phcn ˛ s^{ p-hcn · 2013-06-04 · 2010 p\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 2 2010 p\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 3 bapjw...

$: phcn ˛ s^{ p-hcn · 2013-06-04 · 2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 2 2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 3 BapJw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse ]pXp-Im-gvN-Iƒ A\p- ... sk{I-´dn & FUn- ... Nne `mjmNcn{X$
2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

1

2010 P\phcn ˛ s^_p-hcn



3

BapJw

ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Ønse ]pXp-Im-gvN-Iƒ A\p-

-hn-∏n°p∂ Hcp e°-am-Wn-Xv. hyXy-kvX-hn-j-b-ß-

fpsS hyXykvX BJym-\-ß-fm-W-h. kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ \h-h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ ]T\kz`m-h-tØmsS

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ teJ-\-ßƒ kmlnXy Ncn-X-

Øns‚ `mK-ambn amdp-sa∂v hniz-kn-°p∂p. ]pXp-

h¿j-Øns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ Cu e°hpw ]pØ≥

hmb\m\p- hw kΩm-\n-°pw.

sI.-C.-F≥.

Sahityalokam Literary bi-monthly in MalayalamVol.37. No.1 2010 January - FebruaryCover Design : Vinaylal Edited, Printed and Published by Purushan Kadalundi on behalf of KeralaSahitya Akademi,Thrissur-680020. Printed by Santhi Bhavan Offset, Thrissur-7 Registered withthe Registrar of Newspapers, India under R.N. 17137/69. Rs.20/-

kmln-Xy-temIw ssZzam-knI. ]pkvXIw 37 e°w 1 2010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

Ih¿ Unssk≥ : hn\-bvem¬ en]n-hn-\ym-khpw A®-Sn-\n¿∆-l-Whpw: im¥n- -h≥ Hm vsk-‰v,

Xr»q¿. hne : 20 cq].

kmln-Xy-temIw2010 P\p-hcn s^_p-hcn

]pkvXIw 37 e°w 1

]Xm-[n-]-k-anXn

]kn-U≠v

Fw. apIp-µ≥

skI-´dn & FUn-‰¿

]pcp-j≥ IS-ep≠n

FUn-‰¿ C≥Nm¿÷v

sI.-C.-F≥. Ip™lΩZv

AwKßƒ

sI.-]n. cma-\pÆnhnP-b-e£van

cmhpÆnAtim-I≥ Ncp-hn¬

k_v FUn-‰¿

hn.-F≥. Atim-I≥



5

]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ

tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿

IY-sb-∂√ GXp cN-\bpw Ime-_-≤-am-Wv.

Ime-Øns‚ kqN-\-Iƒ H∂p-an√ F∂p -\-Sn-°p-∂-

h-bnepw ]tcm-£-am-bn A-Xp≠m-hpw. BJym\][m-

\-amb cN-\-bm-hp-tºmƒ AXn¬ Ime-apZ ]Xn-bm-

\p≈ km[yX Gsd-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-ap-lq¿Ø-ß-

sfbpw hy‡nNnX-ß-sfbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ,

ÿekq-N-\bpw Ncn-X-kq-N-\bpw \¬Ip-tºmƒ,

CsXm-s°-°qSn tN¿∂p cq]-s∏-Sp∂ bmYm¿Yy-

Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn¬ Hs° AXv A`n-hy-‡-

ae-bm-f-Ønse F-gp-Øns‚ buh\w AXns‚

sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw B`n-apJyßsfbpw _e-

Zu¿_-ey-ß-sfbpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ]pXnb

IY-I-fn¬ ImWmw. apºv Nne Ime-ß-fn¬

I≠p-h-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ hy‡-ambpw Bg-

Ønepw temIm-\p- -h-ß-tfmSv ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-

h-bmWv ]pXp-I-Y-Iƒ. ae-bmf sNdp-I-Y-bpsS

h¿Ø-am-\-Imew hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ ]T-\w.

D≈-S°w

teJ-\-ßƒ

]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ IY-Iƒ 5 tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿\qdpsIm√w ]n∂n´ sIme-]m-XIw 16 Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥

Xmsamgn Imhy-t_m[w 25 tUm. kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥BKm-f-h-evXvI-c-Whpw

kmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-k-‘nbpw 42 tUm. Fw. IrjvW≥\-ºp-Xncns]Æpw ]Ir-Xnbpw 51 _n.-B¿. kptajv

amhn-I-X-bpsS k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ 65 hn.-bp. kptc-µ≥kwkv°mc ]T-\hpw

kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\hpw 72 tcJ ]n.Nne `mjmNcnX ktµ-l-ßƒ 84 tUm. jo_ Fw. Ipcn-b≥

_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fnsecmjvSobw 98 tUm. cmtPjv Fw.-B¿.

kwkv°mchpw kmln-Xyhpw 108 tUm. sI.-sI. inh-ZmkvIY

FUvK¿ Gen-bmkv AYhmBZm-ans‚ aI≥ _m_p 118 iIp-¥f ]n.

Ihn-X-Iƒam¿°-WvtVbw 131 Fw.-Fw. kNo-µ≥

OnZw 132 ju°-Ø-eo-Jm≥shbn¬ 133 _ntPmbv Nµ≥

kpthm-fPn 134 kn.-F-kv. Pb-N-µ≥KŸ-\n-cq-]Ww

Xqen-I-Øp-ºn-se-ØmØ Imcy-⁄X 135 Fw.-B¿. Nµ-ti-J-c≥Xpd-s∂-gpØv 138 Ie



7

am-Ip-∂p. cN\ kmt¶-Xn-I -kz- m-h-Øn¬ bmYm-X-Y-XzsØ AXn-h¿Øn-

°p-∂-h-bm-bmepw C°m-cy-Øn¬ am‰-an√.

Ie-≠¿ IW-°n¬ CXv Ccp-]sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-i-I-

Øns‚ A¥yw. sNdnb Ime-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ henb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ap-≠m-bn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ L´w. am‰-ßƒ°v IÆ©n°p∂ thKw. B ]cn-Wm-a-

Øn-\n-S-bn¬ am\p-jy-I-Øns‚ tNmZ-\-Ifpw aqey-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈

kwL¿j-Øns‚ aq¿®bpw IqSp-∂p. Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf ]cn-

h¿Ø\hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zybpw kmº-Øn-I-I-ahpw

henb ]¶phln-°p-∂p. hnhchn\n-abcwKsØ AXn-Zp-X -]-cn-Wm-a-

ßfpw temI-X-e-Øn-ep≈ cmjvSob˛kmº-ØnI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

CXns‚ kz`m-hsØ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ temIm-h-ÿ-bpsS

\Sp-hn¬ \n∂psIm≠m-Wv- -A-Xn-t\m-sS√mw kIn-b-ambn ]Xn-I-cn-®p-sIm-

≠m-Wv- -a-e-bm-f- -sN-dp-IY h¿Ø-am\sØ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ae-bm-f-Ønse F-gp-Øns‚ buh\w AXns‚ sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw

B`n-apJyßsfbpw _e-Zu¿_-ey-ß-sfbpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv ]pXnb

IY-I-fn¬ ImWmw. apºv Nne Ime-ß-fn¬ I≠p-h-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ hy‡-

ambpw Bg-Ønepw temIm-\p- -h-ß-tfmSv ]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bmWv ]pXp-

I-Y-Iƒ. F∂m¬ AXv Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]pdw-t]mf-I-fn¬ A`n-c-an-°pI

amX-a-√, AtX kabw B¥-cnI bmYm¿Yy-Øn-te°v IS∂psN√p-

∂pIqSnbp-≠v. B \ne-bn-emWv h¿Ø-am-\-ImeIY-Iƒ Ime-k-XysØ

Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm IYm-IrØpw kmaq-ln-Im-\p- -h-Øn\v sshb-

‡n-Im-\p- -h-Øns‚ aq¿ØX \¬Ip-∂p. BJym\-Øn¬ AXv kmam-

\ym-\p- -hsØ khn-ti-jm-\p- hw B°n-Øo¿°p-∂p. Cu LS-I-Øn¬

]I-S-am-Ip∂ sshNn-Xy-ß-fmWv C∂sØ IY-I-fpsS kmaq-lntIm∑pJ-

Xsb ]c-º-cm-KXIY-I-fpsS coXn-bn¬\n∂v Hs´ms° hyXy-kvX-am-°p-

∂-Xv.

\nXyPo-hn-Xm-\p- -h-Øns‚ B¿Zhpw ]cp-jhpw hnt£m- -I-c-hp-amb

hnXm-\-ßƒ AXns‚ hn`n∂ \ne-hm-c-ß-fn¬ C∂sØ IY-I-fn¬ A\p-

-h-th-Zy-am-Ip-∂p. a\pjy_‘-ßsf \ncm¿Z-am-°p∂ kzm¿∞-]-cX

Pohn-X-km-l-N-cyhim¬ h¿[n®phcp∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. ]t£ B Ah-

ÿ-bnepw AKm-[-amb Nne B¿Zm-\p- h-ßƒ ]mcp-jy-Øns‚ CS-ap-f-

bmbn s]m´n hf-cp-∂Xv Nne cN-\-Iƒ Im´n-Ø-cp-∂p. NcnXw Bh-iy-

s∏-Sp∂ ]mI-s∏-S-en\pw hyhÿmhXvI-c-W-Øn\panS-bn¬ AXn-s\-

sb√mw AXn-Po-hn®v B¥ct]c-W-bv°n-Wßn Pohn-°p∂ Nne a\p-

jy-Nn-X-ßƒ sXfn-bp-∂p. B Ah-ÿ-bnepw amdn-h-cp∂ Nne kvt\l-

I-W--ßƒ D≠v. Ah-bpsS kv\nKv≤-X, Ahym-tJy-bX ]pXnb IYm-Ir-

Øp-°-fpsS Nne cN-\-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Aßs\ Ah-ÿm-ssh-NnXy-

Øn-s‚bpw `mh-ssh-]p-ey-Øn-s‚bpw BJym\sshhn-[y-Øns‚bpw

]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p-∂-h-bm-Ip∂p Cu sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ.

Iebpw Iem-Im-c\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, Iem-kr-jvSnbpw kaq-l-

Øns‚ Bkzm-Z-\-kz- mhhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w XpS-ßnb ka-ky-Iƒ

Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]ta-b-am-°n-bn- p-≠v. Imcq¿\o-e-I-WvT-]n-≈-bpsS ac-

∏m-h-Iƒ, hn ]n inh-Ip-am-dns‚ ]XnjvT XpS-ßnb IY-Iƒ Cu C\-

Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂-h-bm-Wv. B K-W-hp-ambn _‘s∏SpØm-hp∂ cN-\-bmWv

_n apc-fn-bpsS JPp-cmtlm. Iem-kr-jvSnsb Hcp km[m-cW kµ¿ -

Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ tXm∂p∂ ]Xo-Xn-bm-I-W-sa-∂n-√ hyXy-kvX-amb

kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv. \nXy-ss\-an-ØnI Pohn-

XØns‚ Hgp-°n¬s∏´pt]mIp-tºm-ƒ ]e-t∏mgpw i≤-bn¬s∏-SmØ

Nne am\-ßƒ khn-ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-Ønse Bkzm-Z-\-Øn¬ e`n-

®psh∂p-h-cmw. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Ie-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hn`n-∂-Im-gvN-∏m-

Sp-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wv AXns‚ AXn-µob-X. B Awi-Øns‚ FSp-Øp-Im-

´¬ Cu IY-bn¬ D≠v. ]tXy-In®pw B[p-\n-I- -D-Ø-cm-[p\nI IY-

bn¬ A¥¿ -hn-®n-cn-°p∂ hn`m-¥-amb am\-kn-I- m-h-ß-fpsS Bhn-jvIm-

csØ \oXn-aXv°-cn-°p∂ Xew Cu IY-bv°p-≠v. AXn\v ASn-h-c-bn-

Sm≥ ]mI-Øn¬ ]i-kvX- t]m∏v Kmbn-I-bmb _n v\n kv]ntb¿kns‚

Hcp ]cm-a¿iw apJ-°p-dn-∏mbn sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. thZn-bn¬ A]-kvamcw

_m[n-®-Xp-t]mse BSn-∏m-Sm-dp≈ Ah-cpsS `m¥-amb Ne-\-ßsf Ipsd-

°qSn hn`m-¥- m-h-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Hcp in¬∏w kΩm-\n-®-bm-tfmSv

"F\n-°nXp th≠, \nßƒ as‰-hn-sS-sb-¶nepw sIm≠phbv°q' F∂v

B KmbnI ]d-bp-∂-XmWv hmIy-ßƒ. C¥y≥ NnX-I-e-bpsS Hcp hcn-

jvT-ap-J-amWv JPp-cmtlm t£X-in¬∏-ßƒ. F∂m¬ B in¬∏-ß-

fpsS A`n-cm-a-amb wKn-I-f-√, ]c-º-cm-KX ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ t\m°p-tºmƒ

hne£W-sat∂m hn«Y-sat∂m hncq-]-sat∂m ]d-bm-hp∂ Nne B[p-

\nI Iem-c-N-\-Iƒ°p-≈-Xv. khn-ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬, kµ¿ -

Øn¬, ho£W-tIm-Sn-bn¬ AØcw cN-\-Iƒ `mhi‡nbpw Iem-fl-

I-Xbpw ssIh-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn A\p- -h-s∏-Spw. ChnsS AXp-h-scbpw

BJym-Xmhv AK-Wy-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂, X\n°v Akw-th-Z-\o-b-sa∂p

hnNm-cn-®n-cp∂ hn«Y in¬∏-ßƒ cmXn-bpsS hnP-\hpw \njv]-µ-hp-amb

Hcp aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ ]pXnb kwth-Z-\-ßƒ DW¿Øp-∂-Xns‚ Zriy-am-

Wp-≈-Xv. _mly-X-e-Øn¬ in¬∏- -NnX ]Z¿i-\-tØmSpw a‰pw _‘-

s∏´ Nne A\p-jvTm-\-co-Xn-Isf \¿a-kv p-cn-X-ambn´mWv Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-∂-sX-¶nepw AXn-\-∏p-dØv Iem-\p- -h-Øns‚ A\-\yXsb AXv



9

KmVambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. hnti-jn®pw _mly-X-e-Øn¬

Aaq¿Ø-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂ -I-em-kr-jvSn-Iƒ°pw B¥-cnI Xe-Øn¬

Pohn-X-Øn¬ thtcmáp≠v F∂ kXy-Øn-te°v AXv D∑pJ-am-Ip-∂p.

as‰mcp LSIw F√m-X-c-Ønepw km[m-c-W-°m-c≥ F∂ ]Xo-Xn-

\¬Ip∂ BJym-Xm-hnt‚XmWv. temUvPvhmknbmb km[m-cW F≥

Pn H Bb Abmƒ°v t\cmw-hÆw ]Xw hmbn-°m≥t]mepw Ign-bm-dn-

√. \mńse hkvXp-X¿°w, hońse a‰w-K-ßƒ°p-≠mb Akp-Jw F∂n-

h-bm-bn-cp∂p kplr-Øns‚ NnX-]-Z¿i-\-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Abm-fpsS

a\kn¬ Akz-ÿX ]I¿∂p \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Iebpw \nXyPo-

hnX]iv\-ßfpw Hcp km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ apºn¬ hcp-tºmƒ GXn-\mWv

]m[m\yw F∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ Chn-sS -I-Ym-Ir-Øn\v kwi-b-an√. B

bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°qSn Cu IY A- nhy-‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. IY-bnse in¬∏n

Hcp kµ¿ -Øn¬ BJym-Xm-hn-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p-≠v, Xs‚ cN\ at\m-hn-

`m-¥n-\n-d™ k¶¬]-Øn¬ \n∂v D≠m-b-XmsW∂pw Ah leq-knt\-

j≥ krjvSn-°p-sa-∂pw. F∂m¬ bmYm¿Yyw Xs∂ AXns‚ D®m-h-

ÿ-bn¬ hn -a-am-bn-Øo-cp∂ A\p- -h-amWv F∂ \ne-]mSpIqSn Cu

IY-bn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v.

ka-ImenIPohn-X-Øns‚ cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb

kwL¿j-_n-µp-°sf tIµo-I-cn®v A]-am-\-ho-I-cn-°-s∏´ a\p-jy-Po-

hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ ]eXpw ]pXnb IYm-Ir-Øp-°ƒ Fgp-Xp-

∂p-≠v. s]m≈p∂ ka-Im-enI]iv\-ßƒ Aßs\ sNdp-I-Y-I-fn¬

Xo£vW-ambn ]iv\-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. kt¥mjv G®n-°m-\-Øns‚

tUhnUvPn tImUv Cu KW-Øn¬s∏´ sNdp-I-Y-bm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬

hf¿∂p ]¥-en®pIgn™ qam- n-b-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IY-Iƒ ]eXpw \nc-

¥cw ]X-]w-‡n-I-fn¬ akm-e]p-c- p∂ Ime-am-Wn-Xv. Dd-∏p≈ \nt£]w

F∂ \ne-bn¬ `qan hmßn-°q- p∂ I≈-∏-W-°mcpw sIń-S-\n¿am-Xm-

°fpw Z√m-f-∑mcpw Hs°-°qSn tN¿∂p≈ hnj-a-hr-Ø-am-W-Xv. aÆn\v

s]m∂nt\-°mƒ hne hcp∂ C∂sØ ImeØv iq\y-X-bn¬ \n∂v ]c-

a-\n-kz-∑m¿ alm-]- p-°-fm-bn-Øo¿∂ am¥n-I-I-Y-Iƒ Cu temI-sØ-

°p-dn®v D≠m-Ip-∂p. Aßs\ IY-bnse hnt\m-Z-s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ ]pXnb

kmº-Øn-I-h¿Kw Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øns‚ adp-]pdw

t\cmb am¿K-Øn¬ A[zm-\n®p Pohn-°p-∂-h¿°v Ah-cpsS G‰hpw

henb kz]v\-amb CØncn- aÆpw AXn-semcp sNdp-hoSpw F∂ kz]v\w

km£m¬°-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmsX t]mIp∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu c≠-h-ÿ-

I-fpsS kwL¿j-sØ-bmWv tUhnUvPn tImUv F∂ sNdp-IY kam-

¥-co-I-cn-®m-hn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kao-]-Im-eØv Gsd-N¿® sNøs∏´ Um≥

_uWns‚ Umhn©n tImUv F∂ t\mh-ep-ambn ]mTm-¥-c-_‘w

krjvSn-®mWv Cu IYbv°v ]ta-b-]-c-amb Bghpw BJym-\-]-c-amb

sshNn-Xyhpw IYm-IrØv \¬Ip-∂-Xv. io¿jIw apX¬ Bcw- n-°p∂

Cu A]-c-X-e-Øns‚ km∂n[yw Cu IYm-Ir-Øns‚ A`n-a-X-amb cN-

\m-X-¥-am-Ip-∂p.

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬ \n m-c-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ Nne Imcy-ßƒ

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ hfsc Kuc-h-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Bcp-aXv Dds° ]d-bm-dn-s√-

t∂-bp-≈q. CØcw AcnIpkXy-ß-fmbn am‰n \ndp-Øp∂ Hcp ASn-

ÿm-\-bm-Ym¿YysØ ]ta-b-am-°p∂ IY-bmWv ]nb F Fkns‚ hb-

e‰v ]q®-Iƒ°v iq h-bv°m≥ tXm∂p-tºmƒ. ap≥Im-e-ß-fn¬ X≈n-°-

f-bs∏ń-cp∂ Acn-Ip-k-Xy-ßƒ°v ]ta-b-]-c-amb kmwKXyw e`n-°p∂p

F∂-XmWv ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Y-bpsS Hcp khn-ti-j-X. AXn-thKw

Hscm‰ \K-c-Km-a-ambn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ amX-a√ C¥y-

bn¬ an°-bn-SØpw bmX-sN-øp-∂-h¿°v kuI-cy-]q¿hw hrØn-bp≈

kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ ]mY-anI IrXy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ D≈ kwhn-[m-\-

an√ F∂-Xm-Wv kXyw. CXns‚ ZpcnXw Gsd A\p- -hn-°p-∂Xv kvXoI-

fm-Wv. Cu hnjbw ][m-\-am-sW-¶nepw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-l-Øn¬

BcpaXv Imcy-am-sb-Sp-°m-dn-√. Cu hnj-bsØ Xt‚-Xmb \ne-bn¬

X\n-a-bp≈ coXn-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ]nb F Fkns‚ sNdp-

I-Y. ]pd-ta- t\m-°n-bm¬ hnjbw \n mcw F∂p tXm∂p-sa-¶nepw

hfscb[nIw kmaq-ln-I-kmw-K-Xy-ap≈ ]ta-b-am-Wn-Xv. AXv Ipń-I-

fpsS `mh-\m-tem-I-Øns‚ h¿Æ-∏-In- p-≈Xpw bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ ]cn-

anX hnXm-\-Øn\v ]pd-tØ°v Nnd-Ip-hn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb BJym-\mwi-

ßƒ tN¿Øv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CØcw Imcy-ßsf \n m-c-

h¬°-cn-°p∂ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS at\m- m-hsØ ]tcm-£-ambn hna¿in-°p-

∂p-ap-≠v. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI]iv\-ßfpw a‰pw _u≤nIN¿®bv°p hnt[-b-

am-°p-∂-h¿, eLphpw ]mY-an-I-hp-amb CØcw ]iv\-ßsf \n m-c-

h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ sshcp-[y-amWv hna¿i-\-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. kn≤m-

¥-]-chpw Aaq¿Ø-hp-amb hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-I-sf-°mƒ

\nXyPohn-X-Øns‚ sNdp-No-fp-I-fn¬ kv]¿in®p-\n¬°p∂ Cu IY

kvXohmZ kao-]-\-Øns‚ hyXy-kvXm-Jym-\-am-bn--Øo-cp-∂p. \mWn F∂p

hnfn-t∏cp≈ aWn-Zo] F∂ sIm®p-s]Ïp- nsb tIµo-I-cn®v AXn-cp-

I-fn-√mØ ssiih`mh-\-bpsS `wKn-Ifpw h¿W-∏-In- p-Ifpw ]I-cp∂

cN-\IqSn-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p CXv.

C kt¥mjvIpam-dns‚ sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ s]mXpth ka-Im-en-I-Po-hn-

X-Øns‚ Bkp-c- m-h-ß-fpsS A¥¿[m-c-Isf At\z-jn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv.



11

lnwkm-fl-I-X-bpsS Pzme-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ kzm—-µysØ s]m≈n-°p-

∂-Xns‚ NnX-ß-fmWv Ah-bn¬ sXfn-bp-∂-tX-sdbpw. Aßs\ B

IY-Ifn¬ ]eXpw ka-Im-enI kmaq-lnIPohn-X-Øns‚ DjvW-am-]n-

\n-I-fm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. ao\p-Iƒ B KW-Øn¬ hcp∂ cN-\-bm-Wv. sNdp-

I-Ysb°pdn-®p≈ ¢m n-°¬ [mc-W-Iƒ°p \nc-°p-∂-h-bmWv

kt¥mjvIpam-dns‚ an° sNdp-I-Y-I-fpw. ASn-ÿm-\-L-S-I-ambn Hcp

IY, AXns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn¬ _nw_m-fl-Ihpw A¥-co-£-]-[m-\-

hp-amb cN-\m-L-S-I-ßƒ GIo-Ir-X-ambnØocp-∂-Xn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂

LS-\m-k-a-K-X, AXp krjvSn-°p∂ khn-ti-j-amb Hcp ]c-tImSn XpS-

ßnb ]e LS-I-ßfpw Ah-bn-ep-≠v. ao\p -Ifpw GXm-≠o-kz- mhw

]pe¿Øp∂ cN-\-bm-Wv. BJym-Xm-hmb Ipń- -I-≈s‚ aI≥- -Nq≠en v

]nSn®v h°p-s]m- nb kv SnI`c-Wn-bn-em-°n-b, ]n∂oSv NØpt]mIp∂

sNdp-ao≥ Bh-ln-°p∂ _nw_m-fl-I-X-bmWv IY-bpsS ImX¬. in£m-

Imew ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Pbn¬ Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v s]meo-

kp-Im-cpsS IÆp-sh- n®v NmSn-t∏m∂ I≈≥˛ BJym-Xm-hmb Ipń-bpsS

A—≥˛sshZyp-Xn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®p ao≥]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ A]-

I-S-a-c-W-Øn-\n-c-bm-Ip∂ IYmw-i-Øns‚ BJym-\-Øn\v `mh-]-c-amb

Bghpw KmV-Xbpw \¬Ip∂ LS-I-amWv Nq≠en¬ IpSpßn `c-Wn-

bn¬ HSp-ßp∂ ao≥. ]≈n-bnse s]cp-\m-fns‚ ]›m-Øew, H‰-°-Æ≥

A®p CS-bv°nsS s]mń-°p∂ ]S-°-Øns‚ i_vZw Df-hm-°p-∂ b-P-

\-IXzw˛ Cß-s\- hn-cp-≤mw-i-ß-fpsS hn\ym-k-Øn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ khn-

ti-j-amb A¥-co-£-amWv Cu IY-bnse arXypkm∂n-[y-sØbpw

lnwkm-fl-I-X-sbbpw KmV-am-°p-∂-Xv.

Atßb‰w kzX-¥hpw ASp-∏-ap-≈-Xp-amb ]W-b-Øn¬t∏mepw

kvXobpsS ssewKn-IX Za\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ kXysØ ]iv\-

h¬°-cn-°p∂ sNdp-I-Y-bmWv knXm-c Fkns‚ CS-Øm-hfw. AXv

kvXoa-\- ns‚ \nKq-Vhpw kzmX-t¥ym-∑p-J-hp-amb mh-ßsf kq£va-

X-e-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. hyXykvX kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈

thcp-Iƒ \jvS-s∏´ c≠p bph-Xn-I-fpsS kam-¥-c-Nn-X-ßƒ Ad-_n-

\m-Sp-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-ep≈ Cu IY-bn¬ ImWmw. ]W-b-Øn-\p-

th≠n P\n®p hf¿∂ IpSpw-_hpw sXmgnepw Dt]-£n-®-h-cm-W-h¿. sSen-

hn-j-\n¬ ssewKnI]cn-]mSn ssehv Bbn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp bphXn

]W-bn®v hnhmlw Ign® bphm-hns\ ]t£, Dt]-£n-°m≥ t]mIp-

∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬, ]Wbw t]mepw kvXobv°v Ah-fpsS D≈v ]q¿W-

ambn shfn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ Hcp Akz-X-¥-X-bmWv F∂v Ahƒ Xncn-

®-dn-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]W-bn-°p-∂-h¿s°m∏w Ign-bp-tºmƒ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂

]—-∂-amb Akz-X-¥X-bpsS kwL¿jsØ, ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øns‚

ITn-\-hy-h-ÿIƒ \ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kaq-l-Øn-te°v h[p-hmbn

FØnb as‰mcphfpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnse hn]-co-

X-ß-fpsS kwL¿jw Cu IY-bn-ep-≠v. AØcw Ah-ÿ-bpsS Ccp-

ºp-a-d-bv°p-≈n¬ sNdp-]-gp-Xp-I-fn-eqsS ]Im-i\w tXSp∂ kvXobpsS

D≈nse ]pcp-jm`n-ap-J-amb at\m- m-h-Øns‚ hnteme civan-I-fpsS Bhn-

jvIm-chpw Cu sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ Ie-cp-∂p. sI´p-]m-Sm-bn-Øo¿∂ Zmº-Xy-

Øn-se-Ønb ]W-b-Øns‚ ]mc-X-¥y-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \n∂p≈ kzIm-cy-

amb Hcp kzmX-¥ym-hn-jvIm-c-am-W-Xv. kq£va- m-h-ßfpw khn-ti-jm-

¥-co-£hpw ]pe-cp∂ Cu sNdp-I-Y-bpsS LS-\m-]-c-amb kmµ-Xbpw

Bhn-jvIm-c-Ønse HXp-°hpw it≤-bw.

kvXoPo-hnX-Øns‚ B¥-cn-I-t£m-`-ßƒ°v ico-c-\n-jvT-amb

Du∂-ep-I-fp≈ BJym\w km[y-ambXv kvXohm-Z-]-c-amb ImgvN-∏mSv

kmln-Xy-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. kvXoIƒ Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ cq]-

s∏-Sp∂ kzXz-]-Im-i-\-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-e-ambn CXv \nco-£n-°-

s∏ń´p-≠v. kvXoI-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp temI-tØ-°n-d-ßn-s®∂v ]pcp-jm-[n-

]Xy hyh-ÿ-bpsS AS™ temI-tØmSv Xß-fp-tS-Xmb \ne-bn¬ Hcp

£Wn-I-I-em]w \S-Øp∂ Hcp-Iq´w kvXoIsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv

DÆn B¿ B\-µ-am¿K-Øn¬. a[y-]m-b-Øn-se-Ønb GXm\pw tImtfPv

A[ym-]n-I-am¿ c≠p-]-Iepw Hcp cmXnbpw ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ hnt\m-Z-bm-

Xbv°p t]mIp-∂-Xns‚ BJym-\-am-bmWv IY- cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv.

bmX-bpsS πm\n-Mv, _kvbmX, cmXnbn¬ hnP-\-amb aµn-c-Ønse

Xmhfw sIm≈¬˛ Cu aq∂p cwK-ß-fnse kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw

]cn-an-X-amb ]›m-Øe hnh-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw sXfn-™p-h-cp∂ IYm-

]m-X-ß-fn¬, kaqlw hnti-jn®pw IpSpw_w, sXmgn-enSw F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fnse ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-Øn\p apºn¬ A\p- -h-s∏- n-cp∂ "C≥ln-_nj≥'

F∂ Bflmhns‚ Bh-cWw Dcn-s™-dn-bp∂ kvXoI-fpsS £Wn-I-

sa-¶nepw Iem-]-i-‡n-bp≈ kzXz-]-Im-i-\-amWv Cu IY-bn¬ sXfn-

bp-∂-Xv. ]e-Xcw tSmWp-I-fn-te°v ]I¿∂m-Sp∂ mjm ]cn-N-cy-bmWv

Cu IY-bpsS Hcp khn-ti-jX. AXv Nne-t∏mƒ kaq-l-Øns‚ kZm-

Nm-c-\m-SysØ ]tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂n-S-tØm-f-sa-Øp∂ Ccp-≠-lm-ky-ap-

W¿Øp-∂p. F¶nepw BXy-¥n-I-ambn Ah-K-Wn-X-bm-Ip∂ kvXo-bpsS

Bfl-tcm-Z-\-ß-fmWv B IY-bpsS ImX¬. B \ne-bn¬ B\-µ-am¿Kw

F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Hcp hn]-co-X-[z\n apg-ßp∂p≠v.

sI hn A\q-]ns‚ cq]Iw cXnbpw ac-Whpw Ah IqSn-∏n-W-bp-

tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ _o -’-Xbpw à-kv]¿i-ap≈ A\p-_-‘- m-h-ßfpw



13

IqSn-t®¿∂-sX-¶nepw BJym-\-X-e-Øn¬ kmcfyw ]pe¿Øp∂ cN-\-

bm-Wv. hnP-\-]-tZ-isØ sdbn¬∏mfØn\p kao]w I≠ ]Xn-s\t´m

Ccp-]-tXm-h-b- p≈ sNdp-∏-°m-cn-bpsS ico-c-Øn\p Imcy-amb £Xw

]‰mØ PU-Øn\p Imh¬ \n¬t°-≠n-h∂ c≠p s]meo-kp-Im-cn¬

sNdp-∏-°m-c-\mWv IY-bnse BJym-Xm-hv. hnP-\-cm-Xn-bn¬, AbmfpsS

B kµ¿ -Ønse A\p- -h-ßfpw ]Xn-I-c-W-ßfpw Xs‚ _mey-Ønse

hn`m-a-I-amb Hcp kvXoi-co-c-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Hm¿a-I-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e-cp-

I-bmWv. GXv arZp- m-h-sØbpw Nhn- n-b-c-®p-I-f-bp∂ Nne Pohn-X-k-

‘n-I-fpsS ]mcp-jy-ß-fp-≠-t√m, AØcw Hc-h-ÿ-bn¬°qSn IS-∂p-t]m-

tI-≠n-h-cp∂ mh-io-e-\mb Hcp a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-kw-L¿j-am-Wn-

hnsS sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. B ka-bØv Abm-fpsS D≈n¬ NoØ-hn-Im-c-ßfpw

\∑-bpsS mh-ßfpw IqSn-°-e-cp-∂p. kam-¥-c-ambn t]mIp-∂, ]c-kv]cw

ssItIm¿Øp InS-°p∂ \∑-Xn-∑-I-fpsS IqSn-°-e-cembn sdbn¬∏m-

fsØ I¬∏n-°p∂ cq]-Iw, B B¥-cnI mh-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ kqN-

I-am-Ip-∂p. CØcw khn-ti-j-amb kqN-I-ßfpw _nw_-ßfpw

tN¿∂mWv Cu IY-bpsS A¥-co£w cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. BJym-\-X-e-Ønse

kmc-fysØ AXn-h¿Øn-°p∂ B¥-cnIk¶o¿WX Cu sNdp-I-Y-

bv°p-≠v.

hm¿[IyØns‚ k¶-S-ß-sfbpw AXns\ c£n-°m≥ _m[y-X-s∏´

kaq-l-Øns‚ Xm¬∏-cy-\m-Sy-sØbpw BXy-¥n-I-k-µ¿ -Øn¬ AØcw

\mSy-ßƒ sImgn™pt]mIp∂ Ah-ÿ-sbbpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ IY-

bmWv ]Xy-£-X-e-Øn¬ Sn _n emens‚ hr≤-hrµw. hm¿[-Iy-Øns‚

thZ\Ifnepw GIm-¥-X-bnepw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Ah-K-W-\-bnepw A -b-

am-bn-Øo-cp∂ buh-\m-\p- h-ß-fn-te°v a\-kp-sIm-≠p≈ ]p\:]cy-S\w

Cu IY-bpsS as‰mcp hnXm-\-am-Ip-∂p.

NnØ-hn- -asØ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p∂ EXp-hmWv th\¬. a[y-th-\¬

F∂ IY-bn¬ Fkv lcojv Acm-PI ]h-W-amb PohnX`mh-ß-fp-

sSbpw hn«-Y-hr-Øn-I-fp-sSbpw hgn-bn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ bphm-°-fpsS

NnXW-Øn-eqsS hyh-ÿm-]nXPohn-X-Øns‚ bm¥n-I-Xsb \ncm-I-

cn-°p∂ at\m- m-h-Øn\v Bhn-jvImcw \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. Ikm≥Zv km°o-

kns‚ tkm¿_-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ apJ-°p-dn -tN¿Øn- p≈ Cu IYbpsS

tIµ-_nµp a\pjy]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ahym-tJy-b-Xbpw sshNn-Xy-km-[y-

X-IfpamWv. `m¥p-≈-hcpw `m¥n-√m-Ø-hcpw XΩn-eps≠∂p Icp-Xp∂

AXn¿hc-ºns‚ A¿Y-iq-\y-X-bn-te-°p≈ ]mfn-t\m- -ßfpw Chn-sS-bp-

≠v. h¿j-ß-fmbn ]Øp-a-Wn-°-pd-ßp-Ibpw \mep-a-Wn-°p-W-cp-Ibpw

tbmK-sN-bvXpsIm≠v Znhkw Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw Hs°-sN-øp∂ BJym-

Xmhpw Pohn-XsØ Acm-P-I-Xz-Øns‚ BtLm-j-am-°n -am-‰nb hn\-

b\pw H∂n-°p-∂-Xns‚ s]mcp-f-Xm-Wv.

