangered! endangered!

• O l 7777 Animals i 2000

ggIrrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)

• Only 7777 Animals in 2000

• Major threat – 70% of 22,878 peoplepeople i Malampaya Soundpeoplepeople in Malampaya Sound

• Malampaya Sound –Protected Seascape since 2000Protected Seascape since 2000

. Web

site

rom

WW

F-P

hil.

Geographic distribution

Fr

ML Dolar (2006)

RarestRarest and Critically endangered! endangered! ggIrrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris)

Best population estimate: 77 animals (CV= 27.4%)ML Dolar (2006)

ThreatsThreats to the Irrawaddy dolphins1. Burgeoning human populationhuman population

– 27, 828 people, 70% are fishermen , p p ,– growth rate = 6.67% (birth & immigration)

2. EntanglementEntanglement in fishing netsfishing nets and

structuresstructures3. Heavy boat trafficboat traffic4. EutrophicationEutrophication4. EutrophicationEutrophication

ML Dolar (2006)

SIRENIANS: DugongsDugongsg gg gNote:

whale-like IUCN Red Data List (2000) Threatenedflukes (2000) Threatened Species – vulnerable to extinction at a global gscale

DENR AdministrativeDENR Administrative Order 55 (1991) –protected dugongs in

G hi Di t ib ti

p g gPhilippine waters

Geographic Distribution

ML Dolar (2006)

ThreatsThreats to the Dugong Population

22 E t tE t t1.1. Fishing nets Fishing nets (e.g. crab nets, hulbot(e.g. crab nets, hulbot--hulbot)hulbot)

2.2. Entrapment Entrapment in fish pensin fish pens

3.3. Blast Blast fishingfishinggg

4.4. Habitat degradation Habitat degradation ––denudation of seagrass bedsdenudation of seagrass bedsdenudation of seagrass bedsdenudation of seagrass beds Hulbot-hulbot

Fish pen Dynamite casualty in 2004ML Dolar (2006)

Philippine LandPhilippine LandPhilippine LandPhilippine Land Mammals

Philippine Land Mammals

Philippine Land Mammals

bb E L AlcalaE L Alcala11 & B Tabaranza& B Tabaranza22by by E.L. AlcalaE.L. Alcala11 & B. Tabaranza& B. Tabaranza22

11Silliman UniversitySilliman University--Angelo KingAngelo KingCenter for Research and Environmental ManagementCenter for Research and Environmental Management

2/F SU Marine Lab., Silliman Beach, Dumaguete City, 62002/F SU Marine Lab., Silliman Beach, Dumaguete City, 6200

22Haribon Foundation, 140 Kalayaan AveHaribon Foundation, 140 Kalayaan AveDiliman, Quezon CityDiliman, Quezon City

LandLand Mammals179179 species

LandLand Mammals179179 species111111 are endemic

EL Alcala1 & B Tabaranza (2006)

Red List MammalsMammalsRed List MammalsMammalsFamiliesFamilies SpeciesSpecies EndemicEndemic

Threatened SpeciesThreatened SpeciesEndangeredEndangered CriticalCritical VulnerableVulnerableEndangeredEndangered CriticalCritical VulnerableVulnerable

1212 4949 4545 1515 77 2727

The highest number of endangered endangered g ggspeciesspecies in terms of per-unit area

The highest number of new speciesnew speciesdiscovered

EL Alcala1 & B Tabaranza (2006)

Strategies for ConservationStrategies for Conservation

StrategiesStrategies for ConservationConservation and for

PreventingPreventing Extinction

•• EstablishEstablish protected areas •• PreventPrevent alien species introductionintroductionPreventPrevent alien species introductionintroduction•• No introductionNo introduction to new habitats

RR i d ii d i l i•• ReRe--introductionintroduction of lost species with

safeguardssafeguards

StrategiesStrategies for ConservationConservation and for

PreventingPreventing Extinction

•• ReRe--introductionintroduction of lost species with safeguardssafeguardsspecies with safeguardssafeguards

•• PreservePreserve remnants of

original forest etcoriginal forest, etc.

• Practical inventoryinventory and

d i id i i f ldomesticationdomestication of useful plants

Philippine spotted deer, fruit bat, and Visayan warty pig breeding facilities at

•• CaptiveCaptive breedingbreeding facilities at Silliman University

StrategiesStrategies for ConservationConservation and for

•• EcotourismEcotourismPreventingPreventing Extinction

EcotourismEcotourism Now!

Before

Pamilacan Island, Bohol

SummarySummary & ConclusionsConclusions

Summary of Conservation StatusSummary of Conservation StatusTaxonomic Taxonomic

GroupGroupSpecies Species

RichnessRichnessEndemicEndemic Threatened to Critically Threatened to Critically

Endangered as of 2006Endangered as of 2006

SpeciesSpecies % of total % of total SpeciesSpecies % of total % of total

PlantsPlants 10,52410,524 6,2866,286 59.7359.73 696696 16.616.6

Fish Fish (cyprinids)(cyprinids)

18, ca 4 18, ca 4 still still 1717 94.194.1 44 100100(cyprinids)(cyprinids) existing(?)existing(?)

AmphibiansAmphibians 102102 76(?)76(?) ca 75ca 75 29(?)29(?) ca 28ca 28--6363

ReptilesReptiles197197 138(?)138(?) ca 70ca 70 40(?)40(?) ca 20%(?)ca 20%(?)197197 138(?)138(?) ca 70ca 70 40(?)40(?) ca 20%(?)ca 20%(?)

BirdsBirds576576

192192 33%33% 128128 2222

M iM iMarine Marine MammalsMammals 2626 -- -- 26 (1)26 (1) 100 (4)100 (4)

Land Land MammalsMammals 179179 111111 ca 67.4%ca 67.4% 4949 2727

Note: Numbers for land vertebrates are approximateTotal of 1,054 land vertebrates in 30 million hectares of land, but new systematics reveals there will be more additions to total about 1,100.

SummarySummary & ConclusionsConclusions• The PhilippinesPhilippines is indeed a country of very high

biodiversitybiodiversity in terms of speciesspeciesyy pp• But a “hot spot”“hot spot” because of high rateshigh rates of habitat habitat

destructiondestruction & extinctionextinctiondestructiondestruction & extinctionextinction•• 2020%% of amphibians and reptiles locally extinctlocally extinct

i 5050 60 years60 years due t forest destructionforest destruction din 5050--60 years60 years due to forest destructionforest destruction and

fragmentationfragmentation

SummarySummary & ConclusionsConclusions• Other causescauses of decreasedecrease in abundance are heavy

exploitationexploitation and hybridizationhybridization with domesticdomestici ild i N dilspecies, e.g. wild pig on Negros, crocodiles

• Many speciesspecies of higher animalshigher animals are threatenedthreateneddue to alien speciesalien species invasion, e.g. Cyprinids ofLake Lanao

• Many plant speciesplant species are threatenedthreatened with extinctionextinctionfor various reasons

Looking to the FutureLooking to the Futuregg“At the end of the day, in a more “At the end of the day, in a more

democratic world it will be thedemocratic world it will be thedemocratic world, it will be the democratic world, it will be the ethics and desires of the ethics and desires of the peoplepeople, not their leaders, who , not their leaders, who p pp pgive give power power to government and to government and the NGOs or take it away. They the NGOs or take it away. They

ill d id d hill d id d hwill decide… and choose will decide… and choose whether particular whether particular speciesspecies will will live or die ”live or die ”live or die.live or die.

-- E.O. Wilson (2002)E.O. Wilson (2002)