Iuam-c-Ønse ssewKn-Im- n-ap-Jy-ßfpw AXns‚ t]c-W-bn¬ sNdn-

b-sX-‰p-Iƒ sNøp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS Adn-hn-√m-bvasb NqjWw sNøp-∂ -

ap-Xn¿∂-h-cpsS ]oU-\-ßfpw h©-\-I-fp-sams° ka-Im-en-I -bm-Ym¿Yy-

ß-fn¬ ]ap-J-am-Wv. AØcw Hcp kµ¿ -Øn¬ \n∂v Dcphw-sIm≠

sNdp-I-Y-bmWv Fkv B¿ emens‚ Imcp-Wy-tlm-kv]n-‰¬. hfsc i≤m-

]q¿hw ]d™pw ]d-bm-sXbpw kqNn-∏n®pw [z\n-∏n®pw apt∂-dp∂

BJym-\-Øn-eqsS Iuam-c-Øns‚ B¿Zamb kvt\lhpw hntem-e-amb

imco-cn-Im`n-ap-Jyhpw HcpXe-Ønepw Ah-sb√mw Cc-bm°nam‰p∂

apXn¿∂-h-cpsS arKo-b-amb Im]-Syhpw lrZ-b-an-√m-bvabpw Cu IY-bn¬

kam-¥-co-I-cn®v Ime-Øns‚ Bkp-c-Xbv°v XnI™ Iø-S-°-tØmsS

IYm-cq]w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

A¿jmZv _tØ-cn-bpsS Pohn-X-tØmfw qanbpsS De-®n¬ \S-°p-

I-bmWv F∂ hymP-t_m-[-tØmsS HmSn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp a\p-jys‚

B¥-cn-Ihy-Ysb Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ImeØv a\- p-Xp-d∂p Pohn-

°p∂ F√m-h¿°pw Hcp-X-c-Øn-e-s√-¶n¬ as‰mcp Xc-Øn¬ CØcw

B¥-cnI kwL¿jw A\p- -hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. ]t£, AØcw sshNn-

Xy-ap≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬s∏´ a\p-jycpsS ssZ\yw am[ya-Øns‚ Cc-bm-

bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xns‚ ssh]-coXyw as‰m-cp-h-gn°v. Cßs\ ka-Im-enI Pohn-

X-Øns‚ Hcp ssh]-co-Xy-Øn\v hyXy-kvX-amb Bhn-jvImcw \¬Ip∂

IY-bm-bn-Øo-cp∂p Cu cN-\.

hn]-Wn-tI-µn-X-amb BtKm-f-km-º-ØnI hyh-ÿ-bpsS hmgvNbpw

tX¿hm-gvNbpw \S-°p∂ Cu ImeØv Pohn-X-Øns‚ CX-c-hn-Xm-\-ß-

sf√mw AXn-\p -Io-gvs∏´p t]mIp-∂p. aqey-ßfpw a\p-jy-_-‘-ßsf

kv\nKv[-am-°p∂ B¿Z- m-h-ß-fp-sa√mw hn]-Wn-bpsS ]nSn-bn¬ A]-

k-‡-am-Ip-∂p. Cu temIm-hÿ a\p-jym-h-ÿ-bn¬ G¬∏n-°p∂

BLm-X-am-Wv C ]n ioIp-am-dns‚ an°-c-N-\-I-fp-sSbpw ]ta-bw. ih-

h-kvX-°-®-hSw F∂ IY-bn¬ acn-®-h-cpsS hkvX-ßƒ tiJ-cn®p

hn¬°p-∂-Xn-eqsS em`w sImøp∂ Hcp-h\v a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fpsS Xe-

Øn¬ t\cn-tS≠n h∂ Xncn-®-Snbpw AXns‚ sshIm-cn-Im-Lm-X-hp-amWv

]ta-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. CXv ]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ apZ-Isf AXns‚ cq£-X-

tbmsS H∏n-sb-SpØ sNdp-I-Y-bm-Ip-∂p. Bfp-Iƒ acn-®p-In- m≥th≠n

ImØn-cn-°p∂ _‘p-°fpsS IqcX, A]-I-S-a-c-W-Øns‚ L -Ønepw

Zriy-am-[y-a-Øn\p ]mI-Øn¬ Na-s™m-cp-ßp-hm≥ hyK-X-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpsS

s]m≈-Øcw, ]pXp-Im-eØv Pohn-X-Øns‚ GXp-X-ehpw hmWn-Py-ÿm-



15

]-\-ß-fpsS kvt]m -k¿jn-∏n-\p -hn-t[-b-am-Ip∂ ÿnXn hnti-jw- -C-

ßs\bp≈ ]iv\-ßƒ ]eXpw Cu IY-bpsS LS-\-bn¬ sXfn-™p-

Im-Wmw.

Aaq¿Øamb Hcp- `m-hsØ ]Xobam\-am-°p∂ sNdp-I-Y-bmWv

kpkvtajv Nt¥m-Øns‚ AcnsI. kw -h-ß-f-√, khn-ti-j-amb A¥-

co-£-amWv Cu IY-bn¬ ]m[m\yw t\Sp-∂-Xv. NnX-dnb Nn¥-Ifpw Hm¿a-

I-fp-ambn -hgntbmcØp \n¬°p∂ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ Acn-In¬ ]m¿°p-

sN-bvXn-cp∂ Imdns‚ t_mW-‰n¬ sXfn-bp∂ ]Xn-_nw-_-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw

hgn-b-cn-Inse ]qa-c-Øn¬ \n∂v AhnsS sImgn-bp∂ ]q°-sf-°p-dn®pw

Hs° t_m[-hm-\m-sW-¶nepw AhnsS \n¿-Øn-bn´ Imdn-\p-≈n¬ Hcp

kvXo acn® Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂Xv Adn-bp∂tXbn-√. IYm-¥y-Øn¬

shfn-hm-°-s∏-Sp∂ B hkvXp-X IY-bn-se A-Xp-hsc-bp≈ A¥-co-£-

˛-`m-h-Nn-X-W-Øn\v Hcp hn]-co-X-am\w \¬Ip-∂p. BXy-¥n-I-ambn

a\pjyPohn-X-Øns‚ ]-h-N-\obmXoXhpw Ahym-tJy-bhpw Bb

ÿnXn-bpsS NnX-W-am-bn-Øo-cp∂p Cu sNdp-I-Y.

[\ym-cm-Pns‚ AXn-Po-h-\-am¿K-ßƒ ]pcp-j-a-t\m-`m-h-Øns‚

Nnekl-P-kz- m-h-ßsf hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kvXo

kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw ]pcp-j\v Xpey-amb \ne-bn¬ sXmgn-en-S-

Øn¬ ]m[m\yw t\Sp-Ibpw Hs° sNøp-∂-Xn-t\mSv ]pcp-j-\p≈ B¥-

cn-I-amb Xm¬∏-cy-an-√m-bva-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-amWo cN\. hyh-ÿm-]n-

X-co-Xn-bn¬ IYbpsS ]q¿Øo-I-cW _nµp-hn\p apºv Ah-km-\n-°p∂

Cu sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ IYm¥yw F¥mbncn°pw F∂v hy‡-am-Wv.

Cu sNdp-I-Y-I-fn¬ ]I-S-\mfl-I-amb \ne-bn¬ cq]-ssh-NnXyw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p∂ cN-\-Iƒ Ipd-hm-Wv. B Awi-Øn¬ A`n-

c-an-°p∂ Hcp sNdp-I-Y-bmWv hn F®v \njm-Zns‚ \rØ-°m-cn-bpsS

aIƒ. hn—n-∂-L-S-\-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IY-bn¬ Zriy-

am-[y-a-cw-KsØ Iem-]-h¿Ø-I¿ A\p- -hn-°p∂ BflkwL¿j-Øn\v

imco-cn-I-am-\w \¬Im-\mWv iaw. Chn-sSbpw ]pXp-Im-e-Øns‚ temI-

kz- mhw apZn-X-am-Ip-∂p.

km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn-ep≈ BJym-\-I-a-Øn¬\n∂p -amdn\n¬°m≥

ian-°p∂ cN-\-bm-Wv ]n hn jmPn-Ip-am-dns‚ shbn¬, ag, apkvX^

etc... Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿Yy-Øns‚ Hcp Nofn¬ \n∂v mh-\-bpsS km[y-X-

I-fn-te°p apt∂-dp∂ Cu IYbpw AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\p ]mSp-s]-Sp∂

_mey-Øns‚ sh√p-hn-fn-I-sf-bmWv ASn-ÿm-\-bm-Ym¿Yy-ambn Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-c-N\ F∂ k¿K]h¿Ø-\sØ BJym-\-hn-j-b-am-

°p-Ibpw AXn\v hn -am-fl-I-amb Hcp -hn-Xm\w ]I-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂

Cu IY-bn¬ P¥p-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw A¤p-X-I-Y-I-fp-sSbpw Cg-Iƒ Ie-

cp-∂p. At∏mgpw IY-sb-°mƒ hepXv Pohn-X-amWv F∂- k-Xy-Øn-te°v

apkvX -bpsS PohnXw \oe-\n-d-ap≈ ssk°n-fn¬ IpXn-°p-∂p.

Cu IY-Iƒ°p ]pdØpw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]pXp-I-Y-bpsS ]pXp-ap-

Ip-f-ß-fp-≠v. F¶nepw ka-Im-en-I-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ]pXp-Im-e-Øns‚

k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsSbpw ]mXn-\n[yw hln-°p∂ hyXykvX-amb Nne IYm-

ap-J-ß-sf-∂ -\n-e-bn¬ Ch ChnsS N¿® sNbvXp F∂p-am-Xw. Ime-

Øns‚ B¥-cn-tIm-tZz-K-ßsf Ah ]e ]Im-c-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-

∂p; Nne-t∏mƒ AXohw ]I-S-ambpw a‰p Nne-t∏mƒ Xosc ]tcm-£-am-

bpw. At∏m-sg√mw Cu IY-Isf s]mXp-hn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp LS-

I-ap≠v ˛]pXnb Ime-Øns‚ Pohn-X-k-Xyw. Aß-s\-bmWv Cu sNdp-

I-Y-Iƒ ]pXp-Im-e-Øns‚ ]pXp-I-Y-I-fmIp∂Xv.



17

hn -h-ßƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ncn-X-c-N-\-bpsS hne-s∏´ Akw-kvIr-X-

hkvXp kam-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-epw, A∂sØ \nebv°v AXn¬\n∂pw Ncn-

X-k-Xy-ßƒ Acn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw At±lw Akm-am-\y-Xm-ev]cyw

ImWn-®p. \mtSm-Sn-∏m- p-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-I, ]c-º-c-bmbn ]mSn-t∏m-cp∂

a´n¬ Ah ]m-Sn-t° v AXn¬\n∂pw Zmhn-U-hr-Ø-ß-sf-∏‰n Nne \nb-

a-ßƒ tImUn-I-cn-°p-hm≥ ian-°p-I, ]g-s©m√pw IS-¶-Y-Ifpw \mS≥I-

fn-Ifpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°pI F∂-Xn-sems° Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp∂ Xºp-

cm-s\, \ΩpsS t^mIvtem¿ ]T-\-Øns‚ BZy-]-Yn-I-\mbn Icp-Xmw.

Cu Xºp-cm\mWv sXmÆq-s‰m≥]-Xnse sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ F√mw \„-

s∏- -hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-ØXv; Zm\w-In- nb

Hmebpw apfbpw ssIh-≠n-bn¬ Ib‰n kzbw hen-®p-sIm≠-p-t]m-b-Xv.

hnth-tIm-Zbw kvIqƒ XpS-ßn-b-Xpw, koXmdmw an√nse sXmgn-em-fn-

IfpsS t£a-Øn-\p-th-≠n hmZn-®Xpw A∏≥X-ºp-cm-\mWv. Xriq-cn¬

kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-Øns‚ c-≠mw-k-tΩ-f\w kwL-Sn-∏n-®Xpw Xºp-cm-\m-

Wv. 1930-I-fn¬ `qX-cm-b¿ kn\n-a-bm-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXpw At±-l-am-Wv.

ckn-I-c-⁄n-\n, awK-tfm-Zbw F∂o amkn-I-Iƒ \S-Øn. A®p-\n-c-Øp-

∂-Xpƒ∏sS A®Sn kw_-‘n® F√m tPm-en-Ifpw Xºp-cm\v hg-ßn.

sImØp]-Wnbpw NnX-I-ebpw At±lw hi-am-°n. kwKo-X-Øn¬ \√

Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. \mS-I-kw-hn-[m-\-Øn¬ henb Iºw-Xs∂ ]pe¿Øn.

Pohn-X-Imew apgph≥ thZm¥w ]Tn-®p. Hcp ]t£ tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-

ambn In°-‰p-I-fn-®Xpw Xºp-cm-\m-hmw. IpXn-c-h≠n HmSn-°m\pw sS∂okv

Ifn-°m\pw At±lw kabw I≠p. CX-sbm-s°-t∏mtc Hcmsf Po\n-

bkv F∂p-hn-fn-°m≥. B Po\n-b- ns‚ Hcp t\c-tºm-°m-bn-cp∂p

Ip‰t\zj-W-t\m-h¬ cN-\.

Xºp-cm≥ c≠pt\mh-ep-I-fmWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. `qX-cm-bcpw `mkvI-c-

ta-t\m-\pw. tIc-fNcnXØnse s]cp-amƒ hmgvNbpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

hnc-Nn-X-amb `qX-cm-b¿, B cN\ ka¿∞-ambn Bhm-ln-°p∂ ]g-a-

bpsS kzcwaqeamWv C∂v i≤n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kn.-hn.bpsS Ncn-Xm-Jym-

bn-I-Iƒ hm-bn®pc-kn-°p∂ ae-bm-fn-°v, `qX-cm-b¿ F∂ t\mh-en-s\-

∏‰n Xºp-cm≥ ]d™ Imcyw amXta ]d-bp-hm-\p-≠mhq ˛ Hcp sI v

]g-¶-Y.

`mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥, ckn-I-c-⁄n\n amkn-I-bn¬ BZy Ccp-]-sØm∂p

e°-ß-fn-embn ]kn-≤o-I-cn® IrXn-bmWv, 1078 Nnßw apX¬ 1079 ao\w

hsc A∂v AXn\p \evIn-bn-cp∂ t]cv "Hcp Zp¿-Ω-cWw' F∂m-bn-cp-

∂p. ]n∂oSv ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ Aip- -kq-N-I-amb t]cv am‰p-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

\qdp-sIm√w ]n∂n´

sIme-]m-XIwFkv.-sI. hk-¥≥

ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy-Ip-‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h¬ ]-kn-

≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv 1909˛¬ BWv. `mkvI-c--ta-t\m≥

F∂ B t\mh-ens‚ I¿Ømhv ssIcfo hnt[-b-

\mb A∏≥X-ºp-cm≥. 2009 BZy-Ip-‰m-t\z-jW

t\mh-ens‚ iXm-_vZn-h¿jw.

A∏≥ Xºp-cms\ ae-bm-f- m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw

sF—n-I-hn-j-b-ambn ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿ t]mepw Hm¿°m-

dn-√. Ihn, \mS-I-Ir-Øv, KZy-Im-c≥, kmwkvIm-cn-I-

]-h¿Ø-I≥˛ ]e \ne-bn¬ Xºp-cm≥ it≤-b-\m-

bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n cmP-Ip-Sp-_mw-K-am-bn-cp∂ Cu Akm-

[m-c-W-a-\p-jy≥ F∂pw Ime-Øn-\p-aptº k©-cn®

hy‡n-bmWv. A∂sØ ]Xn-h-\p-k-cn®v Xºp-cm≥

Ihn-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xn. F∂p-]-d-™m¬ t]mcm A∂p

Ihn-X-sb-gp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ]e-tc-°mfpw \√ Ihn-X-Iƒ

Fgp-Xn. F∂m¬ At±lw Xs‚ Ac-ßmbn Xnc-s™-

Sp-ØXv KZyw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂ Kth-j-Whpw. tIc-

f-N-cn-X-am-bn-cp∂p Xºp-cm\v ]nb-s∏´ as‰mcp hnj-

bw. Ncn-Xhpw IY-Ifpw Iq-Sn-°-e¿∂p InS-°p∂



19

°p-hm≥ Xºp-cm\v km[n®p F∂Xv ][m-\-am-Wv. \ΩpsS ]e

Ip‰-mt\z-j-Wt\mh-ep-I-fnepw Ct∏mgpw mj-sbm-gn®v _m°n-sbms°

sshtZ-in-I-am-Wv. Fd-Wm-Ipfw tPmkv PwKvj-\n¬ \n∂pw kuØv

dbn¬sh-tÃ-j≥hsc qan-°-Sn-bn-eqsS Xpc-¶-∏mX \n¿Ωn-®v, AXn-\-I-

Øn-cp∂v Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ Bkq-XWw sNbvXp-\-S-∏m-°n ]©-\-£-X-

tlm- -ep-I-fn¬ ckn-°p∂ sIm≈-kw-L-sØ-∏-‰n, kXy-amWv F∂v K-

Ÿ-Im-c≥ Xnf-bv°p∂ s\øn¬ ssIap°n kXyw sNbvXmepw Bcpw

hniz-kn-°p-I-bn-√-t√m. AØcw hnizm-an-X-kr-„n-I-fp-am-bn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-

Sp-Øp-tºm-gmWv Inb \S-°p∂ ÿ-e-Øns‚ hnizm-ky-X-bpsS

]m[m\yw \ap°v t_m≤y-am-hp-I.

Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬ Inb-bpsS KXn NSp-e-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

t\mh¬ Bcw- n-®p-I-gn-™m¬ FX Ipd®pkabw sIm≠p km[n-°p-

tam AXbpw Ipd-®p-ka-bw-sIm≠v hmb-\-°m-c≥ ]Xo-£bpsS aq¿≤-

\y-Øn¬ FØn-bn-cn-°Ww; AXm-bXv hm-b-\-°m-c-\nse BImw£

AXns‚ ]mc-ay-Øn¬ FØp∂ kw`hw \S-Øn-bn-cn-°-Ww. B kw`hw

˛ Ip‰-IrXyw ˛ Bcv F-ßns\ sNbvXp F∂ Imcyw, BImw-£ -\n-e-

\n¿-Øn-s°m≠-v kmh-[m\w A\m-h-cWw sNøp-∂n-S-ØmWv KŸ-Im-

cs‚ sshZ-Kv≤yw hy‡-am-hp-I. t\mh¬ inev]-sØ-∏‰n Fw.-]n.-t]mƒ

kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂Xp A\p-kva-cn-°p-Ibm-sW-¶n¬ hntam-N-\-L- -Øns‚

bp‡y-\p-kr-X-amb A\m-h-c-W-am-Wv, KŸ-Im-cs‚ cN-\m-Nm-Xp-cn-bpsS

\nItjm]ew. Xs‚ ap∂n¬ sXfn-bp∂ \nc-h[n km≤y-X-I-fn¬ Ip‰m-

t\z-j-I≥ bp‡n-bpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS GXp am¿-§-amWv I-s≠-

Øp∂Xv F∂v BImw-£- -cn-X-\mb hmb-\-°m-c\v t\mh-enÃv ]d-™p-

sIm-Sp-°p-∂-tXm-sS, AX-√msX a‰p-h-gn-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp∂p F∂v hmb-\-

°m-c\v t_m≤y-am-hpw. Ip‰m-t\z-j-I≥ ssIs°m≠ am¿§w bp‡n- -Z-

a√ Ft∂m, tIhew mKyw sIm≠p-am-X-amWv Abmƒ B am¿§-Øn¬

FØn-s∏- -sX-t∂m, hm-b-\-°m-c\v tXm∂n-bm¬, Xo¿-∂p, Iem-inev]w

F∂ \ne-bn¬ t\mh-ens‚ ta∑.

][m-\-]-ta-b-Øn¬ A`w-Kpcw Xmev]cyw \ne-\n¿Øp∂ hn[-Øn-

em-hWw ]qc-I-kw- -h-ß-fpw, IYm-]m-Xßfpw, t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-

tS-≠-Xv. GXp \n m-c-kw- -h-ßƒt]mepw apJy-]-ta-b-Øn\v A\p-]q-

cIw Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Hcp ]otcyUv t\mh-en-tem, F∏nIv t\mh-entem

BsW-¶n¬, IYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ i≤

B-I¿jn®p-sIm-≠pw, F∂m¬ ][m\ CXn-hr-Ø-hp-ambn KmV-_‘w

]pe¿Øm-sXbpw h¿Øn-°mw. t\mh-ens‚ "kmµX'bpambn A-Øcw

IYm-]m-X-ßƒ°p _‘-an-√. CXn-\p-t\sc adn-®mWv Ip‰-mt\z-j-W-t\m-

]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ AXp ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p-]n-∂nepw Hcp

IY-bp-≠v. Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ _n.-_n. _pIvknse ]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-

cp∂ Hcp cma≥ta-t\m≥, A∏≥ Xºp-cm-t\mSv, Xºp-cms‚ Hcp ]pkvXIw

X\n°v XcWw F∂`y¿∞n®p. Xºp-cm≥ \evI-bnXv "Hcp Zp¿Ω-cWw'

F∂ \o≠-IY; t]cv `mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ F∂m-°Ww F∂ \n¿t±-i-

hpw. cma≥ta-t\ms‚ mKyw F∂-√msX F¥p]-d-bm≥, ]pkvXIw Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-epw, sIm®n-bn-epw, ae-_m-dnepw ]e XhW kvIqƒ¢m- p-

Ifn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-am-bn. cma≥ta-t\m\v A‰m-Zm-b-ambn 35000 cq] In´n-

b-sX. AXn¬\n∂v Bbn-cw-cq] Xºp-cm\v ImgvN-bmbn A¿-∏n-°m≥

tat\m≥ ian-®p. Xm≥ kΩm-\n® ]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ t]cn¬, ]Xn- ew

kzoI-cn-°pI \ymb-a√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Xºp-cms‚ \ne- -sIm- m-c-Ønse

ssZ\w-Zn\ sNe-hp-Iƒ°v Acn-„n-®n-cp∂ Znh-k-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ah-

km\w cma≥ta-t\ms‚ C—m- wKw I≠-t∏mƒ ]Xn- -e-ambn c≠p

saØ-∏mb kzoI-cn-°m≥ X-ºp-cm≥ kΩ-Xn-®p-h-sX. Cu Xºp-cms‚

]n≥ap-d-°m-c-\mWv Xncp-sIm®n kwtbm-P-\-th-fbn¬ ]Xn- -e ambn,

tbmK-t£-a-k` ]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]©mw-K-Øns‚ Bdp-tIm∏n aXn

F∂p-]-d-™-Xv.

C\n "`mkvI-c-ta-t\m\n'tebv°v. A]-k¿∏-I-I-Y-Iƒ `mkvI-c-ta-

t\m\p apºp-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tat\m°nsb sIm∂-

Xm-cv, Dfn-]n-Sn® ssI F∂nh DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ. Nne Cw•ojv IY-Ifpw

Bbn Ahbv°v ASpØ _‘hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¥n-\v, am¿Øm-

fi-h¿Ω-bn¬ ]mdp-Ip- n-bpsS B -cWw tamjWw t]mIp-∂-Xpw, kp`Z

bp‡n-bp‡w Nn¥n®v AXn\v Xpºp-≠m-°p-∂Xpw Btem-Nn-®m-¬, A-

Xn¬ Hcp Ip‰m-t\zj-W-I-YbpsS \ng¬ ImWmw. F¶nepw Bkq-Xn-X-

ambn \nd-th-‰-s∏´ Hcp sIme-]m-X-I-Øn\v, imkvXo-b-am¿§Øn-ep≈

At\z-j-W-Øn-eqsS Xpºp-≠m°pI F∂ Imcyw ][m\ Awi-ambn

kzoI-cn-°-s∏´ BZy-t\m-h¬, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ `mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ BWv.

aZn-cm-in-bn¬ ]Tn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv A∏≥X-ºp-cm≥ Cw•o-jn¬ Fgp-Xn-

bn- p≈ ]e Ip‰m-t\z-jWt\mh-ep-Ifpw hmbn-®n-cp∂p F∂v PohN-cn-

X-Im-c-∑m¿ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

km¶-ev]n-I-\m-a-ß-fmWv IY \S∂ ]tZ-i-ßƒ°v Xºp-cm≥ \evIn-

bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Xºp-cm\v \√ ]cn-N-b-ap≈ ]tZ-i-amb Aø-t¥mƒ BWv

t\mh-en¬ NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v sshtem-∏n≈n A`n-]m-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. IY \S-°p∂ Ff-h-√q¿ Kmaw, Xriq¿- -Ip-∂w-Ipfw tdmUn\v

Acn-In-ep≈ Fc-h-√q¿ BWv F∂v ap≠-t»-cnbpw km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p. CXn-hrØw Ac-tß-dp∂ ]cn-k-csØ X\n tIc-fo-b-ambn NnXoIcn-



21

s∏-Sp∂ Ibva-sf-t∏mepw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v F¶nepw IrjvW≥Ipń

tat\ms\ A-hK-Wn-®p. F.-B-dn-s\-t∏m-se Im-¥-Z¿-inbpw kmln-Xy-

a¿Ω-⁄\pw Bb Hcp hmb-\-°m-cs‚ i≤--bn¬ IYm-]mXw s]Sp-

∂n√ F¶n¬, B IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ ]k‡n Duln-°m-hp-∂tX D≈q.

Abm-sf-s°m≠-v ]cn-h- -Øp-X-d-hm- nse AΩp-hns\ hnhmlw I-gn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp Xºp-cm≥. t\mh-ense Xosc A][m-\-amb Hcp I-

Ym-]m-XsØsIm≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®-Xp-h-gn, IY-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-

bntem ]ncn-ap-dp-°-Øntem Hcp ]¶pw hln-°mØ ]W-b-I-Y, D]-C-

Xn-hr-Ø-ß-fn¬ H∂m-°n-am-‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. B Awiw AS¿Øn-am-‰n-

bm¬Xs∂ t\mh-ens‚ LS-\bv°v ssiYn-ey-sam∂pw kw`h-n-°p-

I-bn-√.

IYm-K-Xn-bn¬ ][m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-°p-∂-h¿ F∂v Xºp-cm≥ Icp-Xnb

IYm]-m-X-ßƒt]mepw Hcp ]hr-Øn-bn¬ \n∂pw as‰m∂n-te°v bp‡n-

]q¿∆w tkz—bm \oßp∂ ]XoXn hmb-\-°m-c-\n¬ P\n-∏n°p-∂n√.

]Pm-]-Xn-bmb KŸ-Im-c≥ Nc-Sp-h-en-°p-∂-Xn-s\m∏w Ah¿ \oßp∂p

F∂p-amXw F√m-bvt∏mgpw GXp-t\m-h-enepw Cu Nc-Sp-hen D≠v, AXp

ImWm-Xm-°p-∂n-S-ØmWv cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ sshZ-Kv≤yw. Xºp-cm≥

AsXm∂pw i≤n-®-tX-bn-√.

IY \S-°p-∂Xv A©p Xd-hm-Sp-I-fn-em-bn- m-Wv. ]cn-h´Øp-ho-Sv, ]pfn-

tßm- p-_w-•m-hv, tNcn-∏-d-º-Øp--ho-Sv, Aº-e-°m v hoSv, tate-hoSv F∂n-

h-bmWv Xd-hm-Sp-Iƒ. sIm√-h¿jw 1062 Xpemw 5˛mw Xnb-Xn- cmXnbmWv

sIme-]m-X-Iw. GXm≠v Hcm-gvN-°Iw tIkn\v Xp-ºp-≠mI-p∂p. ÿew,

Imew F∂nh Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn \√ HXp-°-tØmsS ssIImcyw sNbvXn-

cn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ ]ns∂ CXn-hrØw ZrV-_-≤-am-hm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\p-Im-

cWw A\m-h-iy-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS cwK-]-thiw BWv. Cu sshIeyw

\n m-c-a-√-X-s∂. AX-dn-bm-hp∂XpsIm≠mhmw F.-B¿.-Xn-cp-ta\n t\mh-

en-s\-∏‰n ]d-b-≠, AXp-\-evIp∂ KpW-]m-T-ß-sf-∏‰n ]dbmw F∂p-

Xo-cp-am-\n-®-Xv. kXyw Pb-Xn-\m-\rXw "ssZho-hn-Nn-Xm-KXnx' F∂n-ß-

s\ Nne [¿Ω-h-N-\-ß-fpsS km[q-I-cWw amX-a-√, acp-a-°-Øm-b-Øns‚

KpW-tZm-j-ßfpw t]meokv ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw A∏≥X-

ºp-cm≥ e£y-am-°n-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv F.-B¿. Ah-Im-i-s∏ń-cn-

°p-∂-Xv.

t\mh-ense ][m-\-I-Ym-]mXw Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-hn-Z-Kv≤-\mb tÃj-\m-

∏o-k¿ mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ BWv. tPmSn IYm-]m-X-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-

I-bmWv Xºp-cms‚ ssien F∂p-]-d-™p-sIm≠v C≥kvs]-Œ¿s°-

Xnsc tat\ms‚ NnX-am-Wv F.-B¿. Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-bv°p-∂-Xv. mkvI-

h-ens‚ ÿnXn. AhnsS A\m-h-iy-amb h¿-Æ-\, IYm]mXw F√mw

h√mØ Zp¿-tΩ-Z- m-hpw. hmƒØ-e-bnse \S-∏p-t]mse A\p-]Zw i≤n-

t°-≠-Xm-bn-Øo-cp∂p \√ Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-h-ens‚ cN-\.

Cu am\-Zfiw h®p-t\m-°n-bm¬ `mkvIctat\m≥ t\mh¬ F∂

\ne-bn¬ ]cm-P-b-am-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-h¿Ω-bpsS IYm-I-Y-\-co-Xn-tbmSp

`mkvI-c-ta-t\ms‚ IYm-I-Y-\-coXn Xpe\w sNbvXp AXp anI-hp-‰-XmWv

F∂v A∂p Nne \ncq-]-I¿ ]d-™p. Ah¿ ]cn-K-Wn-®Xv Xºp-cms\

BWv t\mh¬ A√. ""t\mh¬ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ `mkvI-c-ta-t\ms‚

ÿm\w tIhew Ncn-X-]-c-amWv; kmln-Xy-]-c-amb ta∑-I-sf-°p-dn®v

AXn\v Gsd-sbm∂pw A`n-am-\n-°p-hm-\n√'' F∂v tUm. sI.-Fw.Xc-

I≥ ]d-™-XmWv icn.

Hcp Zp¿Ω-c-WsØ NnXo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Ah-X-cWw DtZz-K-P-\-

I-am-Wv. ]t£ XpS¿∂-tßm v kw -h-ßƒ Cg-™n-g-™p-\o-ßp-I-bmWv.

t]X-]-cn-tim-[-\°v tUmŒ¿ FØn-t®-cp-∂-Xn-\v, Ime-Xm-akw t\cn´p

F∂v Xºp-cm≥ ]d-bp-∂-p≠v. B Ime-Xm-akw A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p

F∂p-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-I, hmZ-Øn-\p-th≠n ˛ F∂mepw Adw-]-‰n-b-

t]mse XpS¿∂v F√m Imcy-ßfpw Cg-™n-g-™mWv \oßp-∂-Xv. Hcp

\q-‰m-≠p-apºv tIc-f-Ønse Hcp Kma-Ønse km[m-c-W-Po-hn-Xw, H´pw

NSp-e-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂ Imcyw kΩ-Xn-®m¬X-s∂, Ip‰m-t\z-j-W-t\m-

h-en¬ CXv A£-¥-hy-am-Wv.

Ip‰-mt\z-j-W-t\m-h-ep-I-fn¬, Ip‰w sNbvX Bƒ, A-s√-¶n¬ AXp

sXfn-bn-°p∂ Bƒ c≠p-t]-cn¬ Hcmƒ (Nn-e-t∏mƒ c≠p-t]-cpw) CX-

c-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-sf-°mƒ i≤ ]nSn-®p-]-‰pw. `mkv°-c-ta-t\m-\n¬ Ip‰m-

t\z-j-I-\n-emWv KŸ-Im-c≥ i≤ tIµo-I-cn-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≈-Xv.

]s£ Gsd-°psd F√m IYm-]m-X-ßƒ°pw Xpey-]m-[m-\y-amWv cN-

\-bn¬! CXn-\¿∞w ]mXm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ Xºpcm≥ th≠X i-≤n-®n-

ń√ F∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. sIme-]m-X-I-Øn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Wv, As√-¶n¬

sIme-]m-XIw sNbvX-h-\mWv F∂v C≥kvs]-Œ¿ i¶n® Imcy-ÿs‚

Ah-X-cWw t\m°q. Abm-fpsS ]q¿∆-Im-e-_-‘-ßƒ, kz`mh-k-hn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-∏‰n Hcp kqN-\bpw C√. Abm-fp-tS-ta¬ kwi-

b-Øns‚ Icn-\n-g¬ ]Xn-°p-hm≥ Hcp Imc-Whpw C√. F∂n´pw Abm-

fmWv Ip‰-°m-c≥ F∂v C≥kvs]-Œ¿ Duln-°p-∂p. Xo¿®-bmbpw

C≥kvs]-Œ-dpsS h¶Øw hy‡-am-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ Xºp-cms‚

Nn¥. IrjvW≥Ip- n-ta-t\ms‚ ÿnXn CXnepw ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-Wv. Ahy-

‡-X-bpsS \n-gen-emWv DS-\ofw B IYm-]m-Xw. 1909- ¬ t\mh-en\v F.-

B¿.-X-ºp-cm≥ Fgp-Xnb apJ-hp-c-bn¬, Hscm‰ cwK-Øp-amXw ]Xy-£-



23

FgpØpw hmb-\bpw Bbn mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ kabw sNe-hn´p cknI

cRvPn\n-°m-eØv A®≥ Xºp-cm\pw Aßns\ Xs∂-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

(a-s‰mcp \√ IYm-]m-X-amb Ipam-c≥ \mb-cnepw D≠v Xºp-cms‚

Bflmw-iw. Abmƒ Ipd-®p-Imew Hcp ]X-Øns‚ kl-]-Xm-[n-]¿

Bbn-cp-∂p.) mkvI-c-ta-t\m-\pw, A∏≥ Xºp-cm\pw eLp-]-co-£-W-ßƒ

\S-Øm≥ ]‰p∂ apdn-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CsXm-s°-bm-sW-¶n-epw, "c≠p-

Im-en\pw hen∏w Htct]mse A√m-Xp≈ Bin-X-hm-’eyw amX-am-

Wv. Xºp-cm\v G‰hpw A[nIw ]mI-∏ng ]‰n-bXv kvXo IYm-]m-X-ß-

fpsS krjvSn-bn-em-Wv. AΩphpw tZh-Inbpw IYm-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v ]pd-Øm-

Wv. i¶-c-ta-t\ms\sIm≠v Hcp ISpwssI sNøn-°p-∂-Xn\v _me-Ir-

jvW-ta-t\m≥ tZh-Insb Icp-hm°n F∂n-S-tØmfw F¶nepw IYm-hn-

Im-k-Øn¬ B kvXo°p ]¶p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]cn-h- sØ AΩp-°p´n

Hcp ]Z¿i-\-h-kvXp-am-Xw. IYm-K-Xn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Ahƒs°mcp

]¶pw C√.

Xºp-cms‚ \n¿t±m-j-\¿Ω-hpw, ae-bm-fn-Øhpw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ cwK-

ßƒ kvac-Wo-b-ß-fm-Wv. Ip‰m-t\z-jW t\mh-en¬ DS-\ofw BImw£

\ne-\n¿ØpI F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ At±lw Pbn-®n√ F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bp-

Ibpw thWw. Aßnßp ImWp∂ kqN-\-Iƒ [z\ym-fl-I-ß-fmWv

F∂pw ]d-bmw. Zp¿Ω-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-\mb In´p-Æn-ta-t\ms‚ apdn-

bn-te°v kw -h-Zn-hkw cmXn Imcy-ÿ≥ IS-°p-∂-Xv, "FS-Øp-Ime

DΩ-d-∏-Sn-bn¬ Du∂n' bn´m-Wv. C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS h¶Øw Abm-fpsS

GXp ]hr-Øn-bnepw ImWmw. tIm¨Ã-_n-fns\sIm≠v Itkc P\-

en\p kao]w CSp-hn®v £oWw Xo¿°m-\mbn Ccn-°p∂ NnXw t\m°q

: ""kztX-Xs∂ CSp-ßnb IgpØv taZ p h¿≤n-®n v I\w tI‰nb ]®-

°-fn-a-Æp-t]mse \mep-]p-dhpw ]c∂p him-bn- p≠v'' Cu H‰ hmIy-

Øn¬ C≥kvs]-IvS-dpsS Nfn-Øe wKn-bmbn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-bn-cn-°p-

∂p. hnjw ]mX-Øns‚ h°n¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv "D∏p hnf™

amXncn' BWv. ]cn-`m-¥-\mb `rXy≥ D≠m-°p∂ Im∏n "hm -sh-≈-

Øn¬ tamscm-gn®v ISpIp hdp-Ø-Xp-t]mse' bmW-sX. Iman-\n-bpsS

ap≈p-hm°v Imap-Is\ apdn-s∏-SpØn F∂√ Xºp-cm≥ Fgp-Xp-I.

]ns∂tbm ? "bphXn ap≈p-hm-°p-]-d-™Xv bphm-hn\v Ipkp-amkvXw

t]mse tXm∂n' F∂m-Wv. ipjvI-ta-L-ßƒ BIm-iØp ]mdn-In-S-°p-

∂Xv "ip≤n sNømØ ]™n-°q´w t]mse' BWv. Npcp´p ISn-®p-]n-

Sn®v Iodnb tIm´p-ambn aXn-en¬ Ibdn Ccn-°p∂ N -°m-cs‚ NnXw,

AXp hnc-Nn-X-amb Imew apX¬ hmgvØ-s∏- n- p-≈-Xm-Wv.

`mkvI-cta-t\ms‚ kz`m-h-Øn¬ Hcev]w ioa-a v Ie¿Øn-bXv F¥n-

c-ta-t\m≥ A∏≥X-ºp-cm≥ Xs∂ F∂v ap≠t»-cn. CtX A`n-]mbw

Pn.i¶-c-°p-dp∏pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. mkvI-c-tat\m≥, \mSp-hmgn ]`p IpSpw-

_mw-K-amWv F∂v t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km-\- m-KØv hmNy-am-bn-Øs∂ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ønb Imcyw D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v, Aev]w t\c-tºm-t°msS sI.-Sn.

cma-h¿Ω ]d-bp-∂p. ae-b-m-fØnse BZysØ A]-k¿∏-I-t\m-h-ense

G‰hpw henb clkyw AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv B hmN-I-Øn-emWv. CX

tbmKy-\pw, _p≤n-am\pw I¿Ω-\n-c-X\pw Bb Bsf-∏‰n ]d-bptºmƒ

Abm-fpsS ]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏‰n ]`p-hw-i-P≥ Fs∂mcp ]cm-a¿ita Xºp-

cm≥ \S-Øp-∂p-≈q. P∑-Øn-e-√, I¿Ω-Øn-emWv alXzw F∂-t±lw

\n»_vZw ]Jym-]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Ipe--a-lna Ipcp-Ø-tI-Sn-\mbn´p-

amXw' F∂v At±lw ]t≠ ]d-™n´p≠t√m.

t\mh-en¬, s]mXp-Im-cy-]-k-‡-\mb Xºp-cm≥, kaq-l-L-S-\-sb-

∏‰n \S-Ønb Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ \ncq-]-I¿ th≠X i≤n-®n- n-√. acn®

In´p-Æn-ta-t\ms‚ A]-Zm-\-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ aq∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬

BinX-hm-’-eyw, HuZm-cyw, Zm\-ioew F∂o KpW-ßtfm tZi-kvt\-

ltam km[m-c-W-bmbn Zpc- n-am-\n-I-fmb \m´p-]- p-°-∑m¿°v C√ F∂v

Xºp-cm≥ Ip‰m-tcm-]Ww \-S-Øp-∂p. \mSns‚ tib- n\v ]`p-hns‚

[\-]p„n amXw-t]m-cm, \m´p-Im-cpsS klm-bw-IqSn thWw F∂-t±lw

]d-bp-∂p-≠v. "]cio I≠p-Iq-SmØ', "hnizm-an-X-kr-„n-Isf' XztKm-

Kn-I-sf-t∏mse Hgn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-X-√msX tcmK-\n-hrØn hcp-Øn-s°m-

Sp-°p-hm≥ P\-ßƒ D’mln°m-Ø-Xn¬ Xºp-cm\v ]cn- hw D≠v. acp-

a-°-Ømbw t]mbn a°-Ømbw hcp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-sbm-gp°v ]e

BZy-Im-e-t\m-h-ep-I-fnepw ImWmw. Chn-sS, hnUvVnbmsW-¶nepw

C≥kvs]-Œ¿ tNmZn-°p∂p "Fs‚ `mcybpw a°fpw Acn-„n-°p-∂-Xv,

Rm≥ Acn-„n-°p-∂-Xn\p icn-bt√? Rm≥ Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ Ime-tØmfw

AXn\v kwKXn hcp-Øn-√. AXp kwi-bn-t°≠.'

im-kvXobamWv t\mh-en¬ Ip‰-t\z-j-Ww. mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ D≠m°n

c£n-®n-cp∂ sIankvSn em_-d- -dn, A\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ap≠-

t»cn ]d-™Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv F∂p a\- n-em-hp-∂n-√. imkvXw

Fßns\ Ip‰-Ir-Xy-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-hp∂p F∂-XmWv

X-ºp-cm≥ ]d-bm-\m-K-ln-°p∂ hnjbw. B ]co-£-W-im-e-bpw, ]co-

£-W-ßfpw Cs√-¶n¬, Ihn-Sn-\n-c-Øntbm ajn t\m°ntbm I-≈s\

At\zjn-°p∂ coXn-bmbn XcwXmgpw Cu kXyw-tX-S¬.

Xºp-cm≥ `mkvI-c-ta-t\m\v \evIn-bXv Bflmw-i-amWv F∂-Xn\v

C\nbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ D≠v. mkvI-c-ta-t\m≥ ck-X¥w ]Tn-®p. tImtf-

Pn¬ Xºp-cms‚ sF—n-I-hn-jbw ck-X-¥-am-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym- ym-k-tijw



25

]pW¿Iq-S¬

Xsamgn Imhyt_m[wtUm. kn.-B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥

ka¿∏Ww : \µn°Sense XncameIƒ°v

a[p-c-i-_vZ-ßƒ \o¿ho-gvØnbpw

Ihn-I-fpsS \mhp-Iƒ

Dgp-Xp-ap≈ hb-ep-Iƒ Ien˛68

1. ]pW¿Iq-S¬

sXm¬°m-∏n-b-Ønse s]mcp-f-Xn-Im-cw, Cssd-b-

\m¿ AI-s∏m-cpƒ; AI-s∏m-cpƒ hnf°w F∂o

]mNo\ Xangv IrXn-I-fn-emWv Xan-gv- -tZ-in-ku-µ-cy-

-I-em-t_m[-\n-b-a-ß-ƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈-Xv.

Ch IqSmsX F -psØm-ssI, ]Øp-∏m- v, ]Xn-s\ v

Iogv°-W-°p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn-embn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ 2381

Ihn-X-I-fnepw Zmhn-U-ku-µ-cy-im-kvX-Øns‚ Bhn-

jv°m-c-ß-ƒ ImWmw. apX¿®-¶w, CssS-®-¶w, IssS-

®¶w F∂o aq∂p kwL-ß-fn-embn Bbn-c-°-W-

°n\p Imhy-ßfpw \qdp-I-W-°n\v ]fin-X-cmb Ihn-

Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw ]e

IrXn-Ifpw Is≠-Sp-°-s∏- n- n-√. sX≥a-[pc (H-∂mw-

kw-Lw), I]m-S-]pcw (c-≠mw-kwLw), a[pc (aq-∂mw-

kw-Lw) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv ]fin-X- -IhnkZ v

\m-Wmthm ? Abmƒ Hcn-°¬ ck-X-¥-]-co-£-W-im-e-bn-te°v IS-

°p-∂-Xv. "Im∏nbpw ]e-lm-chpw D≠m°ns°m≠p-h-∂m¬ aWn-b-Sn-°p-

hm≥' rXp-s\-lr´w sI´n-bn- mWv !

Ip‰-mt\z-j-W-t\m-h-en¬ Ime-K-W\ AXn-]-[m-\-am-Wv. ChnsS a‰p

t\mh-ep-I-tf-°mƒ A[nIw ]m[m-\y-ap≠v ka-b-Øn-\v. C°m-cy-Ønse

Hcp XhW F¶nepw Xºp-cm\v t\m -∏n-g-]-‰n. ac-W-Øns‚ ]nt‰∂v

]©an-N-µ-s\-∏‰n Bdmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. Ht∂m ct≠m

Znhkw Ign-™-t∏mƒ h¿Æ\ "]nd-∂n v \memw-]°w Ign-bmØ _me-

N-µs\'Ipdn-®m-Wv.

]mX-Kp]vXn F∂ t]cn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp∂ B kz`m-h-\n-Kql\-

k-º-Zmbw Xs∂-bmWv BImw£ \ne \n¿-Øp-hm≥ Xºp-cm≥ D]-

tbm-Kn-®Xv F∂m¬ lcn-]©m-\-\∑mcn¬ AXns‚ hniz-cq]w I≠ ae-

bm-fn°v ChnsS B cN-\m-co-Xn-bpsS Zp¿-∫ecq]w amXta A\p- -h-th-

Zy-am-Iq.

\ΩpsS BZysØ kmaq-lnI t\mh-en-t\m-tSm, BZysØ Ncn-Xm-

Jym-bn-I-tbm-sSm H∏w \nev°p-∂n√ BZysØ Ip‰-t\z-j-W-t\m-h¬.

AtX kabw X-ºp-cms‚ _lp-ap-J-]-Xn- -bpsS Hcp kv]µ\w amX-am-

bn-cp∂p t\mh¬ cN-\. GXp Ipd-hn-s\bpw AK-Wy-am-°p-∂-a- n¬

AXbpw Xnf-ßp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ mjm-kvt\-lw. hn\-b-

hpw, emfn-Xy-hpw, ae-bm-fn-Øhpw Bbn-cp∂p kmln-Xy-kr-„n-bnepw Po-

hn-X-Ønepw B A`n-Pm-Xs‚ apJ-apZ. C∂v ae-bm-fn°v ssItamiw

h∂p-I-gn-™-h-bm-Wt√m B apZ-Iƒ.



27

sf-∏‰n ]mSp∂ Ipdn-©n-∏m´v temI-Ønse Hcp kmln-Xy-Ønepw

ImWm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√.

19- mw \q‰m-≠n¬ H. Uªn-bp. Zmtam-Z-c≥]n-≈bpw hn.-hn. kzman-\m-Y-

ø-cp-amWv A]q¿∆-ß-fmb, tI´p-tIƒhn-bn-te°v ad-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂

91- Hmfw Xangv IrXn-Iƒ Is≠-SpØp BZyambn ]km-[\w sNbvXXv.

kzman-\m-Y-ø-sc Xangv XØ (Grand father of Tamil) F∂p hnfn-°p-

∂p. Im¬Uz¬, Kntb-gvk≥, dnkvse, tXgvjvS¨, kpµ-c≥]n-≈, ]q¿Æ-

enw-K]n-≈, kqcy-\m-cm-b¨im-kvXn, \oe-I-WvT-im-kvXn, I\-I-k- ,

Sn.-hn. alm-enw-Kw, tij-A-ø-¶m¿, F≥. kp_-“-Wyw, F.-sI. cmam-\p-

Pw, tUm. sI.-F≥. Fgp-Ø—≥, tUm.F≥.hn.Irj-vWhmcy¿ F∂n-h¿

kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw FUn‰p sNøp-Ibpw Iem- -N-cn-X-

]m-[m-\y-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn- p-≠v.

3. ]m´p-Im¿

]m´p-Im-c-[n-Ihpw km[m-c-W-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. NndptaXmhn, tN∂q¿

]qX≥, Ingm¿, \°oc≥, I]ne¿, \∂mI¿, acpØph≥, B≠mƒ Ch-

cn¬ tIc-fob Ihn-Iƒ ]c-W¿, amaq-e-\m¿, amt°m-sX, IWn-b≥, s]cp-

¶Spt¶m, Igm-Ø-sse-bm¿, NmØ≥, Ibv\m¿, Ip´p-h≥, s]m∂p-ssd-

b≥ F∂nh-cm-Wv. 44 t]cmWv tNc\m´pIhnIsf∂p ]dbs∏Sp∂p.

4. Xsamgn

πn\n-bpsS tcJ-I-fn¬ Za-cnsI (Damirice) (F.-Un.2)F∂p tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ønb Xan-gIkwkvIrXn s]mXpsh ZmhnUkwkvImcw F∂-dn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Zmhn-U-sa-∂Xv Hcp aX-kw-kvIm-c-a-√. F∂m¬ AsXmcp

Pohn-X-ho-£-Whpw Iem-kw-kvIm-c-hp-am-Ip-∂p. CuPn-]vXnse Hcp Xpd-

ap-J-\-K-c-Øn¬\n∂v e`n® Hcp Ddn-∏m-X-Øn¬ (I.C., B.C.) Xan-gv en]n

Fgp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. Xangv Zangv Zanf Zhnf ZhnU ZmhnU F∂n-ßs\ Xan-

gns‚ kwkvIr-Xo-I-c-W-amWv ZmhnUw F∂ ]Zw. Xmbvsamgn, X≥samgn

(am-Xr- m-j, Fs‚ mj) F∂ A¿∞-amWv Xan-gn-\v. sN¥-an-gn-s\-∏‰n

Hcp sNm√p-≠v. N¶Øang-dn-hm¿ X¨ Xan-gn≥ Noc-dn-hm¿ . sN¥-angv

lrZn-ÿ-am-°n-b-h≥ X¨ Xan-gns‚, Ipfn¿a-bp≈ Xan-gns‚ am[p-cy-a-

dn-bp-∂p.

X¨ Xangv XWpØ Xan-gv.

Cu sNm√nse No¿ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v ap∏-tXmfw A¿∞-ßƒ

ImWp-∂p. X¨ F∂ ]Z-Øn\v \m\m¿∞-ßƒ Xan--gn-ep-≠v. (No¿ --=

AgIv, sFiz-cyw, Af-hv, Xmfw, L\w, NnXw, etc.) kwkvIr-X-Im-hy-

im-kvX-Ønse [z\n F∂ k¶¬]-Øn¬\n∂v thdn´ Hcp Xsamgn

Imhy-co-Xn-bmWv s]mcpƒ F∂-Xv.

D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kwLw F∂ ]Zw hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv

IqS¬ F∂ hm°mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂ sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. aq∂p

kwLßfnembn 474 IhnIfpw IemImc≥amcpap≠mbncp∂p.

Iq´p-Iq-S¬, ]pW¿Iq-S¬ Fs∂ms°bmWv kwL-Øns‚ A¿∞w.

BZyw IqS¬ F∂ t]cmWv D≠mbncp∂Xv. ]n∂oSv _p≤-a-X-Øn-se-

tbm, ssP\-a-Øn-setbm kwLw F∂ hm°v kwkvIr-Xo-I-cn-°-s∏ v

]tbm-Kn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂v tUm. F≥. kp_-“Wyw ]d-bp-∂p.

Akm-am\y ]Xn- m-im-en-I-fmb Ihn-Iƒ- -Pm-Xn-t -Z-sat\y HØp-IqSn

kwL-∏-e-I-bn¬ Imhyw AhXcn-∏n®v AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ kwkvIm-

cnI thZn-bm-bn-cp∂p kwLw. AhnsS 473 Ihn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXn¬

36 t]¿ kvXoI-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \s®-≈-bm¿, Ima-°-Æn-bm¿, Huh-bm¿,

amNmØnbm¿, B≠mƒ, BXn-a-¥n, Imss°-]m-Sn-\n-bm¿, apS-Øm-a-°-

Æn, \mIbm¿, \≥ap-ss√-bm¿, \∂m-ssI-bm¿, Igm¿, s]≠p, Rmem¿

F∂n-h -cmWv kvXoI-hn -Iƒ. kaqlØns‚ ta¬Ø´n

ep≠mbncp∂hcpw km[mcWIhnIfpw A∂p≠mbncp∂p. ]c-W¿, amaq-

e-\m¿, amt°m-X, IWn-b≥, s]cp-¶-Spt¶m, Igm-Ø-sse-bm¿, NmØ≥,

Ibva\m¿, Ip´ph≥, s]mssdb≥ F∂mWhcpsS t]cpIƒ.

2. hwio-b-ku-µ-cy-t_m[w

Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvhmc-ßfpw ]pg-Ifpw hb-ep-Ifpw IS¬Øo-c-ßfpw

\nd™ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ tZi-]-IrXnsb-°qSn Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Iem-k-

¶-ev]-ß-fpsS ]T-\-sØ-bmWv tZio-ku-µ-cy-t_m[w (Ethno aesthetics)F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu ]Ir-Xnsb kzmwi-o-I-cn-°p∂ ]mNo\cmb Xt±-

iob P\-h¿K-ß-fpsS temI-ho-£W kwkvIr-Xn-IqSn Dƒs∏- -XmWv

hwio-b-ku-µ-cy-im-kvXw. ]Ir-Xn- -kw-kvImc Zzµz-]-cn-I-ev]-\-bn-√m-Xn-

cp-∂ (Binary opposites) ImesØ t_m[-Øn-s‚ Iem-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Wn-

h. Cu ]T-\-im-J-bn¬ C∂v ]cn-ÿnXn kuµ-cy-t_m[w (Eco aesthet-ics), Ct°m˛t^mIvtem¿ F∂o c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. ]mNo-\-amb tZi-

]-Ir-Xnsb hnip-≤-amb Xmgvhc (Sacred landscape) IfmbmWv tZi-P-

\X Dƒs°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. apX¬s∏m-cpƒ -(ÿ-e- -Im-e-ß-ƒ), Icp-s∏m-cpƒ

(\m- -S-bm-f-ßƒ), Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ (am-\-kn-Im-h-ÿ) F∂n-h \nd-™ XnW-

bpsS ]⁄m-]-c-amb ]T-\w- X-s∂-bmWv hwio-b-ku-µ-cy-im-kvXw.

]Ir-Xn-˛-kw-kvImc ]mc-kv]-cy-amWv AXns‚ Z¿i-\w. XnW-bpsS

kq£va-]-]©-amWv Iq´m-bva-bpsS ]m´p-Iƒ. _n.-kn. 200\pw G.-Un.

5˛mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bn¬ Bhnjv°-cn-°-s∏´ Cu sN¥-angv tZi-∏m- p-

Iƒ temI-P-\-Xbv°v Xangv kwkvImcw ka¿∏n® A]q¿∆ Iem-kw-

kvIm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipdn-™n∏q apX¬ s\bvX-em-º¬ hsc-bp≈ 99 ]q°-



29

k‘y-bn-√mØ \mSv

Iqºpw Nnd-Ip-am-bm-º¬∏q-sam- p-t]m¬

I≠nSpw ho´p-Ip-cp-hn-°q´w

ap‰-Øp-W-°p-hm≥ Nn°nb s\s√√mw

sImØns°mdn®p hnem-k-tØmsS

Ducn¬ k`m-Krlw \n¬°pw sXcp-hn-se˛

∏qgn-s∏m-Sn-I-fn¬ tIfn-bmSn

A¥n-bn¬ hoń-se-t®-°-bn¬ ho≠pw h˛

∂tºmSp Ip™p-ß-sfm-Øp-hmgpw

Ghw hnc-ln-Iƒ°m-[n-bp-ta-Im-¥˛

`mhhpw lrØn¬ \nd-bv°p-h-Xmbv

hs∂Øpw k‘y-Iƒ tXmgn, sNms√≥]n-b≥

sN∂p≈ \mń-ep-ap-≠m-bns√?

˛am-a-em-S-\m¿, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI- 46

ap‰-Øp-W-°p-hm≥ Nn°nb s\s√√mw Ipcp-hn-°q´w sIm

Ø-n-s°m≠pt]mbn. kar-≤-amb hn`hw Inń-bmepw Ah¿ Iqń¬ ka-

b-Øn-\p-Xs∂ FØn-t®¿∂p F∂v \mbnI ]d-bp-∂p. Zqtc-°p-t]mb

\mb-I≥ CXp-hsc aS-ßn-h-∂n-√. k‘y-bn-√mØ / hcmØ \mń-emtWm

\mb-I≥ FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. acp-X-Øn-W-bpsS kar-≤nbpw D¿∆-c-Xbpw

Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-∂p.

Adn-hn-√mØ sIm∂Iƒ F∂ ]m´p t\m°pI:

Is√gpw]me \new-I-S-t∂m¬ ]nb˛

\t∂m-Xnb Ime-sa-Øo-e-sb≥ kJn!

t]¿ØpaImeØp s]bvX ag I≠p

Im¿Imesat∂m¿Øp sIm∂I-f-ßs\

\¬s®-dp-sIm-ºn¬ \nd-sb-∏p-Xp-a-e¿˛

sØmØp-I-fm¿∂p-t]mbv; aqV¿ sIm-∂-Iƒ

˛tIm-h¿Ø-\m¿, Ipd-s¥m-ssI- 66

ag-°m-e-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ kqN-\-bmWv sIm∂-]q-°p-∂Xv. ag-°m-eØv

Xncn-®p-h-cm-sa∂p ]d™ \mb-I≥ CXp-hsc FØn-bn-√. tXmgn \mbn-

Isb kam-[m-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv. Adn-hn-√mØ sIm∂-Iƒ°v sX‰n-b-

XmWv. ag-°m-e-am-bn- n-√.

]Ir-Xn-bnse kq£va AS-bm-f-ßfpw apZm- m-j-I-fp-amWv kwL-

I-hn-X. ]Ir-Xn-bnse Icp-°-fmWv (]-Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ßƒ) D]-am-\-ßƒ.

AXn-eqsS BZn-a-cp-sS, Xt±-io-b-cpsS D≈n-ep≈ ]Ir-Xn-bmWv ]p\¿÷-

\n-°p-∂-Xv.

4. s]mcpƒ

Imhym¿∞-ß-sf-°mƒ, A¿∞-[z-\n-I-sf-°mƒ, hyRvP-\-tb-°mƒ

kmkvIm-cn-I-amb Nn”-k-tµ-i-ß-fmWv Xan-gnse s]mcpƒ F∂-Xp-sIm-

≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. AI-s∏m-cpƒ As√-¶n¬ XnW-s∏m-cpƒ F∂p ]d-

bp-tºmƒ Hcp tZi-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-\-I-Øp-≈-h¿°v (Inscape / inset)amXw Adn-bm-hp∂ ktµ-i-ß-fpsS he-b-ß-sf-bmWv s]mcpƒ F∂-

Xp-sIm-≠¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv. ]Ir-Xn- -kw-kvIm-c-Nn-”-ßfpsS he-b-sa∂p

]d-bmw. skmkq¿ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kqNI (Signifier), kqNnX (Sig-nified) _‘ØneqsS s]mcpƒ k¶-ev]sØ a\- n-em-°m≥ s]m^.

G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. kqNn-X-ß-fpsS, kmwkvIm-cnI- -Nn-”-

ß-fpsS ]¥-sem-cp-°hpw Nm¿Øpw sI´p-I-fpw krjvSn-°p-I-bmWv

XnW°-hn-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv. Hm¿Ωbn¬ Xmgvhc-IfpsS ]p\x krjvSnbpw

ssPhn-I-]-Ir-Xnbpw dPn-kvtS-j\pw (km-[p-Xm-tc-J-s∏-Sp-Ø-epw) Nn”-

]-cq-]-ßƒsIm≠v kmwkvIm-cnI sI´p-Iƒ (Cultural code-knots) D≠m-

°-ep-amWv kwL-I-hn-X. Hcp ]m´p t\m°p-I.

N°bpw sRńbpw

X\nsb hf¿∂nSpw apf-th-en-X∂p-≈n¬

sNdp-th-cnepw N°-\n-dbpw ae-hmcw

X\-Xm-°nb hnt`m! Zbbm¿∂mepw ]mW˛

kJnsb thƒ°m≥ th≠p-sam-cp°w XpS¿∂mepw!

Nmc-en¬ πmhn≥sIm-ºn¬ XqßnSpw s]cpw-N-°˛

bmW-hƒ Imaw; Dbn¿sR- ntbm sNdp-Xt√m!

˛I]ne≥, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI- 18

Ipdn-©n-ØnWbnse cl-ky-]-W-b-Øns‚ Bflm-hn-jv°m-camWo

]m v. Xpd cmXn-bm-Wv. êw ]mIambm¬ ]dn®v kpJ-ambn A\p- -hn-

°mw. shdpsX \ndp-Øn-bm¬ ]gpØp hoWp \in-°pw. Ima-`mcw

Xmßm≥ \mbn-I-bpsS Dbn-cm-Ip∂ sRń°v Icp-Øn-s√-∂mWv cmXn-

bn¬ cl-ky-k-t¶-X-Øn-se-Øp∂ Imap-I-t\mSv tXmgn ]d-bp-∂Xv (sI.-

F≥. Fgp-Ø-—s‚ X¿÷-a). D]-a-bpsS amkva-cn-I-X-bmWv Xangv Ihn-

X-bpsS am[p-cyw. ]mń¬ \mb-Is\ ae-\m-Smbn Iev]n-°p-∂Xv Ihn-k-

t¶-Xw. th¿]-emhv F∂mWv aqew. ae-\m- nse hcn-°-πm-hp-X-s∂. thW-

sa-¶n¬ N° thcnepw Imbv°pw F∂ sNm√n\v Ct°m- -t^mIvtemdp-

ambn _-‘-s∏´ Hcp kmwkvIm-cn-Im¿∞w IqSn-bp-s≠∂v a\- m-ep-∂p.

CXmWv s]mcp-f-Xn-Im-cw. As√-¶n¬ Ihn-X-bnse KpVm¿∞-ßƒ ]d-

bp∂ AI-s∏m-cpƒ. ama-em-S-\m-cpsS k‘y-bn-√mØ \mSv F∂ ]m v

acp-X-Øn-W-bnse AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Ihn-X-bm-Wv.



31

AØcw ssZh-ßƒ \of-s-h hm-gp∂

\m´ns‚ \mb-I≥ X≥ t]a-hm-bv]ns\

\ocm¬ \\-™p≈ IÆp-I-tfmSp Rm˛

\ohn[w tXmgn, \n\®p hmgvsI-∂-Xm-bv

˛ \°o-c≥, Ipdp-s¥mssI 105

CXn¬ kvXoI-fpsS ssZhwXp≈¬ F∂ jma\nkw kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂p-≠v. Irjn-bn-se- B-ZysØ s\¬I-Xn¿ ssZhØn\p ka¿∏n-°p∂

coXn tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂pw D≠v. AXmWv C√w-\n-dbpw \nd-tIm-e-hpw.

s\¬°-Xn¿ NmW-I-Øn¬ hoSns‚ DΩ-dØp hmXn¬ ]Xn-bv°pw. ]pdsa

IXn¿Ipe Xq°n-bn-Sp∂ coXnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xan-gv\m- nse s]m¶¬

D’-h-Øn\pw C]-Im-c-ap≈ D¿∆-cXmk-¶-ev]-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-

Øn-\p-≈-XmWv IXncv F∂-dn-bmsX AXp sImØn-Øn-∂p∂ abn-en-

s\-°p-dn-s®¥p ]d-bm≥. ChnsS \mbnI Dd-bp-I-bm-Wv. s]¨sIm-Sn-

am¿ _m[-sIm≠v Xp≈p-I-bm-Wv. Xn∂p-Ibpw BSp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Xqa-

bn¬. t]aw a\- n¬I-bdn B\-µn-°p∂ s]¨sImSn Ien-_m-[-bn-se-

∂-t]m-se-bp≈ ]⁄m-kpJw A\p- -hn-°p-∂p. Ah-fpsS Cu kz`mhw

I≠v ho´p-Im¿ shdn-bm´v F∂v am¥-nI-®-Sßv \S-Øn-b-Xmbpw

CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°mw. AØcw shdn-bm- p-ssZ-h-ßƒ [mcm-f-ap≈

\mSns‚ \mb-I-\mWv Imap-I≥. Abm-tfm-SmWv t]aw. ChnsS Ien-

bn¬\n∂v Ime-Øn-te-°p≈bmX-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv. kvXoI-fpsS

ssZhwXp≈¬ (jm-a≥kvXo) F∂ ]mNo-\-k-¶-ev]sØ Bhn-jv°-

cn-°p-∂-XmWv Cu \mS≥]m v.

tZh-Ip-e-Øm-dpsS ""aÆpw hnÆpw'' F∂ Ihn-X-bpsS s]mcpƒ

\mSIw t\m°pI:

at∂-°mƒ hnkvXrXw hntÆ-°m-fp-∂Xpw

Bg-a-f-°m-\m-Im-Ø-Xm-am-gn-tb-°mƒ

Xnßpw Ipdn-©n-X≥ Imsdm-fn-s°m-ºsØ

]q°ƒtXmdpw ]mdnbm tX\o-®-Iƒ

tX≥ Iq´n-h-bv°p∂ \mS≥\m-b-I≥

]W-b-ah-t\mSv tZh-Ip-e-Øm¿, Ipdp-s¥mssI 3

A¿∞-]-]©w t\m°pI:

1. aÆv, hnÆv, Pew XpS-ßnb ]©- q-X-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv

Cu Ihn-X. ]]-©-Ønse ÿnc-k-Ø-bp-≈-XmWv aÆpw hnÆpw

Pehpw. kvt\lhpw A]-Im-cw.

2. 12 h¿jw IqSp-tºmƒ ]q°p-∂-XmWv Ipdn-©n. B ]mb-Øn¬

]pjv]n-Wn-bm-b-h-fmWv \mbnI. bh-\m-cw- sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.

\∑pss√ F∂ Ih-bn-Xn-bpsS Acp-hnbpw thßbpw F∂ IhnX

t\m°pI:

\∂p-X¬tXmgn! bcp-hn-\o-cn¬ thß˛

sbßpw hf¿∂p≈ h∑-e-tN¿∂-h≥

Bb-h-t\m-sS¥p Rm≥ sNøp-sa∂p \o

tNmZn-∏q, \¿Ω-c-k-Øn-\mbv \n›bw

AXbpw Rm\-dn-™n-s√-¶n-se≥ tXmgn˛

bnXbpw \o ]mSp-s]- -sX-¥n∂tb!

˛\∑pss√, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI- 96

Acp-hn-\o-cn¬ thß-sbßpw hf¿∂p≈ h∑e tN¿∂h≥.

kwkvIrX Imhy-k-t¶-X-Øn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn ChnsS Acp-hn-

\m-b-I-\mWv. thß \mbn-I-bpw. thßbv°v Acp-hnsb At\z-jn®v

t]mIm≥ Ign-bn-√. Acp-hn-bpsS KXn-am-dn-bm¬ hr£w DW-ßn-t∏m-Ipw.

Acp-hn-bpsS hc-hn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p∂ hr£-sØ-bm-WnXv ImWn-°p-

∂-Xv. CØcw s]mcp-fns\ I\Ø Bi-b ßƒ F∂mWv sI.- F≥.

Fgp-Ø-—≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

amssa, \pX¬, ag-°-Æv, angn-Ø-SmIw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kuµ-cy-

k-¶-ev]-ßƒ Xangv Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWmw. am¥-fn¿ \nd-amWv amssa.

s\‰nsb sXm≠n-tbm-SmWp]an-°m-dv. \√ s\‰n-bp≈ tXmgn mKyhpw

kuµ-cyhpw D≠v. ]s£ Imcy-⁄m\w Ipd-hm-sW-∂v s]mcpƒ. I]n-

e¿ Im´p-a-√n-I-t]m-se-bmWv ImapIn F∂n-ßs\ If-bpsS hen∏w

ImWn®v hnf-bpsS alXzw ]d-bp-tºmƒ XnW-bpsS D¿∆-c-X-bmWv

e£yw. Xan-gv°-hn-X-bnse ]e ]Z-ß-fp-tSbpw A¿∞w a\- nem°m≥

]bm-k-am-sW-∂m-t£-]-ap-≠v. ]mKv]-Z-ß-fpsS A¿∞-h-e-b-ßƒ

tNm¿∂p-t]m-bn. XmgvhcIƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A¿∞-h-e-b-ßfpw \jvS-

am-Ip-∂p.

\°o-cs‚ Ipdn-©n-Øn-W-Ønse ""abn-em´w'' F∂ IhnX

t\m°mw:

X∂psS tXm -Øn-emZyw hnf-™Xmw

s]m≥sN-dp-X¬Øn\ X≥I-Xn-cm-Z-cm¬

A∏p-\-°m-c≥ Ipd-h≥ ka¿∏n®p

]pØ-cn-bp-Æp∂ Xs‚ ssZh-Øn-\mbv

Hmcm-XXp Xn∂p Xqa-bn-em-Sp∂p

Xqa-bn-emSn hnd-®p-sIm-≠-ß-s\

ssZhw Ib-dnb aqe-an-f-Inb

tIma-f-s∏¨sIm-Sn-am¿Iƒ IW-°ns\!



33

t]mtW \m -dnhp ]m´p-Iƒ. Hcp apf-¥p-Sn-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®m-W-hƒ ]m´p-

]m-Sp-∂-Xv. ]t£, Ah-fpsS Infn-bm- p-]m v tI v Xßsf hnfn-°p-I-bm-

sW∂v IcpXn Infn-Iƒ ]p\-h-b-ensebvs°Øp-tºmƒ Ahƒ Ic-bpw.

]mSm-\p≈ Ah-fpsS A¤p-X-kn≤n Hcp im]-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. h≠p-

Np-‰p∂ ]e CXfpIfp≈ Iqh-f-]q-hn¬ ag h∂p hoWt]mse-bmWv

At∏mƒ Ah-fpsS IÆp-Iƒ. B IÆp-Iƒ ImWm-\mWv \mb-I-\njvSw.

Hcp ]IrXn Bhm-k-]-Xo-I-Øn\p (Eco-symbol) Np‰p-ap≈ ]Ir-Xn- -

kw-kvIm-c-h-ebw AXmWv Xangv Imhy-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X.

Hcp I≈p-I-hn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p kwL-I-hn-I-fn¬! I≈n¬ BØn-c-

b-\m¿. ]\ [mcmfw hf¿∂p-\n¬°p∂ \mń¬ I≈p-Ip-Sn-°p-∂-h¿ Xncn-

®p-h-cp-tºmƒ s\m¶ns‚ Imºv IqSn IqsS sIm≠p-hcpw! Xmgvhcbp-sS-

cp-Nn-bmWv Xsam-gn-I-hn-X (A-cp-as‚ \mSv ]me-°m-Sp-X-s∂-bs√!). Ipdn-

©n-Øn-W-bnse hmg-°qºpw B\bpw F∂ IhnX t\m°p-I. ]W-

Øn-\p-th≠n ]ncn™ \mb-Is\∏‰n ZpxJn-°p∂ \mbn-Isb tXmgn kam-

[m-\n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv:

tZhX hkn-®nSpw s]cpw-a-kvXIw X∂n¬

tNme-hm-g-X≥ NpcpƒØfn-cm-ane-Xń

X¬_-e-a-gn-I-bm¬ NpSp-ho¿∏p-Iƒ hn´p

h≥I-fn¿ InS-°-th-bm-b-Xn≥ ]nSn-thKw

h∂-Xn≥ apXp-Ip-‰p-X-Shpw; AXn-\mse

aµ-a-§-P-ap-W¿∂-cp-hn-∏p-Xp-sh≈w

hcn-bm-sbm-en-°p∂ ae-X≥ XmgvhmcØn¬

s]cp-Xm-ap-d-°hpw XpScpantXa- n¬

hep-Xmw-a-e-bpsS \mY≥ \n≥Im-¥≥ tXmgn˛

bh-t\m-sSbpw cmKw Ima-ku-Jy-Z-sa-∂pw.

˛ Ipdp-©m-Ø-\m¿, Ipdp-s¥msI 306

sFXn-ly-Nn-¥-bp-W¿Øp∂ \mtSm-Sn-_nw-_-ßƒ \nd-™-XmWv

Cu ]m v.

1. \mb-I≥ Ip-dn©nØnW-bn¬ BWm-\- -s]-Æm\ NnXw Im-Wpw.

2. B\-bpsS 91 a¿Ω-ß-fn¬ H∂mWv akvX-Iw. AhnsS Cf-hm-g-°q-

ºp-sIm-≠m¬ B\-bpsS _ew t]mIp-sa∂v B\-b-dn-hv.

3. AXn-\m¬ B\-bpsS inc- n\v ssZhn-I-Xz-ap-s≠∂p hnizm-k-ap-

≠v.

4. Cu KP-sØ-bmWv ]nSn-bm\ ]cn-c-£n-°p-∂Xv. CXp I≠m¬

\mb-I≥ DS≥ aS-ßn-h-cp-sa∂v \mbnI ]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.

Hcp hoW-]q-hns‚ IYbpw Ihn-Xbpw kwL-I-hn-X-bn-ep-≠v. AsX-

3. BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sS buh-\m-cw- -®-S-ßp-Iƒ F∂ \c-hwi (Pubertycustoms) NS-ßns\ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv Cu ]m v. apXp-hm-∑m-cp-tSbpw

am∂m-∑m-cp-tSbpw hnhm-l-ßƒ \S-°p-∂Xv Ipdn™n ]q°p-tºm-gmWv,

C∂pw.

4. Db¿∂ Ipe-Øn¬s∏ -h-\mWv \mb-I≥ (h≠v Db¿∂v Ip∂n≥ap-

I-fnse Ipdn-©n-sb-bm-Wm-i-bn-°p-∂-Xv.) Db¿∂ kvt\lw ]pe¿Øp-

∂-XmWv \mb-I≥ F∂p s]mcpƒ.

5. IS¬sh≈w ag-bmbn hogp-tºmte Cu kvt\lhpw sFiz-cym-Zn-

Kp-W-ßƒ D≠m-°pw.

IS-e-e-Iƒ kmhp-I-sf-s°m-≠p hcp-∂-Xp-t]mse hn[n sIm≠p-

h-cp∂ \mb-Is\ ho´p-Im¿ kvt\l-]q¿∆w kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v s\bvX-

X≥ XnW-bnse hnclw kln-°-h-øm-\m-ImØ \mbnI ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn

Ihn Ip´p-h≥ ]mSp-∂p.

Icbn-°p∂ Infn-Iƒ F∂ I]n-e-cpsS Hcp ]mń¬ Akm-[m-c-

W-ß-fmb Hcp Im´p- m-h\/Ipdn-©n- m-h\ ImWmw. ]p\w-Ir-jn-bmWv

hnj-bw.

shńb amacw Np´ ]p\-ß-fn¬

s]mń-bp-b¿∂ Xn\-°-Xn-cn¬

FØpw Infn-I-sf-bm´pas∏äWn

N´‰ X´X≥ Xmf-sam∏w

cay-ambv ]mSp∂ ]m´p-tI- o-Sth

Xß-sf-s®-√m≥ hnfn-∏-sX-∂mbv

]ns∂bpw ]ns∂bpw sN√pw Infn-I-sf˛

°Æn-\m¬ I≠-hƒ tIgp-at√m!

X∑-e-®m-c-en¬ Ip≠p-Np-\-I-fn¬

\∂mbv hnS¿∂Wnh≠p-Np-‰n.

an∂pw ]e-Zfw tN¿∂ Iph-f-ta¬

X◊g hoWp ]c-∂-t]mse

As∏¨ sImSn-bpsS IÆpIf-Ø∆n¬

ap‰pw hnf-ßp-a-°mgvNtbm¿∏q?

˛ I]n-e¿, Ipdp-s¥mssI ˛ 289

AhnsS hnX® Xn\-bpsS IXn¿ s]mń-b-bp¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Xn\bv°v

]p\-¶m-h¬ \S-Øp-∂-h-fmWv ]mńse s]Æv. Ahƒ°v Infn-bm´p ]m -

dnbmw. tI-c-f-Øn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Sp-ØXpw C∂v \mS≥]m- n-eqsS ]Nm-

c-Øn-em-b-Xp-amb Hcp Infn-bm- p-]m´p t\m°pI: Dufn-]-d-]-d∂tbmSn

Imfo Dufn ]d-]-d-t∂, Ct∂Xp tImfn-te-bv°m-Wp-amam Dufym- m≥



35

ßƒ t\m°pI:

1.IpSn-ep-Iƒ°p aosX thß-∏q-°ƒ! CXp I≠v ]p≈n-∏p-en-bm-

sW∂p t]Sn®v HmSp∂ B\-Iƒ.

2. angm-hn¬ IÆp-t]mse Dd-h-Iƒ

3. ag-t]mse I≈p ap°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂ Hmcn

4. I≈n-°mb s]m´p-∂Xp tI´p ]d-°p∂ ]mhp-Iƒ

5. hc-Ip-]m-S-ß-fn¬ Xp≈p∂ apb¬°p-™p-ßƒ

6. ]m´nse apJy-amb aq∂p LS-I-ßƒ

kwL-∏m- ns‚ q]-S-Øn¬ aq∂p LS-I-ßƒ ][m-\-am-Wv.

1. apX¬ 2. Icp 3. Ddn

1. apX¬s∏m-cpƒ: Hcp ]m´ns‚ ]mcw- -]-kvXm-h-\-bmWv apX¬.

AXmWv XnWbpw Xpd-bpw. Ihn-X-bpsS ÿe- -Im-e-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈

kqN-\-Ifpw Ihn-X-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-amb ]Ir-Xn- -XmgvhcI-fpsS h¿Æ-

\-bp-amWv CXn¬ hcp-∂-Xv. Imhy-]-]©w Cu Poh- q-an-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

Ipdn-©n, ap√, ]mew, acp-Xw, s\bvX¬ F∂o XnW-I-fm-Wv, Poh-

Ømb Cu sFln-I-]-]-©w-X-s∂-bmWv kwL-Im-hy-tem-Iw. A√msX

kz¿K-\-c-I-ß-f-√.

ImesØ Znh-kw, amkw, h¿jw F∂n-ßs\bmbn Xncn®v Imem-h-

ÿ-I-fp-sS, EXp-°-fpsS km∂n-≤ysØ Ihn-X-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Imew ÿe-Øn¬ sNøp∂ sImØp-th-e-X-s∂-bmWv a\p-jy≥ Is≠-

Sp-°p-∂-Xv. h¿jsØ Bdp Ime-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p. CXns\ \o≠

Ime GIIw (Six large time unit) F∂p-hn-fn-°mw. Znh-ksØ ]`m-Xw,

D®, k‘y, cmXn F∂n-ßs\ A©p GI-I-ß-fmbn Xncn-°p-∂p (Smalltime units). Hc¿∞-Øn¬ Imem-h-ÿ-bpw Imem-h-ÿm-am-‰hpw a\p-jy-

a-\- nepw ]Ir-Xn-bnepw D≠m-°p∂ hnIm-csØbmWv kwL-I-hn-Iƒ

thh-em-Xn-s∏ v Bhn-jv°-cn-®Xv. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm\w ]]-©-a-\-

n¬ Zpc-¥hpw kt¥m-jhpw \nd-bv°p∂p! XnW-bpsS \c-hw-i-]-Ir-

Xn, \m´p-S-tbms‚ tZi-t∏-cv, ÿe-Øns‚ Poh-imkvXw F∂nh

apX¬s∏mcp-fn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

2. Icp-s∏m-cpƒ : Ihn-X-bpsS BZn-cq-]-ßfpw tZi-kq-N-I-ßfpw

(Geographical indications) ssPh-X-\n-abpw (Endemic feathers) \m -S-

bm-f-ß-fp-amWv Icp. Ch tKmX- -\m-tSm-Sn- -]m-tZ-inI kwkvIr-Xn-bpsS

apZ-I-fm-sW∂p ImWmw. ]Ir-Xnbpw kwkvIm-chpw hn`n∂a√m-Xn-cp∂

hncp≤ Zzµz-ß-f-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ]cn-WmaL -sØ-bmWv kwLw IrXn-

Iƒ, \c-hw-i-]-c-ambn hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Nature-culture F∂ ]cn-I-ev]-

\-bpsS \c-hw-i-imkvXw sehn-kvSukv hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. kwL-s∏m-

gp-Xn-bXv Hcp Ipa-c-\mWv N√n-b≥ Ipac-\m¿. Ipdp-s¥m-sI-bnse 307-

˛mw ]m v s\bvX¬ ]q°-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. s\bvX¬ ]q°-fpsS Bhm-k-tI-

µ-amWv hb¬. hb-ens‚ sFizcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv Cu ]qhm-Wv.

AXp-t]m-se, hoSns‚ sFizcyw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xv \mbn-I-bm-Wv. h≠p-

ÆmsX \neØp hoWp InS∂p hmSp∂ ]q \mbn-I-bpsS buh-\-ku- m-

Ky-ß-fpsS \miw tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.

5. AIwIhn-X-Iƒ

Bg-Øn-ep-≈Xpw I\Ø Bi-b-ß-fp-≈-Xp-amb Ct°m- -Iƒ®¿

]I-S-am-bn-°m-Wp∂ Ihn-X-I-fmWv AIw-I-hn-X-Iƒ. Ah-bpsS ]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ Ch-bm-Wv.

1.Btcm Hcmƒ/]Xo-I-hy-‡nXzw (Persona).2. Xmgvhcbv°p ]m[m\yw/sF¥nW (sacred landscape)3. B¥-cn-I-temIw/Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ (Interior world)4. BZn-cq-]-ßƒ/Icp-s∏m-cpƒ (Archetypal)5. t]a-I-hn-X-Iƒ (Love poems)6. 7 Xcw ]W-b-ßƒ ˛ tN¿®, ]nW-°w, th¿]m-Sv, ImØn-cn-∏v,

hnem-]w, GI-]-£o-b-]-W-bamb ssI°nf, A\p-tbm-Py-a-√mØ ]W-

b-amb s]cp-¥n-ssW.

hnhm-l-]q¿∆-]-W-bsØ If-sh∂pw hnhm-lm-\-¥-c-]-W-bsØ

I¿∏v F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. XnW- m-h\ \nd™ D≈p-ssc-bmWv hnip≤

XmgvhcbpsS Nn”-k-tµ-i-ßƒ \nd™ AI-s∏m-cpƒ. AI-∏m- nse

]⁄m-]-c-amb kwhn-[m\w ]©- q-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v Icp-s∏m-cp-fn-te°v

hf-cp-∂p. Hmtcm ]m´pw XmgvhcbpsS ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-I-hpw k¥p-en-X-hp-

amb kwkvIm-c-s∏m-cp-fns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXmWv Ct°m-˛-

t^mIvtem¿. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ hym]cn°p∂ a\pjym-\p- -h-ß-fpsS ka-

Km-h-X-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-hn- -h-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ B¥-cn-Im-hn-jv°m-c-

ß-fm-Wv cq]-I-ßfpw (Metaphor), BtZ-i-cq-]-I-ßfpw (Metonymies),]cq-]-ßfpw (Motifs), PohPm-e-ßfpw (Flora and fauna) \nd™ XnW-

ku-µ-cy-°m-gvN. G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ At±-l-Øns‚ bp≤-Øn-s‚bpw

]W-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]m´p-Iƒ (Poetry of Love and War) F∂ IrXn-

bn¬ Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. .... movement of akam poems is acrossing from outer to inner; from outer body to the heart within; inmemory....(Kurinji), from sea to land (neytal), from warfield to home(Mullai), from home to wilderness,....to home in memory (Palai)....tohome, wife and kin (Marutam).

tZio-ku-µ-cy-°m-gvN-bpsS AI-s∏m-cpƒ hy‡-am-°p∂ kqNn-X-



37

I-amb Hcp sI´pw (Cultural knot), tZi-Ø-\n-a-bpsS IW°p (Ethno-maths) amWv kwL-∏m- p-I-fpsS cN-\-bnse Hcp-I-Æn. apX¬, Icp, Ddn

Ch aq∂pw tN¿∂p kwK-a- -k-a-ZrjvSn/ krjvSn (K-Wn-X-im-kvX-Ønse

Golden Ratio F∂ k¶-ev]-hp-ambn CXns\ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-

Xm-Wv.) bpsS, AXm-bXv ]mNo\ Xangv tKmX-Xz-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[m-\-

ß-fmWv kwL- m-j. ChnsS `mj kwkvIm-csØ apZ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. A[n-\n-th-i- m-j-I-fp-sS IS-∂p-I-b-‰-Øn¬ \jvS-s∏- p-t]mb Hcp

]]-©-ho-£-W-amWv kwL-tN-X-\-bpsS Iq´m-bva-bpsS Bi-b-]-Xy-

b-im-kvX-ap≈ Xangv Ihn-X. kmwkvIm-cn-I-ku-µ-cyØns‚ \nZm\w Hcp

Hcp-°mWv F∂v t\csØ ]d-™p. ChnsS Icps∏m-cpƒ Hcp Nm¿Øm-

sW-∂v hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. Hcp ]mNo-\-I-em-cq-]-Øns‚ Bhn-jv°-c-W-

Ønepw Icp-s∏m-cpƒ ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v k¿∏w-]m v F∂ Iem-

cq]w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v Iem-Im-c≥/Ah-Xm-c-I≥ Hcp Nm¿Øv Xcm-

dp-≠v. AXv 64 Iq´w-X-s∂-bm-Wv. CsX√mw XmgvhcbpsS kq£va-tZ-in-

bpsS AS-bm-f-amb ]¥-en¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂p (Microcosam). Hcp ]tZ-

i-Øns‚ ]IrXn-hn- -h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]mc-º-cy-amb ]cn-ÿnXn Adn-

hp-I-fmWv (Traditional environmental knowledge of landsape) ChnsS

apZn-X-am-°p-∂-Xv.

kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ h¿Ko-I-cn®v Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibpw

Zmhn-U-Ø-\n-a-bpsS tKm]p-c-ßƒ temI-Øn\v ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX

G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ ho≠pw Fgp-Xp∂p: In this world of correspondencesbetween times, places, things born in them, and human experiences, aword like Kurimchi has several concentric circles of meaning: A flower,the mountainlandscape, lovers union, a type of poem about all these, and musical modesfor these poems. But its concrete meaning, “a mountain flower” is neverquite forgotten (p. 241).

Cu Icp/]Xo-I-ßsf Poh¬ap-Z-Iƒ (live symbols) F∂-t±lw

hnfn-°p-∂p. Xangv tZi-Ønse XmgvhcIƒ Xan-gv∏m- ns‚ B¥-cnI

Xmgvhcbmbn ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p.

C\n sF¥nWIsf ]cnNbs∏Smw.

Ipdn™n

apX¬ ˛ ÿew,-Im-ew˛ ae, IqXn¿, cmXn,

Icp˛ \m´-S-bm-f-ßƒ ˛tNtbm≥, Xn\, B\, thß, abn¬,

sXm≠I∏d, tX≥ti-J-cWw, sh≈-®m- w, Icn-©p-h-∏p-a-Æv, Ip-dn-™n-

cm-Kw, Ipd-h≥, ae-\m-S≥, 2,8,12, Ip-dn-™n-∏q

cpƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ At±lw Cu ]m›m-Xy-]-cn-I-ev\-bpsS

ka-hm-Iy-ßƒ adn-I-S-t∂-s\.

Hcp-Xn-W-bnse kky-]-IrXn (Flora), Hcp P¥p-]-IrXn (Fauna),BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ (Tribes), \mS≥I-e-Iƒ (Folklore), kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-

ßƒ (Musical instruments), cmKw (Music), aÆv (Soil), sh≈w (Water),tZhX (Worship), ]£n-Iƒ (Birds), sXmgn¬, FÆw F∂nh hy‡-am-

°p-∂-XmWv Hmtcm ]m´pw. G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: Inthe Karu, “things born into, or native to, a region,” no clear distinction ismade between nature and culture; among the native elements of a land-scape are listed flora, fauna, tribes as well as arts, styles, instruments.Further more, the Tolkappiyam (582 FF) considers all native elements,especially all amimate beings, as part of a continuous series grabed bydegrees of sentience” (P. 239-poem of love and war). ]Ir-Xn-bnse

Icp-°-fpsS ktN-X-\-ß-fp-tSbpw AtN-X-\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]t©-µnb-Xzhpw

XnW-bnse kPo-h-cq-]-I-ßfpw ]Xn-cq-]m-fl-I-Xbpw (live metaphor andpersonification) ]m´p-IfpsS samgn-s∏m-cp-fn-ep-≠v. t\csØ Nq≠n-°m-

Wn® Adn-hn-√m-Ø sIm∂-Iƒ F∂ Ihn-X -Xs∂ CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-

am-Wv.

ag-°m-e-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ ]Ir-Xn-bnse Imem-h-ÿm-kq-N-I-amWv

sIm∂-Iƒ. hm°-gn™m¬ h¿j-an√; hnjp- I-gn-™m¬ th\-en√ F∂

sNm√v Cub¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Imem-h-ÿm-kq-N-I-am-Wv. tXmgn ]d-bp∂p:

hr£-ßƒ°v kv]¿iw F∂ Cµobw amX-ta-bp-≈p F∂pw AtN-

X-\-ß-fm-I-bm¬ Chbv°v CØcw sX‰p-Iƒ ]‰mw F∂v. AØcw sX‰p-

Iƒ \ns∂-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿°v ]‰m≥ ]mSn√ F∂pw CXp-sI-m≠¿∞-am-

°p-∂p-≠v. ag-°m-e-am-bm¬ Xncn-s®-Øm-sa∂p ]d™ \mb-I≥ FØm-

Ø-Xp-aqew ZpxJn-°p∂ \mbn-Isb tXmgn kam-[m-\n-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ]m v.

Nn”-ß-fpsS kqNI- -kq-Nn-X-_-‘-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ skm-kq-dns‚ ]T-

\-ßfpw XpS¿∂v Nn”-hn-⁄m-\o-b-Øn-epw -kmw-kvIm-cn-I -apZm]T-\-

Ønepw AS-bm-f-]-T-\-ß-fnepw \S∂ At\z-j-W-ßfpw XnW-ap-Zm-¶-\-

ßsf a\- n-em-°m≥ klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ Cßs\

]d-bp-∂p: In the Tamil system of correspondences; a whole languageof signs is created by relating the landscapes as signifiers to the uri orappropriate human feelings (t]Pv 241).

IqSp-Iq-S¬°hn-X-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xmgvhc, hr£w,- ]£n, P¥p,

Irjn, ]qhv, hmZyw, sXmgn¬, P\-h¿Kw, cmKw, aÆv, sh≈w, FÆw

F∂nh t\m°n-thWw Ahn-SsØ Ddn a\- n-em-°m≥. kmwkvIm-cn-



39

Hcp XnWbpw as‰mcp XnWbpw AS-™p-In-S-°p∂ ]tXyI temI-

a-√. hn -h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰hpw ssh -h-ß-fpsS ssIam-‰-hp-amWv kwkvIm-

csØ \n¿Æ-bn-®-Xv. Hcp XnWbpw as‰mcp XnWbpw CS-I-e¿∂v hcmw.

XnW-I-fpsS Ie¿∏v ]Ir-Xn-k-Xy-amW,v kwkvIm-c-k-Xy-am-Wv. ]£n-

Iƒ°pw Nne arK-ßƒ°pw Pn]vkn-Iƒ°pw XnW-a-b-°-ap-≠v. Ddn-s∏m-

cpƒ A√\ ab-¶hpw s]dpta Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ Hgn-sI-bp-≈h Hcp XnW-

bv°p-≈Xv as‰mcp XnW-bn¬ amdn-h-cm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]t£ kwbp‡

Hm¿Ω-Ifpw hnIm-c-ßfpw AhnsS ]I-S-am-Wv.

3. Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ :

Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS temI-

sØ-bmWv Ddn-s∏m-cpƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. t]a-Øns‚ hnhn[ L -ßfpw

X\n-a-Ifpw ChnsS Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. kwtbm-K-hn-]-tbm-K-ßsf (hn-

]-ew- w) °pdn®p amXta kwkvIr-X-ku-µ-cy-imkvXw ]d-bp-∂p-≈q.

F∂m¬ ImØn-cn-∏v, kwtbm-Kw, BImw-£, th¿]n-cn-b¬ XpS-ßnb

hnhn[ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-I-fpsS a\-»m-kvX-amWv \qdm-bncw ]m´p-Iƒ.

]IrXncwKhpw EXp-cw-Khpw Imhy-cw-Khpw Iqń-t®¿∂-XmWv Ddn-]-]-

©w. kqNn-X-an-√msX kqN-I-an-√. ]mc-kv]-cy-am-Wn-hnsS ][m-\w. aqew

shdpw \mep-hcn amX-ap≈ Hcp Ihn-X-bpsS s]mcpƒ ]cn-kcw ho≠pw

t\m°mw.

1.]¥≠mw hb- n¬ ]pjv]n-Wn-bm-b-h-fmWv \mbn-I.

2. Ipdn-™n-∏q-°ƒ 12 sIm√w IqSp-tºmƒ ]q°p-∂p.

3. h≠v Db¿∂ ÿesØ tX\mWv tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

4. G‰hpw kzmZn -jvS -amb tX≥ Ipdn -©n-tØ-\m-sW∂v

Im -dn-hv.

5. \mb-I≥ D∂-X-amb kvt\lw \ne-\n¿Øm-\m-K-ln-°p-∂p.

6. ]©- q-X-ß-sf-t∏mse ÿnc-X-bp-≈-XmWv kvt\lw.

7. Ian-Xm-°-fpsS kwK-a- q-an-bmWv Ipdn-©n-Øn-W.

8. BZn -hm -kn -I -fpsS hnhm -l-°m-e -amWv Ipdn™n

]qØ Imew.

9. \mb-I≥ ae-bpsS A[n-]-\m-Wv. ae-t]mse D∂-X-\p-

am-Wv. ae]IrXn ImØp c£n°p∂h\pamWv.

Cßns\ ]Ir-Xn-cw-KsØ Hcp GP‚mbn a\p-jy-hn-Im-csØ ]I-

Sn-∏n-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xns\-bmWv sXm¬°m-∏n-b-Øn¬ D≈qssc

Dhaw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Xangv Ihn-X-bn¬ ][m-\-ambpw D]a F∂

Ae-¶m-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. D]-a-bpsS hI-t -Z-ß-fmWv Ae-¶m-

c-]-]-©w. Hu]-ay-amWv Ae-¶m-c-Øns‚ ImX-emb XXz-sa-∂v kwkvIr-

Ddn hnIm-cw˛ ]pW¿X¬ tN¿®

ap√

apX¬ ÿew,-Im-ew˛ ImSv, ag, k‘y

Icp˛ \m -S-bm-f-ßƒ ˛amtbm≥, hc-Iv, am≥, sIm∂, Im´p-tImgn,

Gdp-tImƒ]d,I∂pImentabv°¬, Acp-hn-Iƒ, Nph∂ aÆv, NmX-cn-

cm-Kw, Bb¿, Ipdpw-s]mssd\m-S≥, 4,14,24,ap√-∏q

Ddn hnIm-cw˛ CcpØ¬ ImØn-cn∏v

]me

apX¬ ÿew,-Im-ew hc-≠-]-tZiw, th\¬, \´p®

Icp˛ \m -S-bm-f-ßƒ sImddssh, sIm≈b-Sn® [m\yw, sN∂mb,

]me, ]cp¥v, Ggp-tIm¬ ]d, Xń-∏dn, hcƒ®, ]md-a-Æv, ]mecm-Kw,

Fbn\¿, hnSsse,1,3,5, ]me-∏q

Ddn hnIm-cw˛ ]ncnX¬ th¿]mSv

acpXw

apX¬ ÿew,-Im-ew˛ \mń≥]pdw, 6E-Xp-°ƒ, ]`mXw

Icp˛ \m -S-bm-f-ßƒ ˛ th¥≥, s\√v, Fcpa, acpXv, A∂w, XpSn,

Irjn, XSm-Iw, ]in-a-a-Æv, acpXcm-Kw, Dgh¿, Duc≥, 6,16,26, Xmac

Ddn hnIm-cw˛DuS¬ ]nW°w

s\bvX¬

apX¬ ÿew,- Im-ew˛IS¬Øocw, 6E-Xp-°ƒ, ]Ie¥yw

Icp˛ \m´-S-bm-f-ßƒ ˛IStem≥, D∏pw- ao\pw, apXe, ]p∂,

IS¬°m°, \mhmbv∏d, ao≥]n-Sp-Øw, IS¬, aW¬, sN∆gncm-Kw,

ap°ph¿, Xpssdh≥,10,20,30, s\bvX¬-∏q

Ddn hnIm-cw˛ Cc¶¬˛ GIm-¥-hn-em]w

XnssW-a-b°w :

ChnsS Xangv Imhy-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS al-Ømb Hcp HcmibwIqSn

hy‡-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kmwkvIm-cnIsshhn-[y-tØbpw ssPhsshhn-[y-

tØbpw hyXykvX tKmX-Ø-\n-a-tbbpw Aw-Ko-Icn°p∂ Cu Xan-gvs∏m-

ena tZi-ß-fpsS Iq´mbvatbbpw ]mc-kv]-cy-tØbpw a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-

∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. AXmWv XnssW-a-b-°w. Xsam-gn-s∏m-cp-fns‚ ]Xo-

I-ßsf a\- n-em°n Ihn-X-bn-te°v ]th-in-°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS

]mNo\ hwiob kuµ-cy-t_m[w ImWmw. AXn¬ BtKm-fo-IrX

kuµ-cy-Z¿i-\-amb A¥¿kw-kvIm-c-]-T-\-co-Xnbpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

Inter-culturalism, trans- coulturalism, intra-culturalism, cross culturalismFs∂ms° hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ \ho\ \mK-cn-I-XIfpsS hn\n-a-b-ß-fpsS

coXn-imkvXw ]mNo\ Xan-g-I-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.



41

F∂ ]mńs‚ B¥cnI \q¬]v Hcp BtZicq]Iw BsW∂pw hne

bncpØs∏ń´p≠v.d^d≥kv

1. sXm¬°m∏nbw, \mjW¬ _pIvÃmƒ, tIm´bw.

2. F≥.kp_“Wy≥, kwLIme`cWkwhn[m\w, Un.kn _pIvkv,

tIm´bw 2003

3. taeßØv \mcmbW≥Ipń, (hnh.) ]Øp∏m´v, tIcf kmlnXy

A°mZan, Xriq¿ 2000.

4. ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, kwLkmlnXyNcnXw, tIcf mjm C≥kv‰n‰yq v,

Xncph\¥]pcw 2003.

5. tUm.sI.F≥.FgpØ—≥, (hnh.) Ipdps¥mssI, tIcf kmlnXy


6. F≥.hn. IrjvWhmcy¿ (hnh.) AIw IhnXIƒ, tIcf kmlnXy


7. Molly Daniels- Ramanujan (ed.) Ramanujan, Oxford University Press, 2004.8. A.K.Ramanujan, Poems of love and war, Oxford University Press,Bombay,

1985.9. ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, Speaking of Siva, Penguin, 1973.10. ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛ ˛, The Interior Landscape, 1967.11. K.Neelakanta Sastri, A History of South India, Oxford University Press, 1958.12. K.Kailasapathy, Tamil Heroic Poetry, 1968.13. V.R.Ramachandra Dikshitar (ed.) The Silappadikaram, Oxford University Press,

1939.14. Robert Layton, The Anthropology of Art, Cambridge University Press, New

York,1991.

Xm-e-Im-cn-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ cq]I XØz-amWv D]-a-bn¬

A¥¿eo-\-am-bn- p≈sX∂v Xangv ]m´p-Iƒ hmbn-®m-e-dn-bmw. amX-a-√,

B¥-cm¿∞-ßƒ sImØnb cq]-I-ß-fm-Wn-h. Chsb A¥¿cq-]-I-

ß-sf∂p ]d-bmw (Hidden metaphor). G.-sI. cmam-\p-P≥ hnfn-°p-∂Xv

BtZ-i-cq-]I (Metonymy) F∂m-Wv. t\csØ ]d™ aÆpw hnÆpw

F∂ Ihn-X-bnew Bi-b-]-]©w ho≠pw t\m°pI: Ah-fpsS t]aw

`qan-tb-°mfpw hnkvXr-X-amWv; BIm-i-tØ-°mƒ D∂-X-am-Wv, Bgn-tb-

°mƒ AKm-[-amWv F∂v a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. CXmWv apX¬s∏m-cpƒ.

]Wbw Imsdm-fn -s°m-ºsØ Ipdn©n∏q°-fm-Wv. Aaq¿Ø-

kµ¿`Øn¬\n∂v aq¿Ø kµ¿ -Øn-te°v IhnX \sΩ \bn-°p∂

XnW- m-h\ ChnsS ImWmw. ]]-©-cq-]-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]IrXncq]ßfn-

te-°p≈ ]ptcm-K-a\w ChnsS ImWmw. Ihn-Xbv°p ]n∂nse ]⁄m-

]-c-amb kwhn-[m-\-amWv ChnsS ImWp-∂-Xv. ]©- q-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]mIr-

Xn- q-X-ß-fn-te°pw Ahn-sS-\n∂v a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈ Hcp KXn/

Du™m-em- w, _ln¿hym-]mcw (Progression) CØcw Ihn-X-I-fn¬

ImWmw.

ÿe-Im-e-ßƒ > tZi-kq-N-I-ßƒ > a\p-jy-hn-Im-c-ßƒ F∂

]bmWw ]mńs‚ Xmf-]-k-c-W-am-Wv. aÆv, BIm-iw, Pew F∂n-h-

bn¬ Bcw- n-°p∂ IhnX Ipdn-™n-∏q-hpw, tX\pw, tX\o-®bpw \nd™

]IrXn XmgvhcbneqsS h∂v t]a-sa∂ hnIm-c-Øn¬ h∂-h-km-\n-°p-

∂p. ]©-h¿Æ-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v IfwsI´p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv sF¥n-W-

bpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ. ]m´p-sI- p-∂-Xns‚ Bgw ChnsS Adn-bmw. Chn-sS-

bmWv D≈p-ssc-bpsS (Inset) ]m[m-\yw. Ihn-X-bpsS I¿Ω-Im-fi-Øn-

emsI \nd-™-XmWv D≈p-ssc.

10. D≈p-ssc Dhaw

D≈pssc DhaØn¬ DeIhg°w (worldly usage), sNøpƒ

hg°w(poetic usage)F∂o c≠p hn`mKßƒ hcpw. Hc¿∞Øn¬

hmNym¿∞hpw (temI[¿Ωn) hyKym¿∞hpw (\mSy[¿Ωn)

Xs∂bmWnXv. Xmgv hcbnse Icp°fpw a\pjyhnImcßfpw ]ckv]cw

_‘s∏ńcn°p∂p. IhnXbnse ]mhn\p≈nse LSIw IqSnbmWv

XangvImhyimkvXØn¬ hyhlcn°p∂ cq]IXpeyamb D]a. AXv

IhnXbnse Bib temIsØ kqNn∏n°p∂ LSIamWv. AXv

]et∏mgpw t]mse, F∂ t]mse F∂nßs\bp≈ D]amhmNIw

sIm≠v ]tbmKn°Wsa∂n√. sN¥angpIhnXbpsS Cu ]tXyI

D]am˛cq]IkrjvSnbpsS kt¶XsØ sam≠mjv F∂ hm°p]tbmKn®v

hniZoIcn °m\mWv G.sI.cmam\P≥ ian°p∂Xv. D≈p-ssc Dhaw



43

imkvX-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw hf¿®bpw hym]-\hpw C∂v cmPym-Xn¿Øn-

Iƒ ambv®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw temI-sØ-bm-I-am\w Hcp he-bv°p-≈n¬

XSpØp Iq´n \n¿Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mtZ-in-I-amb X\namk¶-ev]-

ßsf \ncm-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X-amb Nne \qX\k¶-ev]-

ßƒ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-XsØ am‰n-sb-gp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp Ime-

k-‘n-bn-emWv temI-an-∂v. ka-Im-enI kmaq-ln-I-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-fn¬

H∂mb BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw (Globalization) kmaq-lnIPohn-X-Øns‚

F√m-X-e-ß-sfbpw ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v.

kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI cmjvSo-b-_-‘-ßsf am‰n-a-dn-°p∂Xn¬,

]p\¿\n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-i-‡n-bmbn BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw

C∂p amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ kmwkvIm-cnI afi-esØ AXv

s]mfn-s®-gp-Xp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ht´sd ]iv\-ßfpw ]Xn-k-‘n-

Ifpw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw krjvSn-°p-∂p-≠v.

[\m-fl-Ihpw (postive) EWm-flI (Negative) hpamb hi-ßƒ

BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øn-\p-≠v. temIsØ Hcp IpS-°o-gn¬ HXp-°m≥

AXn\p Ign-t™-°mw. Adn-hn-s‚bpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sSbpw hn -

h-ß-fp-sSbpw km¿∆-eu-In-I-amb hym]-\hpw hnX-c-Whpw AXp km[y-

am-°p-∂p-≠v. GsXm-cm-tfbpw Xs‚ hnc¬Øp-ºnse _´-Wn¬

temIsØ sIm≠p-h-cm≥ AXp ]m]vX-\m-°p-∂p.

kmº-Øn-I-ambpw cmjvSo-b-ambpw Ah¿ \nh¿Øn-h-bv°p∂

IpSbv°p Iogn¬, hncn-°p∂ he-bv°p-≈n¬, temIw apgp≥ ]pe¿∂p-

sIm-≈Ww F∂ A[o-i-im-k-\-bmWv BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ \nb-

a-ß-fmbn amdp-∂-Xv. ChnsS hy‡n-Xz-ß-tf-bp-≈q. ChnsS aqey-ßtfm

[m¿Ωn-I-Xtbm ss\Xn-I-Xtbm AXns‚ _lp-e-X-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂n-√. kwkvIm-c-ssh-hn-[y-ßsf Dƒ°m-≈p-∂n-√. Ah-Im-i-ß-

sfbpw A[n-Im-c-ß-sfbpw AXp am\n-°p-∂n-√. CsX√mwsIm≠v BXy-

¥n-I-ambn kw`hn-°p-∂-Xv \ne-\n∂p t]mcp∂ kmwkvIm-cnI _lp-Xz-

ß-fpsS \mi-hpw, F√mw kmº-ØnI uXn-I-kp-J-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-ß-

fn¬ Du∂n-s°m-≠p≈ Hcp GI-in-em-flI kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ hym]-\-

hp-am-Wv.

BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-w F∂ ]Xn- mkw \K-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw Kma-ß-

fn-te°pw km[m-c-W-°m-cn-te°pw AXns‚ kzm[o-\-l-kvX-ßƒ \o´n-

I-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. kwkv°m-cnI _lp-Xz-ß-fpsS AkvX-a-bhpw kmº-

ØnI tIµ-amb GIm-flI kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ A[o-i-Xzhpw Kmao-

W-Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf Bg-Øn¬ apdn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v. KmaoW Im¿jnI

kwkv°m-c-Øn¬ Hcpev]∂w D≠m-°pI F∂m¬ AXv B kaq-l-

BtKmfhXvI-c-WhpwkmwkvIm-cnI ]Xn-k-‘nbpw

tUm. Fw. IrjvW≥\-ºq-Xncn

kmaq-ly-]-k-‡n-bp≈ hnj-b-ßƒ°v BJym-

\m-fl-I-km-ln-Xy-cq-]-ß-fn¬ khn-tij ]cn-K-W\

e`n-°m-dp-≠v. mj-sIm≠pw ]ta-bw-sIm≠pw Ah

kmam-\y-hym-h-lm-cnI temI-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ]Xn-

_-≤X ]pe¿Øp-∂p. t\mh¬, sNdp-I-Y, Bfl-IY,

bmXm-hn-h-cWw XpS-ßnb kmln-Xy-cq-]-ßƒ kmaq-

ln-I-]-cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ km£y-ßƒ IqSn-bm-Ip∂p

F∂Xv Ah-bpsS Ncn-X-]-k-‡n-IqSn shfn-hm-

°p∂p. CXn¬ sNdp-IY F∂ cq]-KWw kaq-l-

sØ G‰hpw [z\ym-fl-I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬

i≤n-°p-∂p. Zmhn-U- m-j-I-fnse ka-Im-enI sNdp-

I-Ym-km-lnXyw s]mXpsh Cu kmaq-ly-]-c-X°pw

ka-Im-e-kv]µ-\-ßƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p-

s≠∂p ]d-bmw.

apsº-ßp-an-√m-Ø-hn-[w, kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-X-I-

fn¬ AXn-th-K-]-cn-Wm-a-ßƒ kw -hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p∂ Hcp Ime-L- -Øn-emWv \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv.

]pXnb Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-I-fp-sSbpw



45

Øp-°-fn¬ Gsd it≤-b-\p-amb hotc-µm-Nm-cn-bpsS A∂-ZmXm ae-

bm-f-Øn-te°p ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv, ae-bm-fnbpw sXep-Kp-I-Ym-

Ir-Øp-amb io.-F¬.-B¿. kzman-bm-Wv.

ka-Im-en-I-a-e-bm-f-sN-dp-I-Y-I-fn¬ hf-sc-tbsd N¿®sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂

IY-bmWv kt¥mjv G®n-°m-\-Øns‚ "sImame'. temI-]-ikvX Fgp-

Øp-Im-c≥ lphm≥ dqƒt^m-bpsS ]ivk-X-t\m-h-emWv s]tUm-]-cmam.

AXnse Hcp km¶-ev]nI Kma-amWv sImam-e. ]tc-Xm-flm-°-fpsS Kma-

`qanbmWv sImam-e. ac-W-Øns‚ K‘w Xßn-\n¬°p-∂, acn-®-h-cpsS

i_vZ-ßƒ ams‰m-en-s°m-≈p-∂, achn® Kma- q-]-S-amWv sImam-e. ico-

c-Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ßƒ C√m-Ø, AZr-iy-X-bpsS, \n w-K-X-bpsS Bflm-

°ƒ amX-ap≈ sImam-e-bmbn tIc-fhpw AXp-t]m-ep≈ aq∂mw temI-

]m-tZ-in-I-X-Ifpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂ Xncn-®-dnhp \¬Ip∂ IY-

bmWv G®n-°m-\Øns‚ sImam-e. BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ Zp zm-[o-

\-ßƒ temIsØ Iog-S-°n-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ temI-am-sI-Øs∂ sImam-

e-bpsS hniz-cq-]-ambn amdmw.

Ip≠q¿ F∂ \mń≥]p-dsØ hniz≥ F∂ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚

\n -lm-b-amb Pohn-X-Øn¬ NXn-sbm-cp-°p∂ IS-s°-Wnbpw

AXn¬\n∂pw c£-s∏-Sm-\m-ImsX IpSpw-_-k-taXw Bfl-l-Xy°p Xocp-

am-\n-®v, BKkvXv 15 ac-W-Zn-h-k-ambn ]Jym-]n®v Ig-nbp-∂Xpw, AXv

Hcp hm¿Øm-hn-j-b-ambn amdp-∂-Xp-amWv sImam-e-bnse ]ta-bw.

hnizs‚ Bfl-l-Xym-ò-jWn hm¿Øm-hn-j-b-am°n N¿® sNbvXv

BtLm-jn-°p∂ Nm\¬ Zriy-am-[y-a-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ \qX-\-ap-Jhpw

shfn-hm-°p-∂p. hm¿Øm Ah-Xm-c-I≥, _m¶ns‚ A[n-Im-cn, a\:»mkvX-

⁄≥, ssIw_yqtdm DtZym-K-ÿ≥, AUz-t°-‰v, hniz≥, Sn.hn.

t]£I¿ F∂n-h¿ hnizs‚ Bfl-l-Xym- o-j-Wnsb N¿®m-hn-j-b-am-

°p-∂p.

kn.sP tXmakv ssIw\m-S-IØn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® ac-W-Øn-s‚bpw

Bfl-l-Xy-bp-sSbpw lmkym-fl-I-Xsb A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v sImam-

e-bnse Bfl-l-Xym- o-j-Wnsb ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ hm¿Øm-hn-i-I-e-\w.

Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ t]£-I-cmcpwXs∂ SMS ]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Adn-bn-

®n√ F∂Xpw hnizs‚ \mń≥]p-d-Øp-IqSn Cu Bfl-l-Xym-]-Jym-]\w

Ne-\-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-°n-bn√ F∂Xpw kaq-l-a-\- m-£n-bpsS \n w-K-X-

sb, \n¿∆n-Im-c-X-sb, ac-hn-∏ns\ Hs° kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]Xn-I-c-W-ti-

jn-bn-√mØ ]tc-Xm-flm-°-fpsS sImam-e-bmbn \ΩpsS kaq-lhpw

amdp∂p F∂v kt¥mjv hy‡-am-°p-∂p. hnizs\ NXn®p IS-s°-Wn-

bn¬ hogvØnb kp[m-I-cs\ At\z-jn-®n-d-ßp∂ hniz\v kaq-l-Øns‚

Øns‚ tIhew ssPhnI-amb \ne-\n¬∏n\p amXw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

emt -—bpw [\m¿÷-\hpw e£y-am-°p-∂ -hn-]Wnkwkv°m-cw KmaoW

Im¿jn-I-kw-kv°m-c-Øn¬ C√m-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A[zm-\n-®p-≠m-°p∂

hnfhv Bh-iy-°m¿ At\ym\w ssIam-dnbpw ]¶p-h®pw A\p- -hn-°p∂

Hcp tkmjy-enÃv hyh-ÿn-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p KmaoW Pohn-XsØ Hcp sXfn-

\o-c-cp-hn-t]mse kz—hpw im¥hp-am-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS sIm≠pw

sImSpØpw klm-bn®pw km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw kl-\-s∏-Sp-Ønbpap≈

Hcp ssPh-]-In-b-bm-bn-cp∂p PohnXw. ]tcm-]-Im-cta ]pWyw ]m]ta

]c-]o-U\w F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p AhnsS ]Tn-®Xpw A\p- -hn-®Xpw. A\p- -

h-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Dudn°qSnb aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw ss\Xn-I-X-bpsSbpw

ss\k¿§n-IX Pohn-X-sØbpw kwkv°m-c-sØbpw IqSp-X¬ B¿Z-

am°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]mtZ-inI kwkv°m-c-ßsf AXn-eq-∂n-bp≈

KmaoW km[m-c-W-amb Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf BtKm-f-h-Xv°-cWw

Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p, ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂p F∂-Xns‚

BJym-\-km-£y-ßƒ Z£n-tW-¥y≥ IYm-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬, hnti-jn-

®v, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-sN-dp-I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. ae-bm-f-Øn-

em--I-s´, BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X D-Ø-cm-[p-\n-I-Po-hn-Xm-h-ÿ-Isf k¿§m-fl-

I-C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-

Ø-Xmbn Hcp IYm-Ir-Øvt]mepw D≠m-In-√. BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-Whpw D]-

t`m-KkwkvImchpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS Pohn-X-ho-£-W-Øn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-

ß-sfbpw AXp-≠m-°p∂ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-]-iv\-ß-sfbpw i‡-ambn

Bhn-jvI-cn-®n- p≈ sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-ØmWv kt¥mjv G®n-°m-\w. "DS-ep-

Iƒ hn -h-k-ar-≤n-bn¬', "Ieiw', "a™p-a-\p-jy≥', "tXhn \\-®Xv',

"sImame', "tUhn-UvPn-tImUv' XpS-ßnb IY-I-fn-eqsS kt¥mjv ka-

Im-en-I-Po-hn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf BJym\w sNøp-∂p.

]mtZ-in-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw kam-\-X-Iƒ ae-bm-f-hp-ambn

]¶p-sh-°p∂ sXep-Kp-I-Y-Iƒ C∂v [mcmfw Fgp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. tI-c-f-

Øn¬ Gsd-°psd \jvS-s∏- p-I-gn-™n- p≈ Im¿jn-I-Km-ao-W-Po-hn-X-kw-

kvImcw sXep-¶p-\m- n¬ AXt-bsd A]-N-b-s∏- n- n√ F∂p hy‡-am-

°p-∂-XmWv ]e IY-I-fpw. BtKm-f-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw D]-t`m-K-kw-

kvImc-Øn-s‚bpw then-tb‰w tIc-fo-b-Im¿jn-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬ D≠m-°nb

AXbpw oj-W-amb Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ßƒ sXep-¶p-\m- n¬ kr„n-®n- n√

Ft∂ D≈q. ]nte-‰q¿ F∂ Kma-Ønse \mcm-b-W≥ F∂ I¿j-Is‚

Zb-\o-b-amb PohnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ UpwtImPn tZth-µm-Nm-cn-bpsS

"A∂-ZmXm' F∂ IY it≤-b-am-Wv. ]X-h¿Ø-I\pw bph-I-Ym-Ir-



47

sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wv. A∂-Zm-Xmhv tNmdp \¬Ip-∂-h-\m-Wv. tNmdp \¬Ip-

∂-h≥ Irjn-°m-c-\m-Wv. a‰p-≈-h¿°v tNmdp-Æm≥th≠n aÆn-t\mSpw

Imem-h-ÿ-tbmSpw a√n v A≤zm-\n-°p∂ I¿j-I≥ B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-

Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√, AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Fhn-sSbpw Ah≥

Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, A]-l-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬\n∂pw

Zqtc°p am‰n \n¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ipń-°mew apXte Irjn-∏-Wn-bn-te¿s∏ v

\s´√p hf-™p-t]mb Kmao-W-\mWv A∂-Zm-Xm-bnse \mcm-b-W≥.

s\√pw ]®-°-dn-Ifpw Irjn sNbvXv, B[p-\nI Ime-L- -Øns‚ ]co-

£-W-ß-fn¬s∏ v ]cm-Pbw G‰p-hm-ßp∂ I¿j-I-]-Xn-\n-[n-bmWv \mcm-

b-W≥.

c≠p Zim-_vZ-ßƒ apºp-hsc Irjn ]Xyp-ev]m-Z-\-]-chpw BZm-b-

I-c-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]pXnb hyh-km-b-ßfpw Dev]m-Z-\-X-¥-ßfpw hn]-

Wn-Ifpw IS-∂p-h-∂-tXmsS ]c-º-cm-K-X-amb sXmgn¬ D]-Po-h-\-ta-J-e-

Iƒ B¿°pw th≠m-Ø-Xm-bn-am-dn. Irjnbpw A\p-_-‘-sXm-gn-ep-Ifpw

Bi-bn-®p-I-gn-™n-cp∂ Kmao-W-P-\-Xbv°v X\-Xmb Hcp Im¿jnI

kwkvImcw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw BtKm-f-h-XvIr-X-Im-

e-L- -Øn-s‚bpw kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬ Im¿jn-I-Po-hn-Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw

]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-ImsX \mtim-∑p-J-ambn amdp∂ ImgvN tZth-µm-Nm-

cn-bpsS "A∂-ZmXm'bnep-≠v.

Irjn sNøm≥th≠n ]Ww IS-sa-SpØv Irjn- \n-e-\n¿Øm≥

th≠n ho≠pw ISw-hmßn kmº-Øn-I-]-Xn-k-‘n-bn¬s∏´v F¥p

sNøWw F∂-dn-bmsX Bi-¶-s∏´p Ign-bp∂ I¿jI IpSpw-_-ßƒ

C¥y≥ Kma-ß-fn¬ Gdn-h-cn-Ibm-Wv. I¿j-I-B-fl-l-Xy-Iƒ hm¿Øm-

am-[yaßfn¬ \nc-¥-c-hm¿Ø-bmbn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F¥p-sIm≠v

Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ ta¬°p-ta¬ A]-N-bw, F¥p-sIm≠v I¿jI

Bfl-l-Xy-Iƒ F∂v At\z-jn-°p-tºm-gmWv BtKm-f-h-XvI-cW ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ß-fn¬ \ΩpsS i≤ ]Xn-

bp-∂-Xv. Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-sØbpw Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-sbbpw ]Xy-£-

Øntem ZpX-K-Xn-bntem A√ BtKm-fo-I-cWw am‰n-an-dn-°p-∂-Xv. ImgvN-

∏m-Sp-I-fn-eq-sSbpw at\m- m-h-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw AXv ]tcm-£-ambpw F∂m¬

Zqc-hym-]-I-ambpw kzm[o-\- -e-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \K-c-ß-fnepw

\K-c-Po-hn-X-Ønepw DØ-cm-[p-\nI BtKm-f-h-XvIrX Bi-b-ßƒ t\cn v

]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ°p \nan-Ø-am-Ip-∂p. aƒń-\m-j-W¬ Iº-\n-I-fmbpw hyh-

km-b-kw-cw- -ß-fmbpw imkvX kmt¶-Xn-I-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmbpw aƒń-tjm-

∏nwKv tImwπ-Ivkp-I-fmbpw B[p-\n-I-Po-hnX kuI-cy-ß-fmbpw AXv

\K-c-Po-hn-XsØ Ft∏mgpw kzm[o-\n®p Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. BtKm-fo-

Im]-Syhpw Zbm-cm-lnXyhpw ho≠pw ho≠pw A\p- -hn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

hml-\m-]-I-S-Øn¬s∏ v ac-Wm-k-∂-\mbn InS-°p∂ Hcp bphm-hns\

c£-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ff ia-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ s]tUm-]-tcm-a-bnse sImame

hniz≥ t\cn- -dn-bp-∂p, A\p- -hn-°p-∂p. Cu Xncn-®-dnhv hnizs\ ]Xn-

tcm-[-Øns‚ ]Im-i-tem-IØv FØn-°p-∂p. Bfl-lXym Xocp-am-\-

Øn¬\n∂pw Pohn-Xm-tbm-[m-\-Øns‚ kwL¿j-Øn-te°p apt∂-dm≥

hniz≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂p. F√m a\p-jycpw IS-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ sI -s∏- n-cn-

°p-∂p-sh∂pw kmº-Øn-I-amb IS-∏m-Sp-I-f√ AsX∂pw Abmƒ Xncn-

®-dn-bp-∂p. kl-Po-hn-I-tfm-Sm-Wv, Pohn-X-tØm-SmWv a\p-jy≥ IS-s∏- n-

cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Cu IS-amWv F√m a\p-jy¿°pw hoń-Øo¿°m-\p-≈-

sX-∂pw, A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´ Hcp a\p-jys\ tN¿Øp-]n-Sn-°m\pw

Abmƒ°p-th≠n t¢in-°m\pw c≠p Xp≈n-sh≈w hmbn¬ \evIm\pw

Ign-™-Xn-eqsS X\n°p ISw ho´m≥ Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p F∂pw hniz≥

Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. hoSn\p ap∂n¬ ÿm]n-®n- p≈ Bfl-l-Xym- o-j-Wn-°p-

dn-∏ns‚ Akw-_-‘-Xbpw hniz\p a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ ]Im-im-

fl-I-amb Hcp Pohn-X-Z¿i-\-Øn-te°v IYm-¥ysØ Db¿Øn-s°m≠v

IYm-Jym-\-Øns‚ IcpØv sXfn-bn-°m\pw kt¥m-jn\p Ign-™n-

´p-≠v.

Kma-ß-fpsS \∑-I-sf√mw \ap°p \jvS-am-Ip-Ibpw \K-c-Øns‚

Agp-°p-Iƒ \Ωn¬ ]‰n-t®-cp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ime-Zp-c-¥-sØ-∏‰n

kt¥mjv Hc- n-ap-J-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. D]t`m‡rhn-]-Wn-kw-kvImcw

kaq-lsØ IS-∂m-I-an-°p-∂-Xns‚ NnX-ßƒ kt¥m-jns‚ ]e IY-

Ifpw ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂p-≠v. Pohn-XsØ "anI®'Xm°n-am-‰p-∂Xv euIn-I-

kp-J-t`m-K-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS kar-≤n-bm-sW∂pw AXn-\p-th≠n GXp

I¿Ωw sNøp-∂Xpw \oXoI-cn-°-Ø-°-Xm-sW∂pw Icp-Xp∂ Hcp kaqlw

]Xnsb cq]-s∏- p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\p-≈n¬ \Ωfpw s]´p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp-

Xcw A\n-hm-cy-X-bn-te°v temIw-Xs∂ amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Fß-

s\-bm-bmepw th≠n√ anI® PohnXw kΩm-\n-°m≥ t]mcp-∂-h-\m-hWw

`¿Ømhv F∂p Icp-Xp∂ `mcy-amcpw (D-S-ep-Iƒ hn -h-k-ar-≤n-bn¬)

kplr-Øns‚ PohnXw ]W-b-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw kz¥w PohnXw BtLm-

jn-°p∂ sImam-e-bnse kp[m-I-c\pw ac-W-h-≠n-bn¬t]mepw

ôen v‰p Xc-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ hgn-bm-X-°m-c\pw a\p-jyXzw \jvS-s∏ v

arXm-flm-°-fpsS sImam-e-bmbn amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ ka-Im-en-I-kw-

kvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-°-fm-Wv.

sXep-Kp-I-Y-bmb "A∂-ZmXm'bn¬ tZthµmNmcn ]d-bp-∂Xv

XnI®pw Kmao-Wm-¥-co-£-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Irjn-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-ssZ-\y-



49

`£-W-Øn\p £Wn-°m≥ Iq´m-°mØ kl-tZ-h-dm-hphpw CXn¬\n∂p

`n∂-\-√. \K-c-Øn¬ Ae™v \ncm-i-\m-bn, hni∂v hoń-se-Øp-tºmgpw

as‰m-cp-hs‚ hni∏p am‰m≥ kz¥w £Ww \evIn hni∏p kln-°p∂

\mcm-b-W≥ sFh-dn-t\m, cwK-sd-Õn-t°m, kl-tZ-h-dm-hp-hnt\m Dƒs°m-

≈m-\m-ImØ \∑-bpsS, am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-bm-Ip-∂p.

\jvS-s∏- p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ aqey-ß-fpsS Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°-en¬ [z\n-km-µ-

am-Ip-∂p, "A∂-ZmXm' F∂ sXep-¶p-I-Y.

kt¥m-jns‚ sNdp-IY "sImame'bpw UpwtImPn tZth-µ-Nm-cn-

bpsS IY "A∂-ZmXm'bpw ]¶p-sh-°p∂ A\p- -h-k-am-\-X-Iƒ, BtKm-

f-h-Xv°-c-W-k-¶-ev]-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-tcm-[- m-h-\bn¬ \n∂p cq]-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xm-Wv. Ip≠qcpw ]ote‰qcpw Htc apJ-—m-b-bnep≈ Kma-ß-fm-Wv.

Hcp-]-s£, tIc-f-Ønse Kmaw sXep-¶m-\-bnse Kma-sØ-°mƒ aqeym-

]-Nbw _m[n-®-Xm-sW∂p ]d-bmw. BtKm-f-h-XvI-cWw krjvSn-°p∂

D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Zpc-aq-Ø- m-h-amWv kp[m-I-cs‚ NXn°p

]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. AXn\p hnt[-b-\m-tI≠n hcp∂ hniz≥ A∂-Zm-Xm-bnse

\mcm-b-W-t\mSp tN¿∂p \nev°p∂ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. hni-∂p-s]m-cn-bp-

tºmgpw Hcp-t\-csØ `£Ww Ah-tijn®n´p≈Xv A\y\p \evIn

sNºp-Ip-S-Ønse sh≈w IpSn®p hbdp \nd-bv°p∂ A∂-Zm-Xm-hnse

\mcm-b-W\pw, a‰p-≈-h-sc√mw \n w-K- m-h-Øn¬ Ah-K-Wn-®, A]-I-S-

Øn¬s∏´v ac-Wm-k-∂-\mb bphm-hns\ Bip-]-Xn-bn-se-Øn-°m≥

t¢in-°p-Ibpw ac-W-Øn\p aps∂ c≠p Xp≈n sh≈w \evIm≥ Ign-

™-Xn¬ Biz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ sImam-e-bnse hniz\pw C\nbpw

tN¿∂v t]mbn- n-√mØ am\p-jnI \∑-Isf ]Xn-\o-[n-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v. amdn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI hyh-ÿn-Xn-Iƒ°v Cc-bmbn

PohnXw k¶o¿Æ-am-Ip-tºmgpw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-t°≠ am\-hn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS

a\p-jy-am-Xr-I-I-fmbn hniz\pw \mcm-b-W\pw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ EWm-fl-I-h-i-ß-fn¬ ][m-\-amWv IS-

s°-Wn-bp-tS-Xv. AXv ]e cq]-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ th -bm-Sp-∂p. hy‡n-

sbbpw kaq-l-sØbpw cmjvS-sØbpw IS-s°Wn Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

ISw Hcp-°p∂ sIWn ]e coXn-bnepw BImw. ]tem- -\-ß-fn¬ apßn

D]-t`m-‡r-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ abßn t_m[-]q¿∆w IS-s°Wnbn¬ ]Xn-

°mw. \nhr-Øn-tI-Sp-aqew ISw-s°-Wn-bn-te°p hen®p hogvØ-s∏-Sp-∂-

h-cp-≠m-Imw. NXn-bn-eqsS IS-s∏- p-t]m-Ip-∂-hcpw D≠m-Imw. sImam-e-

bn¬ NXnbpw A∂-Zm-Xm-bn¬ \nhr-Øn-tISpw BWv IS-s°-Wn-sbm-cp-

°p-∂-Xv. kvt\lhpw hnizm-khpw aqey-ßfpw \jvS-am-Ip∂ Hcp Ime-

hn-tijw BtKm-foIrX kaq-l-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv.

Ir-X-B-i-b-ß-fpsS ]tcm-£-kzm-[o\w Kmao-Wm-¥-co-£-Ønepw ]Xy-

£-kzm-[o\w \K-c-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ Xcw-K-kq-N-\-Iƒ

"A∂-ZmXm'bn¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v.

s\¬Ir-jnbpw ]®-°-dn-Ir-jnbpw \SØn ]c-º-cm-KX coXn-bn¬

Pohn-°p∂ \mcm-b-W≥ Kma-hn-ip-≤n-bpsS Bƒcq-]-am-Wv. ]®-°dn hnf-

sh-SpØv N¥-bn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºpXs∂ Bh-iy-°m-cmb

Ab¬hm-kn-Iƒ°v kuP-\y-ambn \¬Ip∂ \mcm-b-W≥, Xs‚ Hcp-

t\-csØ `£-Ww-IqSn as‰m-cm-fpsS hni-∏-I-‰m≥ \evIn ]®-sh≈w

IpSn®pw kzbw hni-∏-I-‰p∂ \mcm-b-W≥, C\nbpw \jvS-s∏- n- n-√mØ

am\p-jnI-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]Xo-I-am-Wv. ]t£ kmaqlnI bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ

Cu aqey-k-¶-ev]-ßƒ°p \nc-°p-∂-X-√. AXp-sIm-≠mWv \mcm-b-Ws‚

aI≥ M.Sc ]Tn-°m≥ \K-c-Øn-te°p t]mIp-∂Xpw ""Irjn sNbvXv

sNbvXv Ct∏mƒ I™n-°p-t]mepw KXn-bn-√msX Pohn-°p-I-bt√ ?

F¥n\m Cu Irjn'' F∂p tNmZn-°p-∂-Xpw. Kma-Ønse Ipw`m-c≥

kn≤-øbpw aÆm≥ IrjvW\pw Ah-cpsS Ipe-sØm-gn¬ A\yw \n∂p-

t]m-Iptam F∂v Bi¶-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Kmao-W-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hcp∂ am‰ß-

fpsS kqN-\-bm-Ip-∂p. Ipe-sØm-gn-ep-Ifpw \mS≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Ifpw

\m´p-hn-⁄m-\-ßfpw H∂p-tN¿∂v Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ Bhm-k-hy-h-

ÿsb \n¿Æ-bn-®n-cp∂ Imew IS-∂p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tkmjy-en-k-

Øns‚ Hcp Pohn-X-am-XrI ]gb kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Hmtcm

hn`m-Khpw Ah-cpsS Adnhpw A[zm-\hpw ]¶p-sh®v At\ym-\y-X-bn¬

Ign-™n-cp∂ Ime-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ipw`m-c≥ kn≤-ø-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬

Cu ]mc-kv]-cy-Øns‚ \∑bpw C∂v AXn-√msX t]mIp-∂-Xns‚ hyk-

\hpw Adnbmw ˛ ""aÆm≥, Ipw`m-c≥, Icp-hm≥ apX-em-b-h¿ \nßsf

B[m-c-am°n Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. \nßƒ°p hnf-™m¬ hnf Rß-

fpsS hoń¬ h∂-t]mseXs∂. Irjn-°m-cs‚ hoń¬ s\√n-s√-¶n¬

Rßƒs°-ßs\ Acn In´pw ? \nßsf B[m-c-am°n Pohn-°p∂

Rßƒ Ct∏mƒ Fßs\ Ipe-sØm-gn¬ sNøpw''? Irjn-°m-c\v

Im¿jnI kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ am\y-Xbpw

ÿm\-a-ln-abpw kn≤-ø-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ hy‡-am-Wv. Cu Irjn-°m-

c-\mWv ] -W-Ønse dh\yq A[n-Im-cn-bmb cLp-\mY i¿Ω-bp-sSbpw

tlm -ep-S-a-bmb kl-tZh-dmhphns‚bpw Ah-⁄bv°pw Ah-K-W-

\bv°pw hnt[-b-\m-Ip-∂-Xv. dh\yq A[n-Im-cn-bm-Ip∂ sFth¿, \mcm-

b-Ws‚ \m´p-Im-c\pw \mcm-b-Ws‚ A—s‚ klm-b-Øm¬ \K-c-Øn¬

tPmen t\Sn-b-bm-fp-am-Wv. \mcm-b-W\v 10000 cq] ISw \¬Im≥ aSn-°p-

∂, sFth¿ B[p-\nI kaq-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Hcp-t\-csØ



51

s]Æpw ]Ir-Xnbpw;am[-hn-°p- n, kmdm-tPm-k v F∂n-h-cpsS

IrXn-I-fn¬_n. B¿. kptajv

Pohn-X-Øns‚ DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\]In-b-

bp-ambn _‘-s∏´mWv F∂pw s]Æn-t\bpw ]Ir-

Xn-tbbpw \n¿∆-Nn-®p-t]m-∂n- p-≈-Xv. a\p-jy≥ F∂

s]mXp BJym-\-Øn¬\n∂pw ]pd-Øn-d°n \n¿Øn

s]Æn-s\-°p-dn®v amXw N¿® sNøp-∂Xv "Ahƒ'

DXv]m-Z\]In-b-bp-ambn ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠m-Wv. ChnsS DXv]m-Z\w F∂-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-

am-°p-∂Xv ssPhn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb Bi-b-

ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-am-Wv. F√m-Øn-t‚bpw ]mY-anI

LS-I-amb DXv]m-Z\w D]-t`m-KsØ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw

DXv]m-Z-I-cpsS CS-bn¬\n-∂p-Xs∂ D]-t`m-‡mhv

D≠m-bn-h-cn-Ibpw ]n∂oSv D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ DXv]m-Z-

Isc \nb-¥n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu

_‘sØ ASna/ DSa _‘-amtbm sXmgn-emfn/

apX-emfn _‘-amtbm \n¿h-Nn-®p. Cusbmcp DXv]m-

ZI˛ D]-t`mK _‘-amWv \ΩpsS kaq-lsØ am‰n-

a-dn-®-Xv.

CØcw am‰-ßsf Ncn-X-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-t∏m-

\h-en-_-d¬ Bi-b-ßfpw kmº-ØnI DZm-c-h-XvI-cW ]≤-Xn-Ifpw

kmam-PyXz aqe-[-\-Xm-Xv]-cy-ßsf hf¿Øp-Ibpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂-Xn-emWv i≤n-°p-∂p-≠v. Im¿jn-I-ta-J-e-bn¬ Irjn-°m¿°v

Irjn D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w F∂-Xn-ep-]cn Hcp km¥z-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Zpcn-X-

Im-e-ßsf Ah¿ ad-°p-∂Xv Irjn F∂ A\p-jvTm-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-

∂p. Bflo-bhpw uXn-I-hp-amb Ah-cpsS \ne-\nev]v Irjn-tbbpw aÆn-

t\bpw Bi-bn-®m-bn-cp-∂p. A∂-Zm-Xm-bnse \mcm-b-W≥ Cusbmcp

Im¿jn-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ amXr-I-bm-Wv. ]pXnb kmº-Øn-I-D-Zm-c-h-

XvIr-X-I-tºm-f-Øn¬ ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-∂-hs‚ hnlz-e-

X-Iƒ \mcm-b-Ws‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p, tZth-µm-

Nm-cn.



53

hyh-ÿ-bv°p-ta-ep≈ ASn-®-a¿Ø-en-s\-

Xn-sc-bp≈ kacw DXv]m-Z-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-

bp-≈-Xm-bn. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw h¿§ka-c-

Øns‚ aq¿® Ipd-®p-sIm≠v h¿K-Øn-\p-

≈n-ep-≈-h¿Xs∂ h¿§ iXp-°-fm-bn.

CXv ]e-t∏mgpw apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Bi-

b-ßsf Hc¿∞-Øn¬ klm-bn-°p-I-

bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AXv kvXoIsf ico-

c-w am-X-ambn I≠p-sIm≠v kvXo ssewKn-

I-X-bpsS ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fmbn amdp-

∂p.

kvXo tZhn-bm-sW∂pw ]qPn-°-s∏-tS-

≠-h-fm -sW∂pw ]d™v ]Ir -Xn -

bn¬\n∂v AS¿Øn-am‰n al-Xz-h-XvI-cn®v

kaq-l-Øns‚ Ccp-´-d-bn¬ X≈nbn-Sp-

∂Xpw kvXosb kaq-l-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah-fpsS "Ag-Ip‰' ico-c-

am-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v B ta\nsb

shbnepw s]mSn-bp-ta¬°msX kwc-£n®v

\n¿Ø-W-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂Xv apX-em-fnØ

hmWnPy XmXv]-cy-am-Wv. Ch c≠pw Ncn-

X-\n-tj[w F∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ ]IrXn

hncp-≤-hp-am-Wv.

kvXobpw ]Ir-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘-sØ-°p-dn®v A[n-I-ambn D≠m-bn-

s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ t_m[-Øn¬\n∂v 1970

Ifn-emWv Ft°m s^an-\nkw DZbw

sNøp-∂-Xv. ^©v Fgp-Øp-Im-cn-bmb

^m≥kz sZ bpt_m≥ BWv 1974 ¬

BZy-ambn Ft°ms^an-\nkw F∂ ]Zw

]tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. `qansb ]cn-c-£n-°p-

hm≥ Hcp ]mcn-ÿn-XnI hnπ-h-Øn\v

t\XrXzw sImSp-°-W-sa∂v Ah¿ kvXoI-

tfmSv Bh-iy-s∏- p. Cusbmcp hnπhw

kvXobpw ]pcp-j\pw XΩnepw, a\p-jy\pw

]Ir-Xnbpw XΩnepw Hcp ]pXnb enwK-

a pX - e m - f nØØns‚

hn]Wn X¥-ßsf Xncn-

®-dn™v Xpey-\o-Xn-°p-

th≠n ]b-Xv\n-°p∂p

F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv

am[-hn-°p- n-bp-tSbpw kmdm-

tPm-k- n-s‚bpw CS-s]-S-ep-

Isf \Ωƒ CØ-c-Øn¬

t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.

∂n- p-≠v; AXv hmsamgn Ncn-X-am-bmepw icn, tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏- n- p-≈-

Xm-bmepw icn. Ncn-XsØ hos≠-Sp-°pI F∂ e£y-Øn¬ \mw am‰-

ß-sf-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°p-tºm-gmWv kvXoIƒ ]pdw ]Wn°v t]mbn-

cp∂ Ime˛ tZi-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Krl-hrØn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-

s\-°p-dn®pw Adn-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. am¿Kc‰v aoUns‚ cN-\-Iƒ hmbn-°p-

tºmƒ BZn-hmkn kvXoIƒ ]pdw]Wn-sb-SpØv "IpSpw_w t]m‰n-bn-cp-

∂Xv' \Ωƒ Adn-bp-∂p; BkvtS-en-b-bntem as‰-hn-sStbm Bbmepw.

tIc-f-Øn¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp Ah-ÿ-sb-°p-dn®v \ΩpsS Ncn-X-ßƒ

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂n-s√-¶nepw sXmgn-emfn h¿§ kaq-l-Øn-

\p-≈n¬ Im¿jn-I hrØnbp-ambn _‘-s∏ v kvXoI-sf-Sp-°p∂ ]pdw-

]-Wn-Isf X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√. Ah¿ ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ asÆm-

cp-°p-Ibpw If ]dn-°p-Ibpw hnf-sh-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v Poh-

k-‘m-c-W-Øn-\p≈ hgn-Iƒ tXSn.

h\y-amb ]Ir-Xnsb CW-°n-sb-Sp-ØmWv a\p-jy≥ ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-

b-Xv. AXm-bXv ]Ir-Xnsb a\p-jy≥ \nc-¥cw am‰n-a-dn-®pt]m∂p. CXv

DXv]m-Z\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ ]In-b-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- Xm-Wv. F∂m¬

apX-em-fnØ a\ v kaq-l-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h-∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿ sXmgn-em-fn-

Isf \nb-¥n-®p-Xp-Sßn. Aßs\ DXv]m-Z\]In-b-bp-ambn Ah-\p≈

_‘w "apX-se-Sp-∏mbn'. AXmbXv em`w IqSp-X¬ t\S-W-sa∂ taml-

am-bn. Aß-s\ Ipd™ apX¬ap-S-°n¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬ em`w F∂ kqX-

hm-Iy-ap-≠m-bn. apX-em-fnØ ]Xy-b-imkvXw ]pcp-j-tI-µn-X-amb kmaq-

ly-L-S-\-bv°p-≈nse sXmgn-emfn h¿§-Ønse ]pcp-j≥amsc kzm[o-

\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv Hcp ]Xn-tcm-[-i-‡n-bmbn Xncn-™Xv apX-

em-fn-Ø-Øn-\p-t\-tc-b√; adn®v Xs‚ Xs∂ h¿K-Øn-\p-≈nse

kvXoIƒ°p-t\-tc-bmWv Ah≥ Ahs‚ ]Xn-tj[w Xpd-∂p-hn- -Xv.

AXm-bXv apX-em-fnØw ssIam‰w sNbvX A[o-iXzw Ah≥ kzoI-cn-

®Xv AXn-s\-Xnsc ]Xn-I-cn-°m-\p≈ tijn-bn-√m-bva-bn¬\n-∂m-Wv. Cu

tijn-bn-√m-bva-bpsS KqV-h-XvI-c-W-amWv kz¥w IpSpw-_-Ønse

kvXoIsf ASn-®-a¿Øn-s°m≠v ]pcp-j≥am¿ km[n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv.

temI-Øm-I-am\w D≠m-bn- p≈ ]pcp-js‚ Cusbmcp "hnP-bw -ssI-

h-cn-°-en-s\-Xn-sc-bmWv' ]S-∏p-d-∏m-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. AYhm ]S \bn-t°-≠-

Xv. kvXohm-Zhpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Zhpw AXns‚ hI-t -Z-ßfpw

D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Cusbmcp kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ ]e-t∏mgpw

CØcw ka-c-]-Jym-]-\-ßƒ e£yw ad-∂p-sIm-≠mWv kaq-l-Øn¬

CS-s]- -Xv. ]pcp-j-tI-µn-X-amb A[o-i-Ø-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Iem]w

]pcp-j-s\-Xn-sc-bp-≈-Xmbn ]e-t∏mgpw amdn. DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\



55

I-bmWv e£yw. ChnsS Bfl-k-a¿∏Ww Hcp-Xcw Iog-S-ß-embn Ah¿

Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.

Pohs‚ DXv]m-Z-Icpw ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-Icpw F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]mNo-\˛

tKmX kwkvImcw apX-en-tßm v \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn kvXoIƒ ]Ir-Xn-

bp-ambn CS-s]- n-cp-∂p. `£-W-]Zm¿YØn-\p-th-≠n-bpw, hndIn-\p-th-

≠nbpw ]®-a-cp-∂n\pth≠nbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-WßpI-bpw kvXoIƒ

aÆn¬ Irjn-bn-d-°p-Ibpw \Zn-bn¬ ao≥]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-∂Xv

Ncn-X-am-Wv.

tImf-\o-IrX apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ ]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn t\cn- v CS-

s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v kvXoIƒ°v hne-t°¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Im¿jn-tIm¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw

NnIn-’-bn-ep-sa√mw ]pcp-j ta[m-hnXzw ssII-S-Øn. Irjn b¥-h¬°-

cn-°-s∏´ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]pcp-j≥ B ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Øp. IpSn-tb-‰-

Øns‚ ImeØv IpSn-tbdn h∂ kvXo]p-cp-j≥am¿ A[-xIrX hn`m-K-

am-bn-\n∂v ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øp. a[y h¿§ kaq-l-Øn-em-ht´ kvXoIƒ k¥m-

t\m¬∏m-Z-\-Ønepw Km¿lÿyØn-ep-ambn HXp-ßn. DXv]m-Z-\-Ønepw

Nc-°p-I-fpsS ssIam-‰-Ønepw ]pcp-j≥ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øhpw ta¬t°m-

bvabpw t\Sp-∂Xv apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn-em-sW∂v kmaqly imkvX-

⁄-bmb F_n ]o‰¿k¨ ]d-bp-∂p≠v. kaq-l-Øns‚ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-

\-Øn-emWv kvXoI-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Øw. ChnsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-sa-∂m¬

Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\hpw sXmgn¬ i‡n-bpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-hp-am-

Wv. hoSn-\p-≈nse Iqen-bn-√mØ sXmgn-emWv ChnsS A¿∞-am-°p-∂-

Xv. hymh-km-bnI apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ DXv]m-Z\w ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-

\sØ Iog-S-°p-∂p. ImcWw kmº-Øn-I-amb hf¿®bpw a’c _p≤n-

bp-amWv BXy-¥nIw F∂v apX-em-fnØw Icp-Xp-∂p. Cu bp‡n Pohs‚

\ne-\n¬∏ns\ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p∂p F∂m¬ tkmjy-enkw D∂w-h-bv°p-

∂Xv P\-X-bpsS Bh-iy-sØ-bm-Wv; AXym-K-l-sØ-b-√. AXp-sIm-

≠p-Xs∂ AXn\v ]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn Poh-k-‘m-cW _‘w kq£n-°m≥

tijn-bp-≠v. AXv a\p-jys‚ DXv]m-Z\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ßsf ]Ir-Xn-

bp-tS-Xp-ambn Xpe\w sNøp-∂p. Chn-sS-bmWv ]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw a\p-jy-

t‚bpw hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]c-kv]cw ssItIm¿°p-∂-Xv.

tkmjy-enÃv Ft°m-s -an-\n-Ãp-Iƒ Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂Xv Pohs‚

]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-Wv. £-W-Øns‚ A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw A]-I-S-I-c-

amb cmk-h-kvXp-°fpw tcmK-ßfpw a‰v Pohn-I-fp-am-bp≈ a’-chpw Pohn-

Iƒ°v ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\Ønte°v FØp∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn. Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS

]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\w a\p-jy-t‚-Xm-bmepw a‰v Pohn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bmepw Pohs‚

ss\c-¥-cy-Øn\v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Aßs\ \ne-\n¬∏v F∂Xv

_-‘-ap-≠m-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. sh¿a-≠nse C≥Ãn-‰yq v t^m¿

tkmjy¬ Ft°m-f-Pn-bnse s\k InwKv 1976¬ hnI-kn-∏n® Bibw

1980 HmSp-IqSn Hcp ]ÿm-\-ambn hf¿∂p. 1980 Ifn¬ Ata-cn-°-bnse

kmwkvIm-cnI kvXohm-Zn-Iƒ kvXotbbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw kzX-¥-am-

°-W-sa∂ hmZ-ap-∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Z-sØ as‰m-

cp-XeØn¬ t\m°n-°-≠p.

sshb-‡n-Ihpw ico-c-tI-µn-X-hp-amb kzmX¥y ]Jym-]-\-ßƒ°-

∏pdw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≈n¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠p≈ ka-c-]-Jym-]-\-ß-

fmWv am\-h-cm-insb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v \bn-°p-∂-Xv. CXv DXv]m-Z-\˛

]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ßsf IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ apX-

em-fnØ hyh-ÿnXn Aß-s\-b-√. AXv XmXvIm-en-I-amb em`w amX-

amWv e£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv. hm\-c-\n¬\n∂v \c-\n-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬

A[zm-\-Øns‚ ]¶v F∂ ]_-‘-Øn¬ C°mcyw Û-dnIv GwK¬kv

kqNn∏n°p-∂p-≠v. apX-em-fnØ IpSpw_ A[n-Im-c-hy-h-ÿsb hni-I-

e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mWv kmaq-ly˛ tkmjy-enÃv Ft°m sân-\nkw

Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂Xv. kvXoIƒ°p-ta-ep≈ ]pcpj ta¬t°m-bvasb

]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ IpSpw_ A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ßƒ Fß-s\-bmWv shfn-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX∂pw DXv]m-Z-\-Ønse apX-em-fnØ _‘-ßƒ ]Ir-Xn-

°p-ta-ep≈ ]pcp-j-ta¬t°m-bvasb Fß-s\-bmWv shfns∏-Sp-Øp-∂-sX-

∂p-ap≈ tNmZy-ßƒ tkm-jy-enÃv Ft°m sân-\n-Ãp-Iƒ D∂-bn-°p-

∂p≠v. hn]Wn kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-sb ]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI F∂ e£ysØ

ap≥\n¿Øn Hcp tkmX v F∂ \ne-bn¬ kvXotbbpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw

samØ-Øn¬ ]p\- w-L-Sn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n

A[oihyhlm-cßsf C√m-Xm-°-W-sa∂pw hmZn-®p-sIm-≠mWv tkm-

jy-enÃv Ft°m sân-\nkw Icp-Øm¿Pn-°p-∂-Xv.

ssPhn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\Øn\p-ta-ep≈ BI-a-

WsØ tkm-jy-enÃv Ft°m sân-\n-ÃpIƒ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂p≠v.

BWh\ne-b-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ tdUntbm BIvSn-hn-‰nbpw hnj-a-b-amb

cmk-]-Zm¿∞-ßfpw A]-I-S-Im-cn-I-fmb amen-\yhpw a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS

ssPh-]-c-amb ]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\sØ oj-Wn-s∏-SpØnbt∏m-gmWv kvXoI-

fpsS kz¥w ico-c-Øn\pw Ah-cpsS k¥m-\-ß-ƒ°pw Bhm-k-hy-h-

ÿbv°pw FXn-sc-bp≈ BI-a-W-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. amdn-h-cp∂

cmjvSob ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bn-emWv Cßs\ kw -hn-°p-∂Xv F∂-Xp-sIm-

≠p-Xs∂ Ft°m-s -an-\nkw Hcp cmjvSo-b-am-Wv. sshIm-cn-Itam mh-

\m-fl-Itam Bb Xe-ßsf a\x]q¿hw IpS-s™-dn™v aÆn¬

Xp√yXtbmsS \ne-\n∂v t]mcp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ Ah-Im-i-ßsf shń-∏n-Sn-°p-



57

cy-ß-fmWv Ahsf \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xv. k¥m-t\m-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ Imcy-

Ønep≈ kzmX¥yw `qW-l-Xy-b-s√∂v C\nbpw Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠n-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. Ieym-Wn-°p- n°v ]t£ c≠pw H∂pX-s∂bm-Wv. IpSpw_w F∂

hyh-ÿsb ewLn-°p∂p F∂v tXm∂-ep-f-hm-°n-s°m≠v Ahƒ ]nXr-

\n-tj[w kq£n-°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-hy-h-ÿsb adn-I-S∂v kzmX¥yw ]Jy-

]n°p∂ Ieym-Wn-°pń as‰mcp IpSpw_ hyh-ÿ-bpsS mK-am-hp-I-bm-

Wv. hntZ-i-tØ°v ]d∂v hntZ-insb hnhmlw Ign-°p-Ibpw Abmsf

Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.

""kvXoIƒ c≠p-X-c-°m-cmWv. Hcp-Iq- ¿ shdpw AΩ-am-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v

Biz-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠v, am∏p-sIm-Sp-°m-\pw. c≠m-asØ Iq´¿

\miw hnX-bv°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Z-Im-fn-Iƒ. \in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ah¿°v

km[y-a-√.'' F∂v Iq´p-Im-cn-bmb joe ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Ieym-Wn-°p- n-bpsS

aS-ßn-h-chv F√m-h-cp-tSbpw ZmºXy Pohn-XsØ Xmdp-am-dm°n F∂

t_m[-Øn¬ \n∂mWv CXv ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

Cu Xmdp-am-dm-°¬ joe-bpsS `¿Øm-hns‚ s]m≈-Øcw Xpd-∂p-

Im- p-∂-tXm, kp[m-I-cs‚ mcy-bn¬\n∂v aIsf Xń-∏-dn-°m≥ ian-°p-

∂tXm BWv. "`¿Ømhns‚' s]m≈-Ø-c-Ø-ctØbpw AΩ F∂

sshIm-cnI bp-‡n-tbbpw s]mfn-°m-\p≈ iaw Chn-sS-bp-≠v. Cu

s]mfn-°¬ ]pcp-j-tI-µn-X-amb apX-em-fnØ hyhÿ e£yw hbv°p∂

hn]-Wn-bm-Ym¿∞y-Øn-te-°p≈ ]em-b-\-amWv F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠v CXv

kvXohn-cp-≤hpw ssPhnI ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Pohs\ \in-

∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AXv ]IrXn hncp-≤-hp-am-Ip-∂p. Ieym-Wn-°pń ]d-

bp∂p:

""Fs‚ K¿ -]mXw Aip-≤-am-sb∂ Hcp tXm∂¬ Fs∂ Ae- p-

∂p. kp[m-I-cs\ Rms\m-cn-°epw _lp-am-\n-®n- n-√. Abm-sf-t∏m-ep≈

Hcp km[m-cW a\p-jys‚ Ip™ns\ Rm≥ ]Øp-amkw Fs‚ ico-c-

Øn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°n-√. Abm-fpsS Ip™ns\ Rm≥ Hcn-°epw ]k-

hn-°n-√. Ahƒ ]d™p...'' ]ns∂ BcpsS Ip™ns\bmWv ]k-hn-

°m≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂v joe tNmZn-°p-∂p. ""\ns‚ Ipńsb amXta

F\n°v ]k-hn-°m≥ BK-l-ap≈q, Ahƒ KZvKZtØmsS ]d™p''

ChnsS ip≤n, km[m-cWw F∂o Iev]-\-Iƒ ^yqU¬˛ apX-em-

fnØ kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ DXv]-∂-am-Wv. ]pcp-j≥ AYhm km[m-c-W-°m-

c≥ Aip-≤-am-sW∂v hcp-∂Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv. ChnsS ip≤n-

bp-≈-h\pw Akm-[m-c-W-°m-c\pw Bsc∂ tNmZyw kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw

Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂p. AXv apX-em-fnØ hyh-ÿ-bv°p-≈nse ]pcp-j-\m-Wv.

ssPhnI bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ Xncn-®-dn-hn-\p-]-Icw Ieym-Wn-°p- nsb \bn-

a\p-jy-t‚bpw ]Ir-Xn-bp-tSbpw DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-ß-fpsS Xpe-

\-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-sW-∂p-h-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv imizX-amb Pohn-X-\n-e-hm-c-

Øns‚ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬.

Ft°m-s -an-\n-Ãmb sFdo≥ Ub-a¨ ]mcn-ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Z-

Øns‚ ]cn-k-c-Øp\n-∂p-sIm≠v P\-s∏-cp-∏sØ ]cn-K-W-bn-se-Sp-°p-

∂p. IpSpw-_m-kq-XWw \S-∏m-°n-b-t∏mƒ aq∂mw-temI cmjvS-ß-fn¬

Cd-°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏´ K¿ -\n-tcm-[\ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]eXpw kvXoI-fpsS

Btcm-KysØ lm\n-I-c-ambn _m[n®p F∂v Ah¿ \nco-£n-°p-∂p. Cd-

°p-a-Xn-sN-ø-s∏´ K¿ -\n-tcm-[\ D]m-[n-Iƒ ]m›mXy cmPy-ß-fn¬ \ntcm-

[n-°-s∏- -Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Is≠-Øp-∂Xv ]n∂o-Sm-Wv. `qW-am-‰-w e£y-

an- p-sIm≠v kvXo ico-c-ßsf ]co-£-W-h-kvXp-hm°n am‰p-∂Xpw K¿`

]cn-tim-[\ \SØn s]¨`q-W-ßsf \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-sa√mw

kvXoIƒ°p-ta-ep≈ BI-a-W-ß-fmbn Ah¿ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. CXv

kvXoI-fpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Isf C√m-Xm°n ]pcpj A[n-\n-th-i-Øn\v IqSp-

X¬ Icp-Øp-]-I-cp-∂-Xmbn amdn. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-¬ ssewKnI

kzmX¥yw F∂ kw⁄sb sFdo≥ Ub-a¨ ]cn-tim-[-\-bvs°-Sp-

°p-∂p. Hcp kvXo°v Ipń-th-W-sa∂Xpt]m-se-Xs∂ AXv ths≠-∂p-

h-bv°m-\p-ap≈ kzmX-¥y-am-Wn-Xv. P\-s∏-cp∏w \nb-¥n-°-s∏´ kaq-

l-Øn¬ kvXoIƒ°v Xpey ]cn-c-£bpw Xpey-\o-Xnbpw e`n°pw F∂

Nn¥-bmWv CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\w. ]mtZ-in-I-amb tkmX- p-Isf D]-

tbmK-s∏-SpØn ssZ\w-Zn-\m-h-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰m-sa∂pw, Cu kaq-l-Øn¬

F√m h¿K-Øn-epw- ]mb-Ønepws]´ kvXo ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v Xpey sXmgn-

e-h-k-chpw Xpey-th-X-\hpw Dd-∏m-°msa∂pw AXn-eqsS \ne-\n¬∏p≈

kaqlw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øm-sa∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ as‰√m sân-\nÃv ]ÿm-\-ß-sf-bpw-t]mse tkmjy-

enÃv Ft°m-s -an-\n-khpw kvXoI-fpsS Btcm-Ky-Øn-\p-t\-sc-bp≈

IS-∂m-I-a-W-ßsf FXn¿°p-∂p. ssewKn-Im-tcm-Ky-Øn-\p- o-j-Wn-bm-

Ip∂ cmk-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hym]-\sØ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v kvXoI-fpsS

ssewKn-I-Xsb hn]-Wn-h¬°-cn-°p∂ ]pcpj A[n-\n-th-iØns\-Xnsc

s]mcp-Xp-∂Xv ico-c-sa∂ kq£va-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øp-I-S∂v kaqlw

F∂ ÿqe-Øn-te-°v Cdßn \S-°m-\m-Wv.

am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS "Nµ-\-a-c-ßƒ' F∂ IrXn-bnse Ieym-Wn-°pń

ssewKnI kzmX¥yw A\p- -hn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw apX-em-fnØ ]pcp-jm-

[n-]Xy Bi-b-Øn-t\mSv tN¿∂v kaqlw F∂ ÿqe-Øn-te-°n-d-ßmsX

ico-c-sa∂ kq£va-Øn-te°v Npcp-ßp-I-bm-Wv. CXv Htc kabw DXv]m-

Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ ]In-b-Iƒ°v FXn-cm-Wv. ico-c-tI-µn-X-amb XmXv]-



59

tcmlnWn `qW-lXy \SØn \mK-cn-I-amb [\nI IpSpw-_-Øn-te°v

kzmwio-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ssPhnI ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\w \ne-bv°p-I-bm-Wv.

Hcp Ip™n-\p-th≠n tcmln-Wnbpw ¿Ømhpw Aº-e-ßƒtXmdpw k©-

cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ ChnsS Ip™n¬ Ah¿ ]-Xo-£-b¿∏n-°p-∂Xv

hkvXp-°-fp-tSbpw sIń-S-ß-fp-tSbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb-bm-Wv. AXn-\-

∏p-d-ap-s≈mcp ssPhn-I-amb DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ km[yX C√m-

Xm-hp-I-bm-Wv. Ch-cpsS ssewKn-I-_‘w t]mepw bm¥n-I-am-Wv. HSp-

hn¬ Ahsf Iqen°v Bsf-h®v sIm√p-I-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv DXv]m-Z-\-

tØm-S-Sp-Øp-\n¬°p∂ Kmao-W-X-bn¬\n∂v kzwio-I-cn®v ]p\-cp-Xv]m-

Z\ tijn-bn-√mØ \K-c-Øn¬ sIm≠p-\n¿Øn \in-∏n-°p∂ hmWn-Py-

Xm-Xv]-cy-Øns‚ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-embn tcmlnWn amdp-∂p.

\mK-cn-I-X-bpsS k¿h-am\ amen-\y-ßfpw sIm≠p-h-∂p-X-≈nb

tIm°m-©n-d-bnse Hcp-Iq´w a\p-jy-cpsS PohnXw Hcp ka-c-ambn amdp-

∂Xv Cu kml-N-cy-Øn-em-Wv \Ωƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv. kmdm-tPm-k- ns‚

"Bem-l-bpsS s]ä-°ƒ' Pohn-XsØ (s]¨Po-hn-XsØ) Xncn-®p-

]n-Sn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂Xpw AXn-\p-aosX ]®-∏ns‚ XW¬hn-cn®v Aa-c-

h-≈n-Iƒ ]S¿∂v Ib-dp-∂Xpw \Ωƒ ImWp-∂p. ""B\n-bpsS hoSpw

Ccp- n¬ apßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aa-c-∏-¥-ens‚ tNmń¬ AΩm-

Ωbpw Ahfpw Xf¿∂n-cp-∂p. an≠m≥ ]‰m-sX, A\-ßm≥ ]‰m-sX.''

Cu Aa-c-∏-¥¬ cmXn-I-fnepw Ch¿°v A -b-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aa-c-∏-¥-en-

\p-Np-h- n-en-cp-∂p-sIm-≠mWv B\n ap´p-Im-en-t∑¬ c≠p-ssIbpw IpØn

Ip\n-™n-cp∂v Npa-bv°p-∂-Xpw. sIm®p-i‡n apgp-h-\p-sa-SpØv tNmc-

bn¬ sImgpØ Hcp I -°´ Xp∏p-∂-Xpw.

kvXobpsS ssPhn-I-amb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-\p-t\-tc-bp≈ oj-Wn-

bmbn \Ω-fnXv Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. adn-b-t©-S-Øn-bpsS aqØ aI≥ B\n-

bpsS P\-\-Øn\v hgn-h-®-tijw \mSp-hn- p. as‰mcp aI-\mb Ipń-∏m-

∏\m-hs´ kz¥-ambn Fgp-t∂‰v \S-°m≥]-‰mØ hn[w tcmKn-bm-bn. aIƒ

Ip™ne amdm-tcm-Knsb hnhm-lw-I-gn®v ]Xn-\©mw hb- n¬ hn[-h-

bm-bn. G‰hpw HSp-hn-esØ IÆn B\n ]Xyp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\v ]mb-sa-

Øp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv tcmKn-bm-bn. ChnsS Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\

km[yX C√m-Xm-hp-I-bm-Wv.

Iogmf ÿe-cmin F∂ \ne-bn-emWv tIm°m-©-dsb s]mXp-k-aq-

l-Øn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv. Ipgn-am-S-ß-fp-sS-tase IpSn-h-bvt°-≠n-

h∂ P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ I¿Xr-Xz-amWv Hcp `q]tZ-i-sa∂ \ne-bn¬

tIm°-©-dsb \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv. Ipgn-°p-∂n-S-sa√mw Aÿn-Iq-S-ßfpw Xe-

tbm- n-I-fpw. Dudn-bn-d-ßp-∂Xv IpSn-sh-≈-Øn-\p-]-Icw a\p-jys‚ amwk-

°p-∂Xv sshIm-cnI bp‡n-bm-Wv. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv apX-em-fn-Øhpw

sNøp-∂-Xv. Ncn-X-]-c-amb bmYm¿∞y-ßfpsS-ta¬ sshIm-cn-I-amb mh-

\sb AXv h®p-sI- p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Ieym-Wn-°p- n-bpsS ]¶m-fn-

ØsØ \ntj[n®p-sIm≠v Ip™v kp[m-I-c-t‚Xp amX-am-sW∂v ]d-

bp-∂-Xv. Cusbmcp Bibw ]pcpjm[n-]-Xy-sØ-b√ adn®v ]pcp-j-s\-

bmWv FXn¿°p-∂-Xv. ]IrXn/a\p-jy≥, kvXo/]pcp-j≥ F∂o hncp≤

Bi-b-ßƒ IqSn-t®¿∂p-sIm-≠mWv kaq-l-Øn¬ ]ptcm-K-a\w D≠m-

bn-´p-≈-Xv. adn-s®mcp bp‡n ASn-t®¬∏n-°p-∂-Xv kaq-l-Øns‚

apt∂m°w ]m®n-en-\√ ]nt∂m°w adn-b-en-\mWv D]-I-cn-°p-I. AXm-

bXv BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ Aß-s\-X-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw ImSmb

]IrXn ImSm-bn-Øs∂ \ne-\n¬°-W-sa∂pw ]dbpw t]mse-bm-Wv.

CXv ip≤ ]Ir-Xn-hm-Z-am-Wv. ImSns\ CW-°n a\p-jy≥ qan-bn¬ \ne-

\n¬∏v km[y-am°nbXpw ]mIr-X-\mb a\p-jy≥ ]cn-jvIr-X-\m-bXpw

]mtS hnkva-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ H∂v.

]pcpj apX-em-fnØ hyhkv-YnXn Ahs‚ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-°p-

∂Xv iXp-]-£-Øns‚ ]oXn ]nSn-®p-]-‰n-s°m-≠m-Wv. ]oXn F∂

sshIm-cnI bp‡n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v F√m-Øn-t\bpw Xs‚ A[o-\-X-

bn-em-°p-∂p. am[-hn-°p-ń-bpsS Xs∂ tcmlnWn F∂ IrXn-bn¬

tcmlnWn Xs‚ ¿Øm-hn-te°v kzmwio-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cusbm-c¿∞-

Øn-em-Wv. sXmen Idp-Ø-hfpw Kmam-¥-co-£-Øn¬ P\n-®-h-fp-amb

tcmlnWn ]W-°m-cs‚ Pohn-X-k-Jn-bmbn hcp-∂Xv Xs‚ H∏-ap-≈-h-

cn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-bm-Im\pw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ ta¬ss° t\Sm-\p-am-

Wv. CXv km[n-s®-Sp-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw \mK-cn-I-amb [\nI IpSpw-_-Øn¬

IpSpw-_-Øns‚ ta¬ss° Duń-bp-d-∏n-°m-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-w amX-amWv

tcmln-Wn. ¿Øm-hns‚ AΩ-bp-ambn Xpe-\w-sNbvXv tcmlnWn c≠mw-

X-c-°m-cn-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-®p-sIm≠v ta¬t°mbva Dd-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-I

-bm-Wv.

""\nß-fpsS acp-a-Iƒ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-bm-bn-cn-°mw. \nß-fpsS ]IpXn

\nd-an√ Ahƒ°v'' F∂p ]d-bp∂ _‘p-°-fpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ A`n-c-

an-°p∂ AΩm-bn-tb-bmWv \ap°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I. Cusbmcp ico-c-

tI-µn-X-amb hmWnPy XmXv]-cy-Øn-te-°mWv tcmln-Wnsb am‰n-sb-Sp-

°p-∂-Xv. Ah-ƒ ico-c-ku-µ-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ t_m[-h-Xn-bm-Ip-

∂Xpw Cu kuµcyw ]Z¿in-∏n®v ssUhsd aØp-]n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Aß-

s\-bm-Wv.

DXv]m-Z\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z\ km[y-X-Iƒ ]mtS \in® IpSpw-_-Øn-

te-°mWv Ah-fpsS IpSn-tb-‰w. ImapIs‚ _oPw hln®v K¿`n-Wn-bmb



61

]mgv ac-am-bn-cp∂p Cń. Po¿W-X-bpsS hnf-dnb shfp-∏p-\ndw sIm≠v

Abmƒ Ae-¶-cn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Abmƒ°v hb v \m¬∏-Xv Ign-™p.

acn°pw apºv Abmƒs°mcp s]Æns\ Adn-b-Ww. AXn-\p-th≠n Cń-

bpsS A∏≥ Hcp-]mSv NnI-™p.''

apX-em-fnØ a\- nse XmXvIm-en-I-amb emt`— Xncn-®-dn-bmsX

kºØv F∂ hymtam-l-Øn-te°v Ip™ne kzmwio-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-

Wv. Cusbmcp k‘n-sN-ø-en\v hgn-h-®Xv ]nXr-tI-µn-X-amb ]pcpj

A[n-Im-c-am-Wv. Ip™n-e-bpsS A—≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. hnhmlw \S-∂p.

apX-em-fnØ A[n-\n-th-isØ t\cn-Sm≥ tijn-bn-√Ø kml-N-cy-Øn¬

AXns‚ \nc-¥-c-amb ASn-®-a¿Ø-en¬\n∂v tamN\w e£y-am°n B

hyh-ÿ-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-≥ shºp∂ ]pcpj a\- mWv ChnsS

]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. AXv s]Æns‚ DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb

kao-]-\-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-Wv.

Ipń-∏m-∏s\ (]m©nsb) K¿`w-[-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv amen-\y-°q-ºm-c-

amb tIm°m-©-d-bn-te°v adn-b-t©-SØn IpSn-tb-dn-b-Xv. Ahn-SpsØ

hnj-en-]vX-amb ]Ir-Xnsb am‰n-sb-SpØv ]m©nsb s]‰p. tcmKm-Xp-c-

amb aÆn¬ tcmKm-Wp-°-tfbpw hln-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ipń-∏m-∏≥ ]nd-∂-

Xv. ]n∂oSv \mK-cn-I-amb apX-em-fn-Ø kaq-l-Øns‚ Cc-bmbn Ipń-∏m-

∏≥ amdp-∂p. CXns\-Xnsc kacw ]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠mWv AΩm-Ω-bpsS

H® CSn-sh- p-t]mse ISp-∏-ap-≈-Xm-bXpw Im‰ns\ hne-°m≥ ISpØ

apJ-tØmsS ssIIƒ hnS¿Øn FWo-‰-Xpw.

ssPhn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb DXv]m-Z\ ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-ß-fpsS

taep≈ A[n-\n-th-isØ adn-b-t©-SØn sNdp-°p-∂Xv uXnI km∂n

[yw F∂ \ne-bn¬ amX-a-√. `mjm-]-c-amb Hcp Iem-]-Øn-\p-IqSn

tIm°m-©-d-bnse s]Æp-ßƒ Xncn-sIm-fp-Øp-∂p. Ah-cpsS mj Ah¿

\n¿Ωn-s®SpØ tIm°-©d F∂ ÿe-cm-in-°p-≈n¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-

Sp∂ mj-bm-Wv. \K-c-hm-kn-I-fpsS mj-tb-°m-ƒ, ]pcp-j≥am-cpsS mj-

tb-°mƒ Ch-cpsS mj-bmWv tIm°m-©-d-bn¬ Db¿∂p-tIƒ°p-∂-Xv.

I‰m¿ Iq..........-g-en-bmtf

s]‰p-hm.............-f¿Øo-bΩm

Np‰p-ao..............-cn°pw sP\w

Ip‰w Iq...........-d-hp- I-≠m¬

s]‰ am...........-Xm-hn-s\-t∏m¬

Ip‰w s]m...............-dp-Øn-tSWw

F∂n-ßs\ Nnø-Ω-bpsS Ieym-W-Øn\v s]Æp-ßƒ Acn tNdp-tºmƒ

hf-™n-cp∂v ]mSp-∂p-≠v. H∂n\pw ta¬ss° t\SmsX ]c-kv]cw ssIam-

ap-cp-Inb s\øv. ChnsS IpSn-h®v ]m¿°m≥ X°-h-Æw qansb Hcp-°n-

sb-Sp-ØXv s]Æp-ß-fpsS Iq -am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv tIm°m-©-dsb

"sImSn-®n-b-ßmSn' F∂v ]pdw-temIw hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. ""Aßm-Sn-bpsS HØ

\Sp-hn¬ c≠p-h-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn F´p-ap-dn, Bdp-ap-dn, \mep-ap-dn, XpS-ßnb

sse≥ ap-dn-I-fmWv. sse≥ apdn-I-f-ßs\ hnßn-s∏mń apJ-tØm-Sp-apJw

t\m°n \n¬°p-∂p. s]s -s∂mcp \nan-j-Øn¬ Nodn sXdn-°p-∂-Xp-

t]mse Ccp-h-isØ sse≥ap-dn-I-fn¬\n∂v s]Æp-ßƒ ]m™p-h∂v

hgn-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ G‰p-ap- pw. ssIb-Sn®pw sXdn-hn-fn®pw apSn ]nSn®v

hen®pw ap≠p-s]m-°n-°m- nbpw s]Æp-ßƒ cmhpw ]I-ep-an-√msX hg-

°n- p-t]m-∂p. i_vZ-am-bn-cp∂p ][m\ Bbp-[w. G‰hpw D®-Øn¬ ]d-

bp-∂-hƒ Pbn-®p.'' ]pcp-j≥am¿ _oUn-h-en®pw temI-sØ-¥p-\-S-°p-

∂p-sh∂v Adn-bmsX aZy-]n®v InS∂v ab-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂n-S-ØmWv

kvXoIƒ ]pd-Øn-dßn i_vZn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu i_vZw AXyp-®-Øn¬ apg-

ßn-t°ƒ°p-tºm-gmWv tIm°-©-dsb kvXobpsS I¿Xr-Xz-ambn Xncn-

®-dn-bp-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS i_vZ km∂n-[y-Øn\v kwL¿j-Øn-t‚-X-√, kwhm-

Z-Øns‚ Xe-am-Wp-≈-Xv; hncp≤ Bi-b-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ kwhm-Zw. AXp-

sIm-≠mWv D®-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-hƒ°v hnPbw ssIh-cn-°m-\m-hp-∂-Xv.

kz¥w I¿Xr-Xz-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb s]mXp-C-S-Øn¬ s]Æv ÿm]n-

s®-Sp-°p∂ B[n-]Xyw apX-em-fn-Ø \mK-cnI kaq-lsØ Akz-ÿ-

am-°p-∂p. Cu Akz-ÿX D≈n¬ kq£n-®p-sIm-≠mWv tIm°m-©-

dsb sImSn-®n-b-ßm-Sn-sb∂v hnfn-°p-Ibpw sImSn-®n-b-ßm-Sn-bnse ]pXnb

Xe-ap-d-bn¬s∏´ B\nsb shdp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv. kvIqfnse A[ym-

]n-I-am¿ B\nsb sXmSm≥ Ad-bv°p-∂Xpw Ah-fpsS I™n-∏m-XsØ

Zqtc°v Xń-°-f-bp-∂Xpw tIm°m-©-d-bnse s]ï‡n apX-em-fn-Ø˛

]pcpj A[o-i-XzsØ ]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. B\n-bpsS A∏m-

∏s\ t\m°msX sIń-∏-dp°n tIm°m-©-d-bn-seØn ÿe-cmin \n¿an-

s®-SpØ AΩmΩ CXns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bm-Wv. Acn-hn-X-cWw \ntcm-[n-°-

s∏´ ImeØv I∏-°n-gßv thIn®v Ip™p-ßsf Du´p∂ adn-b-t©-S-

Øn-bpsS sIm®p-a-I-fmb B\n ÿe-Øns‚ t]cp-am-‰-W-sa∂ taml-

Øn¬\n∂v ]n¥n-cn-bp-∂Xv AΩm-Ω-bpsS ]Xn-tcm-[-Øns‚ i‡n Xncn-

®-dn-™XpsIm≠m-Wv.

Xe-ap-d-I-fpsS ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\v ]mIr-Xn-I-amb LS-I-ß-ƒ XS-

-am-Ip-tºmƒXs∂ apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-tØmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\p≈

iahpw Cusbmcp ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ km[yXsb \in-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

Ip™n-e-bpsS Pohn-XsØ \Ωƒ Aß-s\-bmWv Adn-bp-∂-Xv.

""Ip™n-esb sI´p-tºmƒXs∂ D≈p-ap-gp-h≥ ]qX-en-®p-I-gn™ Hcp



63

Agp-°p-ap-gp-h≥ Ae-°n-sh-fn∏n-°p∂ eqkn-sb-bmWv \Ωƒ ImWp-

∂-Xv. IpSpw_w F∂ kpc-£n-X-amb ÿe-cm-in°p ]pd-Øp-I-S-∂p-sIm-

≠mWv Ahƒ AXv km[y-am-°p-∂-Xv.

"kpc-£n-XXzw' F∂ ]Z-Øm¬ ]pcp-j-t\bpw DXv]m-Z-\˛ ]p\-cp-

Xv]m-Z-\-tØbpw \ntcm-[n-®p-sIm≠v _nPnØ F∂ kvXo eqkn-bpsS

Pohn-X-Øn¬ Xo¿Ø AXn¿h-c-ºp-Isf t`Zn-®p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ac-

W-tijw eqkn hoSp-hn v ]pd-tØ-°n-d-ßp-∂p.

""eqtky''

kz¥w Agp-°p-Iƒ t]dn, \n -lm-b-cmb a\p-jy¿ Ic-bn¬\n∂v

hnfn-°p∂p

""sIm≠m'' sh≈-Øn¬\n∂v eqkn ssI \o´p-∂p. ChnsS sh≈w

]mIr-XnI LS-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Poh≥ \¬Ip-∂Xpw Pohn-XsØ Icp-

∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. amen-\y-ßsf Aen-bn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠m-sW-¶n¬

Aß-s\.

Cu sh≈sØ sIń-\n¿Øm-sa∂pw i‡n-bmbn Xmtg-bvs°m-gp°n

Du¿÷-ap-≠m-°m-sa∂pw Cu Du¿÷sØ ]Im-i-am°n hn¬°m-sa∂pw

Aßs\ IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ em -ap-≠m-°m-sa∂pw apX-em-fnØ a\ v

IW-°p-Iq- n. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ap°n\p ap°n\v AW-s°- p-Iƒ sIń-

s∏m-°n-b-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS AanX NqjWw hn -h-tkm-X- p-Isf iq\y-

am-°p-sa∂v Adn-™p-sIm-≠mWv kmdm-tPm-k^v "sj¬´¿' F∂

t\mh¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.

""Hcn-°epw Idh h‰mØ ]ip-hmWv ]IrXn F∂ hmZ-tØmSv Rm≥

hntbm-Pn-°p-∂p. Id-s∂-Sp-°p-t¥mdpw Npc-Øn-Ø-cp∂ Ima-t[-\p-hmWv

]IrXn F∂ hmZsØ Rm≥ JWvUn-°p-∂p. FSp-°p-t¥mdpw Xocp-I-

X-s∂-bm-Wv. FSp-°p-∂-sX√mw XncnsI ht® ]‰q..'' At∏- ≥ ]d-bp-

∂p. ]Ir-Xnsb \in-∏n-°p-I-b√ a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n ]tbm-P-

\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-sX∂v ]d-bp∂ At∏- ≥ sshZyp-Xn-bp-Xv]m-

Zn-∏n-°m≥ Xm≥ I≠p-]n-Sn® ]≤-Xn°v "tcWp ]h¿' F∂mWv t]cn- -

Xv. tcWp At∏- s‚ mcy-bm-Wv.

tcWp-]-h¿ F∂ ]≤-Xn-bn¬ ]Ir-Xn-bpsS km∂n[yw Dd-∏m-°n-s°m-

≠mWv ]ptcm-KXnsb°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv ]mIr-Xn-I-amb Awi-

Øn\v bmsXmcp tIm´hpw hcp-Øp-∂n-√.

""Im‰n¬\n∂v sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m°mw

kqcy-\n¬\n∂v sshZyp-Xn-bp-≠m°mw

Im‰n\pw shbn-en\pw Bcpw AW-sI- p-∂n√

Im‰p-t]m-Ip∂ hgntb Hcp Im‰mSn b¥w

‰w-sN-ø-s∏-Sp∂ Cu mj-bn¬ Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ \S-°p-Ibpw IqSp-X¬

IqSp-X¬ Xe-ß-fn-te°v Cu mj ]S¿∂v Ib-dp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]mcn-

ÿn-XnI kvXohm-Z-sa-∂-t]mse ]mcn-ÿn-XnI `mjbpw kaql a[y-

Øn¬ CSw-tX-Sp-∂p. Ip™p-ßsf ]k-hn-°p-Ibpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw

Ah¿°p-th≠n £an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp henb kaq-l-Øns‚ mj-

bmbn AXv amdp-∂p.

GXv \´p® shbn¬ IØp-tºmgpw "HX-∏v' F∂ t\mh-en-se-

am¿KeoØ-bpsS hoń-te-°p≈ hgn-bn¬ XWp-∏m-bn-cn°pw. tNme-a-c-

ßƒ, sXßp-Iƒ, Ihp-ßp-Iƒ, hen-b-h-enb hoSp-Iƒ, ]qt¥m- -ßƒ,

Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw \nd™ Nfn-h-gn. am¿K-eo-Ø-bpsS A∏≥ ]d-™Xv

kz¿K-Øn-te-°p≈ "CSp-ßnb ]mX' CXm-sW-∂m-Wv. A∂v hgn-bpsS

CS-Xp-h-iØv \nc-∂p-In-S-°p∂ hb-ep-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hb-ep-I-fpsS \Sp-

hn-eqsS \nd-™p-ap‰n Hcp ssItØm-sSm-gp-In-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv

kz¿K-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn ka-\n-c-∏mb Sm¿]mX-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v hcp-

∂Xpw am¿K-eoØ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. ]mIr-Xn-I-amb kuµcy Z¿i\w

\mK-cn-I-amb BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-WØnte°v Nph-Sp-am-‰p-∂Xv Chn-sS-bm-

Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv ap≠p-]m-e-Øn-\-Sn-bn-eqsS sh≈-sam-gp-Ip-∂Xv aI-

\mb \mWp-hns\ ImWn-°m≥ am¿K-eo-Øbv°v Ign-bm-sX-t]m-b-Xv.

Smdp-t]mse Idp-Øp-Ip-dp-Inb aen-\-Pew sNdp Ipgn-I-fn¬ sIń-°n-

S-°p-∂-Xpw, AXn-\p-aotX e£w sImXp-Ip-I-fpsS hmkw Dd-∏n-®p-sIm≠v

N∏pw Nhdpw sIm≠p-h∂v hen-s®-dn-bp∂ ÿe-ambn tXmSv amdn-bXpw

\Sp-°-tØm-sS-bmWv am¿K-eoØ ImWp-∂-Xv. Cu \m-isØ ]pcpj

apX-em-fnØ hyhÿ-bv°p≈n¬ kvXobpw ]Ir-Xnbpw A\y-am-°-s∏-

Sp-∂-Xns‚ òXn-bp-ambn kmdm-tPm-k^v _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. AΩsb

ImWm≥ A\p-h-Zn-°msX ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ am¿K-eo-Øsb hoń¬\n∂v

Cd-°n-hn-Sp-∂-Xn\v Cusbmcp Xe-ap-≠v. ]p-Xnb aXn¬sI- n-Øn-cn®v tab¿

tPm¨ NÆ-bpsS t]cp-]-Xn-∏n®v ho´p-h-f-∏ns‚ apgp-h≥ A[n-Im-chpw

]pcp-j≥ Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p-∂Xv \io-I-cW ]hr-Øn-bn-eq-sS-bm-sW∂v

Ahƒ Adp-bp-∂p. B ]gb ho´p-ap-‰-Øn-t∏mƒ IØp∂ ]c∂ shbn-

em-Wv. XWtem XWpt∏m \ngtem C√. ]pcm-X-\-amb AΩ amhv apdn®v

am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ap‰w aÆn v \nI-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. am¿K-eo-Ø-bpsS Nßm-

Xn-°-√p-Iƒ aqSn-t∏m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cusbmcp ImgvN-bn-te°v Ahƒ \S-

s∂-Øp-∂-Xv, BWp-ßƒ IpØn-a-dn-™, BWp-ß-fpsS amX-amb

tXmń¬ amen\yw \nd-bp-∂Xv I≠p-sIm-≠m-Wv. Chn-sS-bmWv ]pcpj

A[n-\n-thiw kvXos°-∂-t]mse ]Ir-Xn-s°-Xn-tcbpw Xncn-bp-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ am‰mØn F∂ t\mh-en¬ sh≈-Øn-en-d-ßn-\n∂v temIsØ



65

am\-hn-I-X-bpsS

k¶o¿Ø\-ßƒ

hn.-bp. kptc-µ≥

B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Ac-tß-‰-Øn-\p-tijw IqSp-

X¬ Xoh-amb kmaq-ln-I-cm-„obZ¿i-\hpw hnπ-

h-t_m-[hpw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-hm≥

XpS-ßnb Ime-ØmWv sshim-Js‚ IYm-c-N\ Bcw-

`n-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Xoh-hm-Z-cm-„ob ]Xy-b-im-

kvXtam AXns‚ cN-\m-k-t¶-X-tam sshim-Js‚

cN-\-Isf kzo[o-\n-®n-cp-∂n-√. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS CSn-

ap-g°-ßƒ ae-bm-f-km-ln-XysØ ]nSn-®p-e® 1960- -

I-fn¬ Xs∂ IYm-cw-KØv ]th-in® Fgp-Øp-Im-c-

\mWv sshim-J≥. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS NXn-°p-gn-Isf

Xncn-®-dn™ At±-l-Øn\v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS

cm„ob Pohn-X-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-tfmSpw ISpØ hntbm-Pn-

∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cq]-ssh-Nn-Xy-

tØbpw 1970- -I-fnse Xoh-hmZcm„ob \ne-]m-Sp-

I-sfbpw Hcpt-]mse \ncm-I-cn® At±lw kn.-hn.-io-

cm-a≥, ap≠q¿ IrjvW≥ Ipń F∂n-h-sc-t∏mse

XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb hgn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn®v

Xt‚-Xm-sbmcp IYm-]-]©w kr„n-s®-Sp-Øp. a\p-

shbn¬ t]mIp∂ hgntb Hcp tkmfm¿ ]m\¬

sh≈sØ amXw F¥n\v ]nSn-®vsI- -Ww..? At∏- ≥ tNmZn-®p.

Aßs\ tcWp-]-h¿ D≠mbn''. apX-em-fnØØns‚ Itºm-f-h-XvI-cW

\b-Øn-s\-Xsc i_vZn-®p-sIm-≠pw, a\p-jy-t\bpw ]Ir-Xn-tbbpw Iqń-

bn-W-°n-s°m≠pw ]pcpj tIµnX kaq-l-Øn¬ Ahs‚ B[n-]-

XysØ C√m-Xm°n Xpey-\o-Xn-bp-≈ kaq-lsØ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-I-

bmWv tkmjy-enÃv Ft°m sân-\nkw e£y-anSp-∂-Xv. apX-em-

fnØØns‚ hn]Wn X¥-ßsf Xncn-®-dn™v Xpey-\o-Xn-°p-th≠n

]b-Xv\n-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv am[-hn-°p- n-bp-tSbpw kmdm-tPm-

k- n-s‚bpw CS-s]-S-ep-Isf \Ωƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.

Ipdn∏v

1) am[-hn-°p- n-bpsS t\mh-√-Iƒ, am[-hn-°p- n, Un kn _pIvkv tIm -bw.

2007

2) Bem-l-bpsS s]ä-°ƒ, kmdm tPmk-^v, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿,

1999

3) HX∏v, kmdm tPmk- v, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2005

4) am‰m-Øn, kmdm tPmk- v, Id‚ v _pIvkv, Xriq¿, 2003

5) sj¬´¿, ae-bmf at\m-ca hm¿jn-I-∏-Xn∏v , 2008

6) lcn-X-\n-cq-]Ww ae-bm-f-Øn¬,(F-Un-‰¿) Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥ Id‚ v _pIvkv,

Xriq¿, 2002

7) `mhp-IXzw 21- mw \q‰m-≠n¬, Pn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥, Un kn _pIvkv tIm -bw.

2006

8) Radical ecology: The search for a living world, Caralyn Merchant, Routledge 1992

9) The time of ecofeminism,Eubonne francoise, (Translation) Caralyn Merchant

10) am¿Ivknkhpw Ft°-mf-Pn-bpw, Nn¥, 1980

11) IpSpw-_w, kzIm-cy-kzØv, `c-W-IqSw F∂n-h-bpsS DXv]-Øn-sb-∏-‰n.

Û-dnIv GwK¬kv, t]mK v, tamkvtIm



67

C√m-sX, Xn-I®pw H‰-s∏´ sXmgn¬Po-hn-X-am-bn-cp∂p At±lw A\p- -

hn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. C°mew apgp-h≥ GIm-¥-X-bpsS XS-h-d-I-fn¬ Ign-bp-hm≥

hn[n-°-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p sshim-J≥. F∂m¬ Cu GIm-

¥X X-S-h-d-Isf ka¿-∞-ambn At±lw adn-I-S-°p-∂Xv \n-c-¥-c-amb

hmb-\-bn-ep-sSbpw Fgp-Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ -s]m-≈p∂

bmYm¿∞y-ß-fpsS t\cn-t∏m-Sn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw IY-I-sf-

gp-Xn-b-Xv. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw kmaqlykmwkvIm-cnI ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw

a\p-jy-_-‘-ß-fpsS Bg-ß-fn-te-°n-d-ßn-s®-√m-\p≈ Dƒ°mgvN At±-

l-Øn\p \¬In. a\p-jy--Po-hn-X-Øns‚ Bg-ßfpw k-¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw

ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂-h-bmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.

ZpxJm-\p-`-h-ß-fpsS hnIm-k-tc-J-I-fmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.

F¶nepw ssh-b-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS XS-h-d-I-fn¬ InS∂v Cu IY-Iƒ

\ne-hn-fn-°p-∂n-√. ""sshb-‡n-I-A-h-ÿsb ]]-©-hn-im-e-X-bn-te°v

A[ym-tcm-]n-°m-\p≈ ia-ß-fmWv''2 sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-

Xv. Xs‚ A\p-`-h-Im-gvN-IfpsS kvamc-I-ap-Z-Iƒ ]Xn-™-h-bmWv

sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.

"sNIp-Øm≥ Dd-ßp-∂n√', "\ng¬bp≤w', "h\Pzme', "Kcp-U≥Xq°w'

F∂o IY-Iƒ k¶o¿ÆX-Iƒ \nd™ sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS

tcJm-Nn-X-ß-fm-Wv. ASp-Øp≈ kvIqfn¬ tPmen°p ip]m¿i-bp-ambn

A—-t\m-sSm∏w h∂ bph-Xn-bn¬ IY-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ≥ BIr-„-\m-

bn. Xm≥ ]d-™m¬ B bph-Xn°p sXmgn¬ In´pw. F∂m¬ shdpsX

klm-bn-°-Wtam AXn\p ]Xyp-]-I-c-ambn Ahsf t`mKn-°-Wtam

F∂ Nn¥-bn¬ Abmƒ sh¥p-cp-In. sNIp-Øm≥ mhhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw

XΩn-ep≈ kwL¿jw t\m°p-I. ""CXp ]m]-am-Wv. \n -lm-b-X-sIm≠v

Ahƒ apºn¬ h∂p. Ahƒ°v Fs∂-°p-dn®v F¥p aXn-∏m-bn-cn-°pw.

AXp ]iv\-a-√. Aßs\ Bcpw aXn∏v Iev]n-®-Xp-sIm≠v henb ]tbm-

P-\-sam-∂p-an-√. Hcp D]-Im-chpw shdpsX sNtø-≠-Xm-bn√ ''3. ]nt‰-Zn-

hkw H‰-bv°p-h∂ bph-Xn-tbmSv tPmen- Ip- n-°p-X-s∂, hnjan--t°≠

F∂p ]d-™-t∏mƒ Abm-fpsS Im¬sXm´p h-µn® s]¨Ip- n-bpsS apJ-

—mb am-dp-∂Xp Abmƒ°p ImWm≥ Ign-™p. Ah-fpsS apJØp Nncn-

°p∂ Hcp hr≤-t\bpw ]Xo£ \nd™ IÆp-I-fp-ambn Cf-b-Ip- n-I-

tfbpw ImWm≥ Ign™ DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Ah-tfmSv tXm∂nb Xmev]cyw

Dt]-£n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-\mbn. DZmØ am\-hn-I-X-bpsS aqeym-[n-jvTnX

Pohn-Xm-h-t_m-[hpw Db¿∂ Z¿i-\-hp-amWv DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-sIm≠v

""F∂m¬ Ip´n s]mbvt°mfq'' F∂p ]d-bn-∏n-®-sX∂p ]d-bmw. hyh-

ÿm-]nX kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS kvXo]p-cpj k¶¬∏-ß-sfbpw ssew-

jys‚ ]£-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm≠v ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ km[m-cW a\p-

jy-cpsS ]®-bmb Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßfpw Ah-cpsS -s\m-º-c-ßfpw

Bhn-jvI-cn® IYm-Im-c-\mWv sshim-J≥.

\thm-∞m\ ImYnIcpsS IYm-Jym-\-]m-c-º-cy-amWv sshim-Js‚ IY-

Iƒ°v kq-cy-tim` ]I-cp-∂-Xv. mj-bnepw IYm-Jym-\-co-Xn-bnepw ]co-

£-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ At±lw Xev]-c-\-√. cN-\-sb-°p-dn®v At±lw

Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂Xv t\m°p-I. ""Hcp ]tabw hoWp-In- n-bm¬ ]ns∂ [rXn-

]n-Sn®v AsX-gp-Xp-I-bmWv Fs‚ ]Xn-hv. a\- n¬ hcp∂ mj-bn¬ AXv

FgpXpw. inev]-sØ-°p-dn-s®m∂pw A[nIw DXv°WvT-s∏-Sm-dn√''.1 IYm-

in-ev]-Øns‚ cq]-ku-µ-cysØ°p-dn-®√ \nkz-cmb a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw

]oUn-X-cmb P\-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®mWv

At±lw DXvI-WvT-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv. Hmtcm a\p-jy-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-

Xm--h-ÿ-I-tfm-Sp≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-amWv sshim-Js‚ IY-Iƒ. At±-l-

Øns‚ IY-I-fpsS apJ-ap-Z -kz-—-Xbpw emfn-Xyhpw km[m-c-W-Xz-hp-am-

Wv. CS-Xp-]£ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Xoh-amb am\-hn-

Im-h-t_m[w Cu IYm-]-]-©-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c-bm-Wv. km[m-c-W-a-

\p-jy-cm-Wv, Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-]-iv\-ß-fmWv sshim-J≥ IY-I-fpsS

tIµ-_n-µp.

sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS BJym\w

tImhn-e-s\-t∏mse Xs‚ HutZym-Kn-I-Po-hn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fpsS t\¿Im-

gvN-I-fmWv sshim-Js‚ IY-Iƒ. ]´mf _mc-°p-I-fnse \n -lmb

a\p-jy-cpsS Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-I-fmWv tImhn-e≥ IY-Iƒ F¶n¬ sshim-

Js‚ ]e IY-I-fp-sSbpw _mly-L-S\ sdbn¬-th-tÃ-j-\nse bqWn-

t^m-an´ Poh-\-°m-cp-sSbpw AXn\p Np‰p-ap≈ a\p-jy-cpsSbpw ]-®-bmb

Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ß-fm-Wv. sdbn¬-sh-bnse sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´

hnNnX Imgv-N-I-fm-Wv, A\p- -h-ß-fmWv sshim-Js‚ an° IY-I-fp-

sSbpw tIµ-]-ta-bw. C°m-ew-h-sc Bcpw IY-bn¬ Bhn-jvI-cn-°mØ

]p-Xn-sbmcp A\p- -h-a-fiew sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. U¬-

lu-kn-]- p-hns‚ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ bqWn--t^m-an-\p-≈nse a\p-jy-Zpx-J-

ßƒ, ho¿∏p-ap- -ep-Iƒ, DXv°-WvT-Iƒ, kwL¿j-ßƒ F√mw sshim-

J≥ IY-I-fn¬ Db¿∂p-tIƒ°mw.

sshb-‡n-Im-\p- -h-ß-fpsS kuµ-cym-fl-IX sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn¬

ap√-∏q-hns‚ kpK‘w ]c-Øp-∂p. sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏ v hf-sc-

°mew At±lw B‘, Xan-gv\m-Sv, I¿Æm-SIw XpS-ßnb Z£n-tW-

¥y≥ Kma-ß-fn-ep≈ sdbn¬th tÃ-j-\p-I-fn¬ tPmen sNbvXn- p-≠v.

\K-c-Øns‚ Cc-º-ep-Ifpw kzm¿∞-XIfpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ Xnc-°p-Ifpw



69

hyXy-kvX-cmb At\Iw a\p-jy-cpsS kwK-a-tI-µ-amWv sdbn¬th

πm‰vt^m-dw. thiy-Iƒ, `m¥-∑m¿, t]m°-‰-Sn-°m¿, Npa- p-sXm-gn-em-fn-

Iƒ, n£-°m¿, tcmKn-Iƒ, I®-h-S-°m¿, hnI-emw-K¿, bmX-°m¿ XpS-

ßn-b-h-cpsS Xmh-f-amWv sdbn¬th tÃj≥. Cu hyXn-cn‡ temI-

Øns‚ Pohn-Xm-h-ÿ-Iƒ, thdn´ ImgvN-Iƒ, Np‰p-]m-Sp-ap≈ P\-X-bpsS

ZpxJ-ßƒ, F√mw Fgp-Xp-hm≥ sshim-J\v amXta Ign-bq. πm‰vt^m-

an¬ ÿncw Xma-k-°m-cmb ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏- , Cu kaq-l-Øns‚

A\p- -h-ßƒ ]I¿Øn-bm¬ Xs∂ D÷z-e-ß-fmb IYIƒ cNn-°m≥

Ign-bpw.

sshim-Js‚ ""A-°Øn-se-gp-Xn-bm¬'' F∂ IY sdbn¬th DtZym-

K-ÿs‚ sshb--‡n-Im-\p- hw amX-a-√, AXn\p ]e hmb-\-I-fp-ap-≠v.

sdbn¬th-tÃ-j\p Np‰p-ap≈ Kma-ØnemWv Icnºv Irjn \S-Øp-∂-

Xv. D≠m-°p∂ sh√w ]Ww ISw-sIm-Sp-Ø-h¿°v amXta \¬Imhq

F∂mWv Icm¿. CSbv°v Icn-ºp-Irjn tami-am-bn. Ipd-®p-Iq-Sp-X¬ ]Ww

In´p-sa-∂p-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Zp-cn-X-Øn-em-gp∂ ]f-\n-®man ]´-W-Ønse

thsdmcp I-®-h-S-°m-c\v sh√w cl-ky-ambn sImSpØp aSßn hcptºmƒ

Abmƒ sIme-sN-ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Abm-fpsS a®m≥ amWn-Iy≥ tIkv sImSp-

Øp. HSp-hn¬ hn´p-ho-gvN°p amWn-Iy≥ Xøm-dm-bn. apX-emfn \m¬]-Xn-

\m-bncw cq] \„-]-cn-lm-c-ambn \¬Im-sa-t∂-‰p. A°m-bpsS s\‰n-bnse

Ip¶paw ambv®-Xn\v ]Xn- -e-ambn Adp-]X-n-\m-bncw thW-sa∂v amWn-

Iy≥ hotdmsS hmZn-®p. ]ń-°m- p-Im-c-\m-sW-¶nepw amWn-Iy\v A`n-am-

\-ap-s≠∂v Abmƒ Xd-∏n®p ]d-™p. a\p-jy-s\bpw a\p-jy-_-‘-ßsf

DXv]-∂-ß-fmbn ImWp∂ apX-em-fnØ kaq-l-Øn¬ F¥n-s‚bpw am\-

Zfiw ]W-am-Wv. a\p-jys\ DXv]-∂-am°n hkvXp-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-

tºmƒ a\p-jyXzw hne-t]-im-\p≈ D]-I-cWw IqSn-bm-hp-∂p. a\p-jy-

_-‘-ß-fpsS hmWn-Py-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb i‡-am-sbmcp IY-

bmWv ""A°-Øn-se-gp-Xn-bXv''.

Cu IYbv°v as‰mcp hmb-\-IqSn km[y-am-Wv. sh√q¿ ] -W-Øn-

te°v I®-h-S-Øn\v t]mb ]f-\n-®m-ansb ImWm-Xm-b-tXmsS Abm-fpsS

IpSpw_w h√mØ hnj-am-h-ÿ-bn-embn. `mcy Blmcw Dt]-£n®v

ImØn-cn-∏m-Wv. Ah-cpsS kam-[m-\-Øn-\p-th≠n H∂p -t^m-Wn¬ hnfn®v

At\z-jn-°-W-sa∂v amWn-Iy≥ tÃj≥ amÃ-tdmSv At]-£n-°p-∂p.

AhnsS \n∂v sh√q¿°v t^m¨ sNøm≥ Ign-bn-√. ImSv]mSn PwKvjs\

hnfn-°mt\ I-gnbq. IYm-Ir-Øns‚ Bflmw-i-ap≈ B DtZym-K-ÿ≥

sdbn¬th t^msW-SpØv ImSv]mSn Pw-Kv-j≥ tÃj≥am-Ãsd hnfn®v

At\z-jn-°m≥ A`y¿∞n-®p. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw adp-]Sn h∂p. A\y-cpsS Pohn-

Kn-Im-h-t_m-[-sØbpw Cu DZmØ am\-hn-I-aq-eym-h-t_m[w Ań-adn-

°p∂p. hyh--ÿm-]nX kaqlw At_m-[-a-\- n¬ Dev]mZn∏n-s®-Sp-°p∂

ssew-Kn-I-X-sbbpw kvXo -]p-cp-j--_-‘-ß-sfbpw kw_-‘n® ]mT-ß-

fpsS s\©p-]n-f¿-°p-∂-XmWv ""sNIp-Øm≥ Dd-ßp-∂n√'' F∂ IY.

sNIp-Øm≥ m-h-ßƒ°p-ta¬ am\-hn-I-aq-ey-ß-fpsS hnP-bhpw Hu∂-

Xyhpw hnfw-_cw sNøp-∂-XmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.

sshb-‡n-I-kw-L¿j-ßfpw a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ hn-P-b-Km-Ybpw AS-

bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ as‰mcp IY-bmWv ""\ng¬bp≤w''. Db¿∂ aqey-k-¶¬-

∏-ßƒ Dƒs°m≠p Pohn-°p∂ CXnse sdbn¬th DtZym-K-ÿ≥

\mcßm I®-h-S-°m-cpsS ssI°qen hmßmsX kXy-k-‘-\mbn tPmen

sNøp-∂-h-\m-Wv. BkvX-am-tcm-Kn-bmb tÃj≥ amÃ¿ hfsc kmº-

ØnI sRcp-°-ßƒ A\p- -hn-°p-∂-h-\p-am-Wv. CXn-\nsS Sn°-‰n-√msX

]nSn-°-s∏´ A\m-Y-bmb Hcp bph-Xnsb hnS\mb Sn°‰v Ie-Œ-dn¬

\n∂pw c£s∏-SpØn Xs‚ Izm¿t -gvknse Hcp apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-∏n--°p-

∂p. F¥n\pw Xøm-dmbn \S-°p-∂-h-fmWv bph-Xn. ISpØ Bfl-kw-

L¿j-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ DtZym-K-ÿs‚ a\- n¬ sNIp-Øm≥/a\p-jy- m-h-

ß-fpsS Xo BfnI-Øp-I-bm-Wv. Akz-ÿ-\mb Abm-fpsS Nn¥-Iƒ

]m]-t_m-[-ß-fn-te°v Xe-IpØn hogp-I-bm-Wv. Abm-fpsS kwL¿jm-

fl-I-a-\ v sshim-Js‚ hcn-I-fn¬ hmbn-°pI. ""ap√-∏q-aWw Xncn-®-

dn™p XpS-ßn. knc-I-fn-eqsS elcn Hgp-In. B¿-Øn-tbmsS Ipfn¿°m‰v

B™p-h-ens®-SpØp. Abmƒ Nn¥n-®p. \msf Rm≥ ]m¿k¬°m-cpsS

t\m´p-hm-ßpw. h≠n ]Øp-an-\n´p IqSp-X¬ \n¿Øpw. B ]gb

t¢m°ns‚ apJw Nhn- p-bp-S-bv°pw. hoń¬\n∂pw mtcybpw a°-tfbpw

sIm-≠p-h-cpw. πm‰vt^m-d-Øn¬ InS-∂p-d-ßnb Ipńsb FÆ-tX®v Ipfn-

∏n-°pw. hnd-bv°p∂ ssIIƒ sIm≠v ]pX∏v FSp-Øp-am‰n Fgp-t∂-‰p.

Abmƒ InX-®p-sIm≠v hmXn-en¬ apń''4. hmXn¬ Xpd∂p ]pd-Øp-h∂

bphXn \nßƒs°¥m kpJ-ant√ F∂p tNmZn®v ASp-Øp-X-s∂-bp≈

Sn°‰v Ie-Œ-dpsS hoń-te°v Ib-dn-t∏m-bn.

CØcw am\-hnI aqeym-h-t_m[w DW¿s∂-gp-t∂-ev°p∂ IY-bmWv

""h\-÷zm-e-Iƒ.'' Rm-b-dmgvN Znhkw ag-bØv Izm¿t -gvkn¬ Hcp kvXo

Ib-dn-h-cp-tºmgpw IY-bnse DtZym-K-ÿ≥ A¥x-kw-L¿-a-\p- -hn-°p-∂p.

Bfl-kw-L¿jw-sIm≠-p ho¿∏p-ap- nb DtZym-K-ÿ≥ HSp-hn¬ Hcp IpS-

sb-SpØv kvXo°p \¬In. \ΩpsS kmam-\y-[m-c-W-I-sf-sb√mw Cu

IY-Iƒ Ipgn-®p-aq-Sp-∂p.

am\-hn-I-X-bpsS DZm-Ø-cq-]-ßƒ

sdbn¬sh tÃj≥amÃ¿am¿ At\Iw ImgvN-Iƒ ImWp-∂-h-cm-Wv.



71

Ipfn¿Ωbpw ]im-¥-Xbpw sshim-J≥ IY-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°ptºmƒ

B¿°pw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv. am\-hn-I-X-bpsS k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv

sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ1. sshim-J≥ ˛ ""Po-hn-X-Øns‚ \q¬∏mew'', KŸ-tem-Iw,

e°w tabv 2006 t]Pv 36.

2. tUm. jäp-J≥ ]pem-∏‰ ˛ \n -lm-b-X-bpsS \ne-hn-fn, t]Pv 105

3. sshim-J≥ ˛ sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ, t]Pv 17

4. AtX ]pkvXIw ˛ t]Pv 25.

X-]-iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]- p-sIm≠-v Ah¿°v th≠n sdbn¬th t^m¨

BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn® Bƒ Hcp-]t£ ssh-im-J-\m-bn-cn-°pw. HutZym-

Kn-It^mWpw ku-I-cy-ßfpw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb P\-ßƒ°p th≠n

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ DtZy-K-ÿ¿ C∂p Ipd-hm-Wv. Poh-\-°m-cpsS Bh-iy-

Øn\p th≠n-b√ \mń¬ ]m¿°p∂-h-cpsS Imcy-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv

HutZym-Kn-I-t^m¨ tÃj≥am-Ã¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jyXzw ac-

hn® DtZym-Kÿ Zpjv-]- p-Xz-amWv C∂sØ k¿∆okv taJ-e-bn¬ ImWp-

∂-Xv. k¿-°m¿ Hmô-kns‚ ]Sn Ib-dn-bm¬, bqWn-t^m-d-a-Wn-™m¬,

as‰mcp arKo-b-ap-J-amWv DtZym-K-ÿ-cn¬ km[m-cW ImWp-I. hnt√Pv

Hmôkv apX¬ skI- -dn-tb‰v hsc HutZym-Kn-I-I-tk-c-bn¬ C-cp∂v

\nkzcpw \ncm-ew-_-cp-amb a\p-jy-cpsS t\¿°v Ipc-®p-Nm-Sp∂ DtZym-K-

ÿ¿ Cu \mSns‚ im]-am-Wv. DtZym-Kÿ at\m- m-h-Øn-s\-Xnsc/sNIp-

Øm≥ mh-Øn-s\-Xnsc a\p-jyXzw hnPbw hcn-®-Xns‚ IY-Iq-Sn-bmWv

""A-°Øn-se-gp-Xn-bm¬''. DtZym-K-ÿ-hn- m-K-Øns‚ sImtfm-Wn-b¬ \mSy-

ßƒs°-Xn-cmb i‡-amb Xm°o-XmWv Cu IY.

A[n-Imcw/DtZymKw/`¿Ømhv XpS-ßnb ÿm\-am-\-ßfpw ]Z-hn-Ifpw

a‰p-≈-hsc Iqc-ambn ]oUn-∏n-°m\pw a¿±n-°m\pw D≈ D]-I-cWßfm-

sW∂ kmam-\y-[m-c-Wsb Cu IY io¿jm-k-\-Øn¬ \n¿Øp∂p. F-

∂m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ≥, A[n-Im-cn, `¿Ømhv XpS-ßnb hy‡n-Xz-ß-fn¬

At\Iw I¿Xr-Xz-ßƒ Ds≠∂pw Hcpcq]-Øn\p Xs∂ At\Iw \ng-

ep-I-fp-s≠∂pw hy‡-am-°p-∂-h-bmWv sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ. GXp-

thjw sI´p-tºmgpw B hy‡nX-Xz-Øn-\-IØv ]®bmb a\p-jys‚

bYm¿∞ hy-‡n-Xz-amWv ]pd-Øp-h-tc-≠-sX∂pw hf¿∂p-h-tc-≠-sX∂pw

sshim-J≥ IY-Iƒ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]s£, h¿Ø-am-\-Im-eØv ]®-

bmb a\p-jys‚ aqey-k-¶¬-∏-ß-ƒt°m am\-hnI aqeym-h-t_m-[-

Ønt\m hm-Wn-Py-aqeyw Ipd-hm-Wv. kmam-\y-t_m[w CØcw am\-hnI

aqey-k-¶¬∏-ßsf ]p—n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I. F∂m¬ sshimJs‚

IY-I-fn¬ Cu ]®-bmb a\pjy≥ Ft∏mgpw DW¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-

jy-\nse Dd-ßmØ sNIp-Øm≥ mhßsf C√m-Xm°n a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-

ßsf \n¿Ω-ehpw ]cn-]m-h-\-hp-am-°n, a\p-jy-XzsØ tZh-Xz-am°n hnI-

kn-∏n-°m≥ sshim-J≥ IY-I-fnse am\-hn-I-aq-eym-h-t_m-[-Øn\p Ign-

bp-∂p. DtZym-Kÿ kaq-lsØ Imcy-£-a-am-t°-≠Xv am\-ho-I-cn-®p-sIm-

≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v Cu IY \Ω-tfm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. FXv ]Xn-Iqe

Ah-ÿbnepw am\-hnI aqey-ßƒ°p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p∂p F∂-

XmWv sshim-J≥ IY-I-fpsS khnt-i-j-X. i‡≥X-ºp-cm≥

sIm´mcØnse Huj-t[m-tZym-\-Øn¬ Ccn-°p-tºmƒ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂



73

kwkv°mcw \n¿h-N-\w, NcnXw

sdbva≠v hneywkv IothUvkv F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv

""Cw•ojv `mj-bn-se-Xs∂ G‰h-pw k¶o¿Æ-amb ct≠m aqt∂m ]Z-

ß-fn¬ H∂mWv kwkvImcw'' F∂m-Wv. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb Nn¥m-]-≤-

Xn-I-fnepw ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-I-fnepw B ]Z-Øn\p ssIh∂ ]m[m-

\y-amWv Cu k¶o¿Æ-X-bv°p Imc-Ww.

eØo≥ mjbnemWv Cu hm°ns‚ ]m›mXythcp-Iƒ InS-°p-∂-

sX-¶nepw C∂n-t∏mƒ "kwkv°mc'Øn\p ssIh-∂n- p≈ A¿∞-ssh-

hn-[y-ßƒ Ign™ H∂-c-\q-‰m-≠ns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv. ae-bm-f-Øn-em-Is´

CXbpw ]g°w t]mepw Cu hm°ns‚ ka-Im-enI ]tbmK-Øn-\n√.

kwkvIr-X-Ønse kwkv°mcw F∂ hm°n¬ \n∂mWv an° C¥y≥`m-

j-I-fnepw Cu ]Zw cq]-s∏- n- p-≈-Xv. Nne `mj-Iƒ kwkvIrXn F∂

hm°mWv kam-\-A¿∞-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. culture F∂ Cw•ojv

hm°n\v XØp-ey-ambn Cu c≠p hm°p-Ifpw s]mXp-hn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. 1922 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® i_vZ-Xm-cm-h-en-bn¬ kwkv°mcw

F∂ hm°n\v C∂p \mw Dt±-in-°p∂ A¿∞w Iev]n-®n-cp-∂n√ F∂pw

Bbn-c-Øn-sXm-≈m-bn-cØn ap∏-Xp-I-fntem \mev]-Xp-I-fntem BWv Cu

A¿∞w kwkv°m-c-sa∂ ]Z-Øn\v ssIh-∂Xv F∂pw ]n.tKmhn-µ-]n≈

Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v (1997;5).

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-bn-emWv kwkv°mcw F∂ ]Zw

bqtdm-]y≥ A°m-Z-anI Nn¥-I-fn¬ hym]-I-ambn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv.

sdbva≠v hneywkv Nq≠n°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Irjnbpambn _‘-

s∏- p-≠mb Hcp-\m-a-]-Z-amWv Iƒ®¿. ]n∂oSv AXn\v "am\-kn-I-ambn

hnImkw ]m]n® a\p-jym-hÿ' F∂ A¿∞w ssIh-∂p.

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n-em-Is´ \c-hw-i-im-kvX-]-c-amb \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ

A\p-jvTm-\-k-º-Zm-b-ßfpw BNm-c-I-a-ßfpw Dƒs∏´ khn-ti-j-amb

Hcp Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmbn kwkvIm-csØ hymJym-\n-®p. Cw•ojv \ncq-]-I-

\mb amXyp B¿t\mƒUv BWv Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ kwkv°m-c-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ G‰hpw hn]p-e-amb N¿®-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

hy-h-km-bnI kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ-bn¬ hnI-kn-®p-h-cp∂ B[-p-\nI

temI-t_m-[sØ ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ ]e A¿∞-kq-N-\-Ifpw ]Xn-s\´mw

\q‰m-≠n\v tijw "Iƒ®¿' F∂ ]Zw ssIh-cn-°p-∂p≠v. Hmtcm Ime-

L- -Ønepw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A¿∞-ß-sf-bmWv AXp s]mXp-t_m-[-

Øn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®Xv. kwkv°m-c-ap-≈-bmƒ ˛ AXn-√m-Ø-bmƒ F∂

A[n-Im-c-t_m-[-ambn hy‡n-X-e-Øn¬ AXv ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. kwkv°m-

c-ap≈ P\X ˛ AXn-√mØ P\X F∂v kaq-l-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

kwkv°m-c-]-T-\hpwkmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\hpw

tcJ ]n.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Z-i-I-ß-fn¬

cmjvSm-¥-c-hym-]vXnbpw ]k-‡n-bp--ap≈ ]T-\-ta-J-

e-bmbpw Kuc-h-ap≈ _u≤n-I-CSs]S-ep-Iƒ \S-

°p∂ cwK-ambpw hnI-kn--®p-h∂ \qX-\-Nn-¥m-]-≤-Xn-

bmWv kwkv°m-c-]-T\w AYhm Iƒ®-d¬ ÃUokv

(kw-kv°m-c-]-T-\w F∂ kmam-\y-cq-]-Øn-\mWv

]Nm-c-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B ]Z-amWv ChnsS D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂Xv). GsXmcp BJym\-sØbpw ]mT-ambn

ImWp∂ kwkv°m-c-]-T\w ]mY-an-I-ambpw N¿®-sN-

øp∂ hnjbw kwkv°m-c-]m-T-ßƒ ]Xn-\n-[m\w

sNøp∂ A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ cmjvSob-am-Wv. kwkv°m-

c-sa∂ k¶-ev]-\-Øns‚ hnj-bm-¥-c-Xzhpw AXns‚

cm-jvSo-bm- n-ap-Jyhpw ssk≤m¥nI-amb Dƒ°m-gvN-

Ifpw N¿®-sN-bvXp-sIm≠-v amXta ]c-º-cm-KX ]T-

\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp B[p-\n-

Im-\-¥-c-]-≤-Xn-bmbn kwkv°m-c-]-T\w amdn-bXv

Fß-s\-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bq.



75

kwkv°mcw F∂Xv uXnI _‘-ß-fpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ \ne-bp-d-∏n®

H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

Cu ]cn-anXn Xncn-®-dn-™p-sIm-≠mWv \h-am¿InÃv hna¿i\ k¶-

ev]-\-ßƒ cq]w sIm≠n- p-≈-Xv. ^m¶v ^¿ v kv°qƒ Nn¥-I-cmWv

A°mew hsc ]m¿iz-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏´ kwkv°mcw F∂ ]ta-b-Øn¬

am¿IvknÃv Nn¥-bn¬ tIµ-]-Zhn t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv. At‚m-Wntbm

Kmwjnbpw eqbn A¬Øq-kdpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-SpØ ]Xy-bim-kvX-k-

¶-ev]-\-ßƒ sdbva≠v hneywkv Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈-h¿ ]n∂oSv Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

am¿IvknÃvv kwkv°mc hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Ncn-X-Ønse G‰hpw henb

IpXn-∏mbn _n´ojv kw-kv°mc]T-\sØ am‰n-Øo¿°m≥ hneyw-kn-\pw,

slmKm¿ n-\pw, C.-]n. tXmwk-Wpw, Ãph¿ v lmfn\pw Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kwkv°m-c-]-T\w

ta¬ hnh-cn® \c-hw-i-im-kvX- -am¿IvknÃv kwkv°m-c-k-¶-ev]-\-ßf

ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw F∂m¬ Ah-bnse Nne XØz-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-

®p-sIm≠pw Hcp \ho\ ss[j-WnI Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-bmbn kwkv°m-c-]-T-

\sØ kao-]n® ka-Im-enI kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-tIµw 1964- ¬ _n -\nse

_¿an-Mvlmw k¿-∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn.

kwkv°mchpw A[n-Im-chpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥

hn`n∂ hn⁄m-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-

sIm≠p \SØp∂ A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\n-I-amb A-t\z-jWamWv kwkv°m-

c-]-T\w F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p, tSmWn s_∂‰v. IrXy-X-bp≈ Hcp hnj-b-

k-ao-]\w F∂-Xn-t\°mƒ ssk≤m-¥n-Ihpw coXn-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb sshhn-

[y-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ hnj-bm¥-c-k-ao-]-\-ß-fmWv kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Øn-

\p-≈Xv F∂mWv CXp-sIm≠v s_∂‰v A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

FUvhm¿Uv _¿s\‰v ssSe-dpsS ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶-ev]-\-sØ-bmWvv

sdbva≠v hneywkv Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ka-K-amb Pohn-X-coXn (a wholeway of life) F∂mWv hneywkv kwkv°m-csØ \n¿h-Nn-®-Xv.

B¿t\mƒUn¬\n∂pw eoho-kp-am-cn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Fen-b‰v

Notes towards a definitiopn of culture F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ \c-hw-i-im-

kvX-]-c-ambn Xs∂-bmWv kwkv°m-csØ \n¿-∆Nn°p∂-Xv. Hcp ]tZ-

iØv Hcp-an®p Pohn°p∂ Hcp ]tXyI P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-bmWv

kwkv°m-c-sa∂pw Ah-cpsS IY-I-fnepw kmaq-ly-co-Xn-bnepw kz`m-h-

k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fnepw aX-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv kwkv°mcw F∂pw

At±lw ]d-bp-∂p (Andrew Millner, 2002;4)._u≤nIhpw mh-\m-]-c-hp-amb Pohn-X-N-cysb amX-a√ a\p-jys‚

apgp-h≥ Pohn-X-co-Xn-sb-bp-amWv kwkv°m-c-sa∂ ]Zw A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv

kwkvIr-Xw- -]m-IrXw F∂v mjsb Xncn-°p-∂n-SØpw AXv ]h¿Øn-

°p-∂p≠v. B[p-\n-I-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXv ]ptcm-K-an-®-Xv- -

A-√m-ØXv F∂p-ambn. CØcw hn -P-\-ß-ƒ ]e-Xnepw aqey-]-c-amb

hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kmwkv°m-cnI hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ NcnXw a\- n-em-°m≥ ian-°p-

tºmƒ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hnNm-c-[m-c-I-fmWv cq]-s∏- n- p-

≈Xv F∂v hy‡-am-Ipw. kmln-Xy-Øn-sebpw kwKo-X-Øn-sebpw NnX,-

Zr-iy-I-e-I-fn-sebpw DZmØ amXr-I-Isf kwkv°m-c--Øns‚ DØ-a-am-

Xr-I-I-fm-bn-°≠v Ahsb khn-kvXcw ]Tn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv H∂m-a-

tØ-Xv. amXyp B¿t\mƒUv, F v.-B¿ eohokv, Iyp.-Un. eohokv XpSßn-

b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ. am\-h-cmin B¿÷n® ss[j-Wn-

Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb D∂-a-\-Øns‚ ]c-a-tIm-Sn-bmbn kwkvIm-csØ

ImWp∂ htc-Wy-k-¶-ev]-\-am-Wn-Xv. kwkv°mcw a\p-jys‚ G‰hpw

al-Ømb kn≤n-Ifpw t\ -ß-fp-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ""Nn¥n-

°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-bn¬ G‰hpw al-Øm-bXv'' (thebest that has been thought and said) F∂v amXyp B¿t\mƒUv kwkv°m-

csØ \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂p.

kmaq-lnI imkvX-Øns‚ hni-I-e-t\m-]m-[n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-

sIm≠v ]tXyI kaq-l-ß-fpsS kwkv°m-c-sØbpw Pohn-X-ssi-en-

sbbpw ]T-\-hn-j-b-am-°p∂ \c-hw-i-imkvX kao-]-\-co-Xn-bmWv

kwkv°mc N¿®-I-fn¬ Db¿∂p hcp∂ as‰m-∂v. Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚

k¶o¿Æhpw ka-K-hp-amb Pohn-X-ssi-en-bpsS mK-ambn hcp-∂-sX¥pw

kwkv°m-c-ambn ImWp∂ Ch¿. FUvhm¿Uv _¿s\‰v ssSe¿ kmaq-

lnI \c-hw-i-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ kwkv°mcsØ hymJym-

\n-®Xv Hcp Po-hnX--co-Xn (a way of life) F∂m-Wv. kwkv°m-c-Øns‚

_lp-e-X-bmWv ssSe-dpsS ASn-ÿm-\-k-¶-ev]w. CXv B¿t\mƒUv cq]-

s∏-Sp-Ønb bqtdm-tI-µn-Xhpw GIm-fl-I-hp-amb kwkv°m-ck¶-ev]-

Øns‚ am\-hn-I-Xm-hm-Z-]-c-amb ]mc-º-cy-Øn\v hncp-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kwkv°m-c-sØ-°p-dn®v D≠mb as‰mcp ]_-e-amb [mc-W-bmWv

am¿IvknÃv kwkv°m-c-hn-a¿i-\w. Iem-km-lnXy kw_-‘n-bmb khn-

tij afi-e-ambpw A\pj-vTm\ kº-Zm-b-ßfpw BNm-c-I-a-ß-fpƒs∏´

PohnX coXn F∂ \ne-bn-ep≈ \c-hw-i-imkvX kao-]-\-ambpw

kwkv°m-csØ I≠n-cp-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb H∂m-Wn-Xv. am¿-

IvknÃv kwkv°m-c-hn-Nm-c-Øns‚ tIµ-]-cn-Iev]\ ASn-Ød ˛ ta¬-

∏pc F∂ ÿe-cq-]-I-am-Wv. kmwkv°m-cnI ta¬∏pc DXv]m-Z-\-]-c-amb

ASn-Ø-d-bm¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-XmWv C-Xns‚ ImX¬.



77

kmln-Xyhpw cmjvSo-bhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXy-kvX-ambn

Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ ]n∂oSv ]pØ≥ CS-Xp--]-£-ambn amdnb Cu ]fin-X¿°v

]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-bXv htbm-P-\-hn-Zy- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p Inńb

A\p- -h-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ka¿∞-amb _nójv apJ-ambn

Ct∏mgpw IW-°m-°m-dp-≈Xv sdbva≠v hneyw-kns‚ ]T-\-ß-sf-bm-Wv.

Xs‚ BZy-Ir-Xn-bmb "Iƒ®¿ B‚ v skmssk‰n' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬

kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ At±lw hy‡-am-°p-

∂p-≠v. hyh-km-b-hn-π-h-sØbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw

XpS¿∂v h¿-§-k-a-chpw km£-c-Xbpw ]S¿∂p-I-b-dnb _n -\nse htc-

Wy-kw-kv°m-c-sØbpw AXv ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p∂ al-Xv km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-

I-sfbpw amX-a-√, A[x-ÿn-X-cpsS kmlnXyw, eLp-te-J-Iƒ, \mtSmSn-

°-e-Iƒ, ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ss]¶nfn F∂ t]cn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´p

t]mcp∂ _lp-P-\-]o-Xn-I-c-ß-fmb IrXnIƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw P\-ß-

fpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS cmjvSo-b-am-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-

bp-sa√mw hneyw-kns‚ AXn-kq-£va-amb hni-I-e-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-

Ip-∂p. (]n.-tKm-hn-µ-]n≈;ae-bmf ]T-\-kwLw;2007;34).

hneyw-kns‚ ]i-kvX-am-b, Nn¥-I¿ ]e-t∏mgpw D≤-cn-°m-dp≈ Hcp

hmIy-amWv "Ah-in-jvS-ambXmWv kwkv°mcw' F∂-Xv. AXn-hn-in-jvS-

am-b-XmWv kwkv°mcw F∂ B¿t\m-Un-bn≥ k¶-ev]-\sØ hn¿in-

°p-I-bmWv hneywkv Cu \n¿∆N-\-Øn-eqsS hnin-jvSX F∂ KpWw

kmwkv°m-cn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂-Xn-s\--°p-dn-®p≈

At\z-j-Whpw kwkv°m-c-]-T-\--Øns‚ ]-cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw

apºp-≠mb ]c-º-cm-KX ho£-W-ß-fpsS \ncm-I-c-W-am-bmWv Iem-in-

°p-∂Xv (]n.-]n. cho-µ≥; 2002;23)

apJy-ambpw Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈

hyXym-k-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv hneywkv kwkv°m-c-Øn\v P\m-[n-]-Xy-]-

c-amb Hcp hymJym\w \¬In-b-Xv. kmln-Xy-Ønepw Ie-I-fnepw \n∂v

ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hyh-lm-c-ß-fn-te°v kwkv°m-csØ Cd-°n-

sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p hneywkv F∂v In-kv_m¿°¿ (2000;38). km[m-c-

W-°m¿ Xß-fpsS Pohn-X-Ønse A¿∞-ß-fnepw ]tbm-K-ß-fnepw

\n∂v \n¿Ωn-s®Sp°p∂ A¿∞-ßfpw ]mT-ß-fp-amWv kwkv°m-c-sa∂v

hneywkv ]d-™p. Ah a\- n-em-t°--≠-Xm-Is´ Ah-bpsS Dev]m-Z\w

\S-°p∂ uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw thWw.

Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn-emWv kmwkv°m-cnI uXn-I-hmZw F∂ ]T-\-k-ao-]\w

hneywkv apt∂m v hbv°p-∂-Xv.

F∂v hneywkv A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 1950-I-fn¬ kwkv°m-c-hmZw

(Culturalism) F∂dn-b-s∏´ kwkv°m-c-Nn-¥-Iƒ°pw XpS¿∂v kwkv°m-

c--]-T\w F∂ Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn°pw ap-Jy-A-Sn-Ø-d-bm-b-bXv hneyw-kns‚

kwkv°m-c-k-¶-ev]-\sØ kzm[o-\n-®p. (Chris Barker, 2006; 68) \c-

hwiimkvX-]-c-ambn kwkv°m-csØ hymJym-\n® hneyw-kns‚ \ne-

]m-Sp-Iƒ c≠p-X-c-Øn¬ ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p F∂v _m¿°¿ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

1. kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ km[m-c-W-Xz-Øn¬ (ordinariness) Du∂pI hgn

km[m-c-W-°m-cmb Bfp-Ifpw kwkv°m-c-ap-≈-h-cmWv F∂ [mcW

krjvSn-°-s∏- p.

2. Cw•ojv kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ P-\m-[n-]Xy CS-

s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-Øn-b-Xn-eqsS Ie-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw amX-a√ P\-

]nb kwkv°m-c-a-fi-e--ßfpw ssZ\w-Zn-\-Po-hn-X-hy-h-lm-c-ßfpw

kwkv°m-c-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´p (2006;68- 69).

""\chwiimkvX-]-c-ambn \ne-\n∂ kwkv°m-c-sa∂ k¶ve-]-\sØ

kmaq-ln-I-ambn \n¿h-Nn-°p-I-bmWv sdbva≠v hneywkv sNbvXXv'' F∂v

tSmWn-s_-∂‰v ]d-bp∂p (1998;95). Pohn-X-co-Xn-X-s∂-bmWv kwkv°mcw

F∂ sdbva≠v hneyw-kns‚ \n¿∆-N\w ]n≥]-‰n, Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-amb aqey-ßfpw hnizm-k-ßfpw BNm-c-ßfpw Pohn-X-co-Xn-

Ifpw s]cp-am‰ ssien-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p∂ ]tbm-K-ßfpw ÿm]-\-

ßfpw Ia-ßfpw kwkv°m-c-]-T\w hnI-e\w sNøp-∂p-sh∂pw tSmWn

s_∂‰v ]d-bp-∂p. (a-e-bm-f-]-T\kwLw; 2007;360)

kwkv°m-csØ hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw hy‡y-\p- -h-hpambn _-‘-s∏-

SpØn hni-I-e\w sNbvXp F∂-XmWv kwkv°m-cnI hmZw ]Nm-c

Ø-n¬ sIm≠p-h∂ A]-K-Y\ kº-Zm-b-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX.

kwkv°m-cn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ hf¿®sb AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ aq∂p IrXn-

I-fmWv dn®m¿Uv slmKm¿ńs‚ "Zn bqkkv Hm v en‰-dkn' ( km-£-c-

X-bpsS D]-tbm-Kw, 1957), hneyw-kns‚ "Iƒ®-¿ B‚ v skmssk‰n' (kw-

kv°m-c-hpw, kaq-lhpw; 1958) C.-]n. tXmwks‚ "Zn ta°nwKv Hm v Zn

Cw•ojv h¿°nwKv ¢mkv' (Cw•-≠nse sXmgn-emfn h¿§ cq]oI-c-Ww,

1863) F∂n-h. htbm-P\ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw tkmjy-enÃv ]Nm-c-

W-Øn-s‚bpw taJ-e-I-fn¬ Cu KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ°p-≠mb

A\p- -h-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-amWv Cu IrXn-Iƒ Hmtcm∂pw ]ndhn sIm≈p-∂-

Xv. A\u-]-Nm-cnI hnZy- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv kwkv°mc

]T-\-Øns‚ D¤hw F∂v sdbva≠v hneywkv "Zn s]mfn-‰nIvkv Hm v

tamtU-Wnkw' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. (]n.-]n. cho-µ≥; 2002;24)



79

ßƒ°p ]-Icw I¿ØrXzw (Subectivity), kzXzw (Identity), kmaq-ln-Im¿∞-

ßƒ (social meaning), kmaq-lnI aqey-ßƒ (social values), A[n-Imcw

(Power) XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-®p-Xp-S-ßn.

Bbn-cØnsXm≈m-bn-cØnFgp-]-Xp-I-fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv A¬Øq-k-

dn-s‚bpw Kmwjn-bp-sSbpw sdmfmMv _m¿Øns‚bpw kzm[o\w kmln-

Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬ ]mapJyw t\Sp-∂-Xv. ]Xy-b-im-kvX-]-T-\-ßfpw Nn”-

hn-⁄m-\o-bhpw kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\sØ cmjv-Sob hna¿i-\-am°n am‰n.

AƒØq-k-dns‚ ]Xy-b-im-kvX-k-¶-ev]-\-ßƒ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-

Øn¬ ]tbm-Kn-®-h-cn¬ ]ap-J≥ ]nbdn ajsd BWv. kmln-XyØns‚

\n¿Ωm-Ww, kmln-Xy-Ønse A`m-h-ßƒ, kmln-Xy-]m-Thpw kmaq-ln-

I-]-›m-Ø-ehpw X-Ωn-ep≈ _‘-ßƒ F∂n-h-sbms° ajsd N¿®

sNbvXp. ta¬t°m-bva°pdn®p≈ Kmwjn-bpsS Nn¥-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn

\ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-ßƒ°v kΩXn Dd∏m-°p∂ kmln-Xy-

Øns‚ kz`m-hsØ \ncq-]-I¿ hni-I-e\w sNbvXp.

_m¿Øn-s‚bpw Dº¿t´m-F-t°m-bp-sSbpw Nn”-hn-⁄m-\ob k¶-

ev]-ß-fmWv am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw P\-]n-b-kw-kv°m-c-Øn-s‚bpw ]T-\-

Øn¬ F∂-Xp-t]mse kmlnXy ]T-\-Ønepw hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ as‰mcp kao-]-\w. Ãph¿ vlm-fns‚ kt¶-X\w ˛ hnk-t¶-

X\w (Encoding - Decoding) F∂ k¶-ev]\w kmlnXyw Dƒs∏-sS-

bp≈ kwkv°mc ]mT-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\-sØbpw D]-t`m-K-sØbpw Ipdn-

®p≈ ]pXnb ImgvN-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p. P\-]n-b-km-ln-Xy-]-T-\Øn¬

Cu kao-]\w hn]p-e-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

LS-\m-hm-Zm-\-¥c kn≤m-¥-ßfpw e°m-\n-b≥ at\m-hn-i-I-e-\-hp-amWv

kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\sØ kzm[o-\n® a‰p c≠p ssk≤nI ]≤-Xn-Iƒ.

Pqenb IntÃ-h, antj¬ qt°m F∂n-h-cpsS kzm[o\w kmln-Xy-tØm-

Sp≈ kwkv°mc ]T\ kao-]-\-Øn¬ henb am‰-ßƒ D≠m-°n. hyh-

lmcw F∂ k¶-ev]-\sØ ap≥\n¿Øn kmln-Xy-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈

kwkv°mc ]mT-ß-sfbpw ]tbm-K-ß-sfbpw hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ kao-

]-\-ßƒ°mWv Ch ]mapJyw \¬In-b-Xv. kmln-Xyhpw kmln-XysØ

\n¿Ωn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfpw khn-ti-j-amb A¿∞-ßfpw XmXv]-cy-ßfpw

hln-°p∂ A[n-Imc _‘-ß-fpsS ]tbm-K-ta-J-e-bmbn hymJym-\n-°-

s∏- p. Npcp-°-Øn¬ B¿t\mƒUn-s‚bpw eohn-kp-am-cp-sSbpw ]mc-ºcyw

kmln-Xy-Øn\p Iev]n®p \¬Inb km¿∆-eu-InI aqey-ßfpw ]k-

‡nbpw kwkv°mc ]T\w d±m-°n-°-f-™p. ]Icw kmln-Xy-apƒs∏-sS-

bp≈ kwkv°mc ]mT-ß-fpsS ]T\w A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ß-fm¬ inYn-e-am-

°-s∏-Sp∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ I¿Xr-Xz-ßfpw kzXz-ßfpw A¿∞-ßfpw aqey-

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ I¿Ør-XzsØ ]iv\-h-Xv°-cn-°p∂p F∂n-S-ØmWv

kwkv°m-c-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w F∂-Xn¬ \n∂p-amdn kwkv°m-cn-I-

amb ]T\w F∂n-S-tØbv°v kwkv°m-c-]-T\w hnI-kn-°p∂Xv.

kwkv°mcw F∂ k¶-ev]-\-Øn-\p-h∂ Ncn-X-]-c-amb am‰w kaq-

lØn¬, km-aq-ly-kw-Lm-S-\-Øn¬ hy‡n-Iƒ°p ssIh∂ tdmfns‚

am‰-ambpw _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv. X\n°v kmaq-ly-cm-jvSob kwL-S\-bpsS

\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ ]¶p-≈-Xmbn ]g-b-k-aq-l-Ønse hy‡n-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-

Øp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ C∂v X\n°pw IqSn ]¶m-fn-Ø--ap-≈-XmWv kmaq-ly-

cm-jvSo-b-L-S\ F∂v hy‡n-Iƒ°v Adn-bmw. (]n.-]-hn-X≥, ae-bm-f-]-

T-\-kwLw, 2007;62).

kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\w F∂ \n-e-bn¬ kwkv°m-c-]-T\w

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-hn-a¿-i-\-Øn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-

Øp-hm≥ kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Øn\v Ign-™n´p≠v. ]n¬°m-eØv hnj-bm-

¥c kao-]-\-ß-fn-te°v Du∂¬ amdn-sb-¶nepw XpS-°-Øn¬ kwkv°m-

c-]-T-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ]ap-J-amb afiew kmln-Xy-]-T-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-

sh∂v slmKm¿ v \nco-£n-°p-∂p≠v (Andrew Millner, 2002:4)kmº-Zm-bn-I-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ alØpw ]mam-Wn-I-hp-ambn IcpXn

h∂n-cp∂ km-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ (canonical literature) k¶-ev]-\sØ

kwkv°m-c-]-T\w sh√p-hn-fn-®p. H∏w kmln-Xy-]m-T-ßsf kn≤m¥-h-

Xv°-cn-°p-Ibpw hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ coXn-Ifpw AXv am-‰n-sb-Sp-Øp.

hnj-bm-¥-c-k-ao-]-\-ßƒ kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn¬ ]k-‡-ambn. kaq-l-

Øn¬ kmln-Xy-Øn-\p≈ ]¶n-s\-°p-dn®v ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ cq]w-

sIm≠-p. kmwkv°m-cn-I-ÿ-m-]-\-ß-tfmSpw kmw-kv°m-cn-I-N-cn-X-tØmSpw

kmln-Xy--]m-T-ßƒ°p≈ _‘w hni-I-e\w sNø-s∏-´p. CXc

kmwkv°m-cnI ]mT-ß-tfmSpw cq]-ß-tfmSpw ]tbm-K-ß-tfmSpw _‘-

s∏-SpØn kmln-Xy-]m-T-ßƒ ]Tn°s∏´p. kmln-Xy-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚

irwJ-esb kwkv°m-c-]-T\w ]pXnb coXn-bn¬ t\m°n-°-≠p.

amXyp B¿t\mƒUpw eoho-kp-am-cp-amWv kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]mam-WnI

IrXn-Iƒ°pw ]ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw Ncn-X-]-c-amb alXzw Iev]n-®-Xv. kmaq-

lnI aqey-ß-tfmSpw kmln-tXy-X-c-amb ÿm]-\-ß-tfmSpw ]pe¿-Øp∂

A[n-Im-c-_-‘-ß-fmWv ]e-t∏mgpw Cu al-XzsØ \n¿Ωn-s®-Sp-ØXv.

Bbn-cØnsXm≈m-bncØnA≥-]-Xp-I-fnepw Adp-]-Xp-I-fnepw ]pdØp

h∂ slmKm¿´ns‚bpw hneyw-kn-s‚bpw ]T-\-ßƒ kmln-Xy- ]mc-º-cy-

Øns‚ Cu h¿§-kz- m-h-tØbpw aqey hnNm-c-sØbpw hna¿i\ hnt[-

b-am-°n. Bbn-cØnsXm-≈m-bn-cØnFgp-]-Xp-I-tfmsS kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-

ßƒ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Ønse kuµ-cy-aq-ey-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ tNmZy-



81

kz`mhw Cßs\ ]eXpw hcn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ipcp-ßn-°n-S°pw. Ahsb

]pd-Øp-sIm≠p hcp∂ coXn IrXn-sb-t∏mse ][m-\-am-bn-°mWpw

A°m-esØ Ncn-X-h-kvXpX As√-¶n¬ hnizm-k-]-am-W-sØ....

ùXnIamb hyh-ÿ-Ifpw ]h¿Ø-\-co-Xn-Ifpw amdp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v

`mjbpw kwkv°m-chpw amdpw. CXn-\¿∞w kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS kØ-

Iƒ ùXnI ]cn-k-c-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωn-Xn-I-fmWv F∂-Xm-Wv. sdbva≠v

hneyw-kv, antj¬ qt°m F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ Cu Zni-bn-eqsS \S-

Ønb At\z-j-W-ßƒ kmlnXyw / kmln-tXy-Xcw F∂ hn -P-\sØ

A¿∞-iq-\y-am-°p-∂p≠v'' (a-e-bmf ]T-\-kwLw; 2007; 201)

^qt°m-bpsS Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fn¬ \n∂v \h-N-cn-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-

s®-SpØ kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-k-º-Zm-b-hpw, sdbva≠v hneywkv cq]-s∏-

Sp-Ønb kmwkv°m-cnI uXn-I-hm-Zhpw A[n-\n-th-im-\-¥c ]T-\-ßfpw

Bt^m ˛ Ata-cn-°≥ ]T-\-ßfpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Ncn-X, hwiob,

kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ßfpw kwkv°m-c-]-T\w kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-Øn¬

krjvSn® hgn-Øn-cn-hp-I-fmbn cma-Ir-jvW≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (AtX

KŸw ]pdw 207).

]c-º-cm-KX kmln-Xy-]-T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kwkv°mc]T-\-Øns‚

coXnimkvXw hyXy-kvX-am-Ip∂sXß-s\-sb∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

\nkm¿ Al-ΩZv ]d-bp∂p : ""Hcp kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-sbtbm Iem-kr-jvSn-

sbtbm kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏- , As√-

¶n¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏´ kmln-Xy-Kp-W-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ am\-Z-

WvU-ß-fmWv ]mT-ß-fpsS A]-K-Y-\-Øn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-ambn hcp∂Xv.

CØcw A]-K-Y-\-ßtfm hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Itfm kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kmaq-

ln-Itam cmjvSo-btam Bb KpW-ßƒ°v \nc-t]-£-am-sW∂pw Icp-X-

s∏-Sp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kmlnXy cwK-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®p-sIm-≠v, kmln-

Xy-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI ]tbm-K-]-c-amb e£-W-ßsf At]-£n-®p-sIm≠v

Hcp IrXnsb A]-K-Yn-°p-∂Xv Hcp ssh⁄m-\nI kwcw- -am-sW∂pw

adn®v kmln-Xy-cw-KsØ ]tbm-‡m-°ƒ ˛ kmlnXy cN-bn-Xm-°fpw

Bkzm-Z-Icpw hna¿i-Icpw B¥-c-h-Xv°-cn-®Xpw kmln-Xy-cw-KØv B¥-

cn-I-amb aqey-ß-fn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb hmb\ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kmln-

Xy-]-c-am-sW∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p'' (AtX KŸw ]pdw; 191, 192)

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf AwKo-IrX kmln-Xy-Kp-W-ßƒ°p-]-cn-bmbn

hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ kwkv°mc ]T\ amXr-I-I-fn¬ ]ap-JamWv Ncn-

XsØ ap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ hna¿i\ ]≤-Xn. kwkv°m-c-]-T\w Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p∂ ]pXnb kmlnXyhna¿i-\-co-Xn-I-fn¬ ]ap-J-amWv IrXn-Isf

Ah-bpsS NcnX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ h®v ]cn-tim-[n-°¬. Cu NcnX

ß-fp-sams° Fßs\ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xn-te°v shfn®w hoip-

∂p. \ncq-]-I-bmb \oem-RvP\ Kp]vX Cu am‰-ßƒ Cßs\ kwK-ln-

°p-∂p. ""\ne-hn-ep≈ ]T-\-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øp-hm≥

kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-Øn-\m-bn- p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v kmln-Xy-]m-Tsa∂

k¶ev]w Xs∂ Cu kao-]\w Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn-°-gn-™p. ÿqe-ambn

]d-™m¬ c≠p Xcw kao-]-\-ß-fmWv kwkv°mc ]T\w apt∂m´p

hbv°p-∂-Xv. kmlnXy IrXn-Ifpw Ah Fgp-X-s∏´ kaq-ln-I, uXn-I,

]Xy-b-imkvX ]cn-k-c-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ k¶o¿Æ-amb _‘-ßƒ°p-

≈n¬ kmln-XysØ ]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv H∂v. al-Ømb IrXn-Iƒ

amXw N¿®-sNbvXp t]mcp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ]T\Øn-\p-sh-fn-bn¬ IS∂v

Aen-Jn-Xhpw kmln-tXy-Xcw Xs∂-bp-amb cN-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈-hsb

]Tn-°pI F∂-XmWv c≠m-asØ coXn. Nne Imt\m-\-I-fn¬ amXw ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-I-fpsS kuµ-cy-im-kvX-Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬In-bn-cp∂

coXn ChnsS amdn-h-cp-∂p. Hmtcm k¿K ]In-bbpw AXp \ne-\n¬°p∂

ùXn-I-X-bpsS krjvSn-bmsW∂ \ne-]mSv kwkv°mc ]T\w apt∂m´p

hbv°p∂p''. (a-e-bmf ]T-\-kw-Lw, 2007; 330.)

ae-bmf \ncq-]-Icpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v kam-\-amb Bi-b-ßƒ.

"kmln-Xyhpw kwkv°m-c-]-T-\hpw' F∂ teJ-\-Øn¬ C.-hn. cma-Ir-

jvW≥ Cu Bibw Cßs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""kmºZmbnI coXn-

bn¬ kwkv°m-c-sa-∂Xv Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ P\-X-bpsS CuSp‰ t\ -ß-

sf-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°pI. F∂m¬ Ign™ aq∂p ]Xn-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]e-

Xcw Adn-hp-I-fpsS taJ-esb kwtbm-Pn-∏n®v ]pXn-sbmcp ⁄m\-hn-j-

b-ambn Db¿∂p h∂ kwkv°mc ]T\w kwkv°m-c-sa∂ hm°ns\

aqey-hm-Nn-bm-bn- √ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. At[m-tem-I-Ønse AwK-ßƒ°v

kzmb-Ø-amb kwkv°m-c-Øn\v kwkv°mc ]T-\-Øn¬ ÿm\-ap-≠v.

kmwkv°m-cnI aqey-ß-fpsS kmt]-£n-IX Ah-bpsS ùXnI kml-

N-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn-bm-Wv. htc-Wy-kw-kv°m-c-Øns‚ sImSn-b-S-bm-f-

ß-fmb cN-\-Iƒ ]ecpw hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse DZm-Ø-amb aqey-ß-

fn-em-bn-cn-°n√ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-I. Ah \nKq-l\w sNøp∂ NcnX

kmaq-ly-_-‘-ßfpw Ah-bpsS A¿∞-X-e-ßsf t]mjn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.

IrXn-Iƒ hm¿∂p-hoW uXnI kml-N-cy-ßsf \nKq-V-h-ev°-cn-®p-sIm-

≠m-bn-cn°pw ]e-t∏mgpw Ah Iem-km-lnXy Ncn-X-Øn¬ ÿm\w t\Sp-

I. kwkv°mc ]T-\-Øns‚ coXn Ahsb NcnX kµ¿ -ßfnte°v

]p\¿hn-\y-kn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p≈

ÿm\w, At±lw As√-¶n¬ Ah¿ ]pe¿Ønb aX-cm-jvSob hnizm-

k-ßƒ, Fgp-Øns‚ Xs∂ ]k-cWw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ ÿe-ß-fpsS



83

`m-K-ß-fpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ cwK-ß-fn¬ kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn\v ]pXnb am\-Z-

WvU-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-SXpw AXp-hgn kmlnXyw Xs∂ ]p\¿\n¿h-

Nn-°-s∏- Xpw hym]-I-ambn A]-e-]n-°-s∏- p. Ata-cn-°≥ \ncq-]-I-\mb

lmtcmƒUv ªqw ]d-bp-∂p. ""kmln-Xy-]-T-\-Øn\v `mhn-bp≠v F∂p-

t]mepw F\n°p Icp-Xm-\m-hp-∂n-√. Cw•ojv ]T-\-Øn-\mbn ÿm]n-°-

s∏´ Un∏m¿´p-sa‚p-Iƒ t]cp-am‰n kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-h-Ip-∏p-I-fmbn amdp-∂p.

tNmkdpw tjIvkv]n-bdpw an¬´Wpw th¿Uvkvh¿Øp-a-√, _m‰vam≥

tImanIvkpw Xow ]m¿°p-Ifpw sSen-hn-j\pw kn\n-abpw tdm°vkw-Ko-X-

hp-amWv AhnsS ]Tn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv'' (Patricia Waugh; 2006; 250) ªqans‚

Cu ]Xn-tj[w kwkvIm-c-]-T-\-Øns‚ h‡m-°ƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-Ibpw hn]p-

e-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-Ibpw D≠m-bn. hmb-\-bpsS sshhn-[y-sØbpw ]T-\-

Øns‚ _lp-e-X-sbbpw BJym-\-Øns‚ cmjvSo-b-sØbpw Xncn-®-dn-

bp-I-hgn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-Xsb ÿm]n-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv

kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ ZuXyw F∂ Imcn-ko¬k-sØ-t∏m-ep-

≈-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. (ibid P. 251)IrXn-I-fpsS B`y-¥c LS-I-ßfpw kz`m-h-ßfpw amX-a√ Ah-bpsS

\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw kzoI-c-Whpw hn\n-tbm-K-ßfpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kmaq-lnI

kz`m-h-ßfpw ]mT-km-[y-X-Ifpw hni-I-e\w sNtø-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p kmln-

Xy-hn-a¿i-\w.

kwkv°mc ]T-\-Øns‚ hnj-bm-¥-c-Xzhpw cmjvSo-bm- n-ap-Jyhpw

ssk≤m-¥n-Iamb Dƒ°m-gvN-Ifpw ]c-º-cm-KX ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c ]T-\-]-≤-Xn-bmbn kwkv°m-c-]-T-

\sØ am‰n-Øo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂p Npcp-°w. B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c hna¿i-

I¿ F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ \nc-h[n ae-bm-fn-Iƒ Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-

Øn-ep-ambn kmwkv°m-cnI ]T-\-Øns‚ it≤-b-ß-fmb amXr-I-Iƒ

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Ie-Ifpw am[y-a-ßfpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kwkv°mc

]mT-ßƒ ap≥\n¿Øn kmkv°m-cnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ Nne-am-Xr-I-Iƒ

B¿. \µ-Ip-am¿, ]tamZv \mb¿, Sn.sI.-cm-a-N-µ≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-tS-Xmbn

]pd-Øp-h-∂n- p-≠v. kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i-\-cw-K-Øm-Is´ k®n-Zm-\-µ≥, _n.

cmPo-h≥, C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥, ]n.-]n. cho-µ≥, ]n. ]hn-X≥, DZ-b-Ip-

am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ n∂-ß-fmb BJym-\-]m-T-ßƒ kwkv°m-cnI hna¿i-

\-Øns‚ amXr-I-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb

kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw cq]-ßfpw KW-ßfpw ]ÿm-\-ßfpw kmwkv°m-

cnI ]T-\-Øn\pw cmjvSob hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-am-°p-I-hgn Ch¿

ae-bmf hna¿i-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw ]k-‡-amb Hcp mhp-IXz ]cn-Wm-a-

Øn-\mWv cq]w \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

]›m-Ø-e-Øn\v c≠p L -ß-fp≠v H∂v, IrXn Df-hmb Ncn-X-L´w.

c≠v ]T\w \S-°p∂ Ncn-X-L-´w. ]mT-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-Xsb

ap≥\n¿Ønbp≈ CØcw ]T-\-ß-fmWv kwkv°m-c-]-T\w kmlnXy

hna¿i-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Fw.-B¿.-cm-L-h-hm-cy¿ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-∂p. ¢mkn-°¬ kmlnXyw apX¬ P\-]nb kmlnXyw hsc-

bp-≈h ]pXn-b-co-Xn-bn¬ ]p\¿hm-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]›m-Ø-e-an-Xm-Wv.

kmln-Xob LS-I-ßsf ap≥\n¿Øn kmln-Xy-Øns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-

bn-®p-h-cp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\ kº-Zm-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw n∂-

ambn cq]w sIm≠-h-bm-Wv, kmwkv°m-cnI `uXn-I-hm-Zw, \h-N-cn-X-

hmZw XpS-ßn-b. Cu hna¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ kmlnXy ]T-\-Øn¬ Ncn-X-

Øns‚ ]m[m\yw sXfn-bn-®p. tImf-\n-b-\-¥-c-]-T-\w, kvXo]-T-\w, Zfn-

Xv]-T\w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-fm-I-s´, kwkv°m-c-]-T-\-Ønse ]ap-J-ß-

fmb kmln-Xy-hn-a¿i\ kº-Zm-b-ß-fmbn amdn-°-gn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-

]nb kmlnXyw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ taJ-e-I-fn¬ apsºm-cn-°epw C√m-Xn-

cp∂ ]T-\-km-[y-X-Iƒ kwkv°m-c-]-T\w Xpd-∂n-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

Npcp-°-Øn¬, kmº-Zm-bnI kmlnXy hna¿i-\-co-Xn-Isf kmwkvIm-

cnI ]T\w kaqew s]mfn-s®-gp-Xn-°-gn-™p. ]ta-bhpw IYbpw CXn-hr-

Øhpw ]mX-kr-jvSnbpw `mjm-ssi-enbpw _nw_-I-ev]-\bpw [m¿an-I-

Xbpw Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw ck, [z\n-Ifpw a‰pw ]Tn-°p∂ ]c-º-cm-KX A°m-

Z-anI \ncq-]W coXn-Iƒ°p ]I-cw, ÿe-Im-e-ßsf tIµo-I-cn®p

\n¬°p∂ Ncn-XsØ apJy-am-\-Z-WvU-am°n kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS-tbm,

]ÿm-\-K-W-cq-]-ß-fp-sStbm cN\m cmjvSobw hni-I-e\w sNøp-I-bm-

Wv. kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i-\-Øns‚ kz`m-hw. \mfn-Xp-hsc kmlnXy

hna¿i-\-Øns‚ ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ hcmØ kmaq-ly-k-µ¿ -ßfpw ka-hm-

Iy-ßfpw kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i\w apJy Du∂-em-°n-am-‰p-∂p. F√mw Ncn-

X-_-‘-amWv F∂p amX-a-√, H∂pw Ncn-X-Øn\p shfn-bn-e√ F∂pw

kmwkvIm-cnI hna¿i\w ]d-bp-∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kuµ-cy-im-kvX-

]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb htc-WyX amXw IW-°n-se-SpØv kmln-Xy-

Ønse "DZmØ' hpw ]am-Wn-I-hp-amb Imt\m-\-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS e£-

Wa-\p-k-cn-°p∂ IrXn-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS I¿Øm-°-sfbpw apJy-ambn

]cn-K-Wn-®p-h∂ kmº-Zm-bnI hna¿i-\-co-Xn-I-fpsS h‡m-°-fmb \ncq-

]-I-cpsS mK-Øp-\n∂v kwkvImc hna¿i\w ISpØ FXn¿∏p-Iƒ £Wn-

®p-h-cp-Øn. P\-]nb kmln-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw Ie-I-fp-sSbpw ]T\w A°m-Z-

anI taJ-e-I-fn¬ kzoIm-cy-am-b-XmWv Chsc G‰-hp-a-[nIw ]tIm-]n-∏n-

®Xv kmln-Xy-Øns‚ aqeyw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn

\ne\n∂n-cp∂ am\-Z-WvU-ßƒ \ncm-I-cn-°-s∏- Xpw k¿∆-I-em-im-em-hn-



85

kq-NnXw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ ÿesØ mjm-N-cn-X-amWv tIc-f- m-j-bpsS

Ncn-X--ambn ImtW-≠-Xv. tIc-f-∏n-dhn (1956)°p apºv cm„o-b-Im-c-W-

ß-fm¬ th¿s∏´p InS-∂n-cp∂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n, ae-_m¿ ]tZ-

i-ßsf H‰ q]-S-Ønem°n \n¿Ωn-®-XmWv tIc-fw. CXn¬ ae-_m-dns‚

AXn¿Øn-I-sf∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ "sImSp-ß-√q¿ apX¬ Nµ-Kn-cn-∏pg' hsc

]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ ]mtZ-in-I-h-c-sam-gn-t -Z-amWv "Ad_nae-bmfw'. ae-

bm-f-Øns‚ ae-_m-dnse hmsam-gn-t -Z-Øn-\p-≠mb hc-samgn cq]-am-W-

Xv. ap…ow aX-k-aq-l-Øns‚ `mjm-t -Z-ambn amXw ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ ae-

_m-dnse ]mtZ-inI mjm-t -Z-Øn-\p-≈n-ep≈ kmaq-lnI mjm-t -Z-am-

W-sX∂pw ]d-bmw. tIc-f-Øns‚ hnkvXr-Xn-bn¬ ]Ip-Xn-bn-e-[nIw

hcp∂ Cu mjm-t -Z-]-tZ-i-amWv \ne-hn-en-cp∂ hyh-lm-c-L-S-\-bpsS

NcnXw tIc-f-Øns‚ mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cnX-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv.

ae-_m-dns‚ Ncn-X-Ønse Hcp Ime-L- -Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp∂p

Ad_nae-bmfw F∂ `mjmhyhlm-cw. Ad-_n-I-fp-am-bp≈ hym]m-c-

_-‘w, hnhm-l-_-‘-ßƒ, ]c-kv]-c-k-º¿°w, hmWn-Py-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ,

]tXy-I-a-X-k-aq-l-Øn-s‚-Xmb hnizm-kw, hnip-≤-K-Ÿ-ßƒ, BNm-cm-

\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS cq]-s∏- -h-bmWv B hyh-lm-c-L-S-\.

Ad_nae-bmfw F∂ mjm-t`Zw

Hcp ]mtZ-in-I- m-jm-t -Z-sa∂ \ne-bntem kmaq-ln-I- m-jm-t -Z-sa∂

\ne-bntem "Ad_nae-bmf' Øns‚ ]m[m-\y-Øn\v Ht´sd sXfn-hp-I-

fp-≠v. 1800- ¬ tIcfw kµ¿in® _p°m-\≥ F∂ k©mcn Cßs\

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""ae-_m¿ mj-sb∂v bqtdm-]y¿ ]d-bm-dp≈ ae-bm-

f-amWv Chn-SsØ kwkm-c- mj F¶nepw CXv ae-bm-ftam Xantgm

A√mØ Hcp ]mIr-X- m-j-bmIp∂p. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ D]-imJ F∂p

thW-sa-¶n¬ ]d-bmw. aZn-cm-in-bn¬ \n∂v h∂ Fs‚ Iq´p-Im¿°v ae-

_m-dnse Cu mj Aev]m-ev]-amtb a\- n-em-Ip-∂p-≈q. ae-_m-dnse

`mjbv°pw ae-bm-f-Øn\pw XΩn¬ kzc-hy-Xymkw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. ae-

bm-f- mj [mcmfw kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ß-sfbpw ]m- p-I-sfbpw DƒsIm-≈p∂p''

(A-d-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, ]p.21). ""ae-bm-f-hp-ambn Ad-_n-°p-

≠mb kwk¿§-Øns‚ ^e-ambn Ad_n ae-bmfw D≠m-bn. Ddp-Zp,

kwkvIr-Xw, t]¿ky≥, Xan-gv, I∂-S, Xpfp XpS-ßnb a‰p `mj-I-

fn¬\n∂v ISw-hm-ßnb \nc-h-[n-]-Z-ßƒ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ ]tbm-

Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. HºtXm ]tØm \q‰m-≠n-emWv Cu ]pXnb en]n D≠m-b-

sX∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ae-_m¿ ]tZ-i-Øm-WnXv ][m-\-ambpw ]Nm-

c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv. CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-h-cn¬ q-cn- m-Khpw am∏n-f-am-cm-bn-cp-

∂p. AXp--sIm-≠nXp am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-sa-∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏- p. CXv Ad-

Nne `mjm-N-cnXk-tµ-l-ßƒ

tUm. jo_ Fw.-Ip-cy≥

Pohn-X-coXn AYhm P\-kw-kvIm-c-hp-ambn _‘-

s∏- n-cp∂ mjbpw mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-t_m-

[hpw Hmtcm Ncn-X-L- -Ønepw hyXym-k-s∏- m-Wn-

cn-°p-∂-Xv. kº¿°w, Bhn¿`m-hw, sImSp-°¬

hmß¬ Xntcm-[m-\w, th¿]n-cn-b¬ XpS-ßnb Imc-

W-ß-fm¬ cq-]w-sIm-≈p∂ mjm-t -Z-ß-fmWv Hmtcm

`mj-bp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\w. e£-Zzo-]n-te-X-S°w ]Xn-

aq∂v `mjm-t -Z-taJ-e-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn-ep-s≠-∂mWv

s]mXpsh IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. PmXn-a-X-t -Z-h¿§--

tZiLS-I-ß-fpƒt®¿∂ Cu mjm-t -Z-ß-fpsS ka-

K-X-bmWv tIc-f-Ønse "ae-bmfw' F∂ mj. kmaq-

ly-amb Hcp \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv mj F∂-Xns\ ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n "ae-bmfw' F∂ mjm\n¿Ωn-Xn-sbbpw

AXns‚ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-sbbpw

"Ad_nae-bmfw' F∂ `mjm-hy-h-lm-csØ

ap≥\n¿Øn ]iv\-h-XvI-cn-°m-\mWv Cu ]_‘w

ian-°p-∂-Xv.

tIcfw F∂ kqNIw \Ωn-ep-≠m-°p∂ `q]-S-



87

i-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ kvXoI-f-S-°-ap≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-

f-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p (ap-∏-Xn-e-[nIw Fgp-Øp-Imsc "Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-

ln-Xy-N-cnX'Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v, ]p.121- 123).

CXbpw kº-∂-amb Hcp kmlnXyw ""tIc-f''-Øns‚ `mjm-N-cn-X-

sØtbm kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-sØtbm CXc ssh⁄m-\n-I-ta-J-e-I-sftbm

]cm-a¿in-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS "kmam-\y-t_m['Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ FØp-

∂-tX-bn-√. KZy-km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚tbm t\mh¬km-ln-Xy-Øn-s‚tbm

NcnXw ]Xn]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-I-sfm∂pw IW-°n-se-

Sp-°p-∂n-√. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Hcp hc-sam-gn-t -Z-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ tIc-f- m-

jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ A¿-l-amb ]cn-K-W\ Chbv°pw e`n-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv. F¥m-Wn-Xn\p ImcWw? mjbpw mj-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-

t_m-[hpw Hmtcm Ncn-X-L- -Ønepw hyXym-k-s∏- n-cn°pw F∂ Xncn-®-

dn-hn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Cu tNmZy-Øn-\p-Øcw tXtS-≠-Xv. ""hyh-lm-

c-L-S-\-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw k¶o¿Æ-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-eqsS

s]mXp-hn¬ kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw ]tXy-In®v - m-j-bp-sSbpw NcnX kwI-

a-W-Iaw imkvXo-b-ambn hnh-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. CØcw Xncn-®-dn-b¬

Inb Hmtcm kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw A`n-⁄m-\X (Identity) Is≠-Øepw

IqSn-bmWv'' (Fw.-io-\m-Yv, ""`mjm-]cnWmaw Hcp ]p\¿hn-Nm-cWw'',

ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw 12- -]p.79). A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bpw mjb-pw XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-

kv]-cy-Øn-eqsS \ne-\n¬-°p∂ `n∂-hy-h-lmc amXr-I-I-fm-Wv Hmtcm

Ncn-X-L- -Øn-ep-ap-≈Xv F∂ Xncn-®-dn-hn¬ \n∂mWv ]pXnb mjm-]-T-

\-ßƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv, Cu Xncn-®-dn-hns\ ap≥\n¿Øn tIc-f-Øns‚

`mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS ]Xy-b-im-kvXsØ Is≠-Øm-

\m-Ipw.

`mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿ΩnXn

]n.-tKm--hn-µ-]n-≈-bpsS "ae-bm-f- m--jm-N-cnXw' (1881) apX¬°mWv tIc-

f-Øns‚ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿ΩnXn XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw

\q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-emWv mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xm-t\z-j-Whpw

\n¿Ωn-Xnbpw Bcw`n®Xv F∂¿∞w. * \nb-X-amb Hcp q]-tZ-i-]-cn-[n-

bn¬ \n∂p sIm≠mWv Cu bXv\-ß-sf√mw \S-∂-Xv. ae-_m¿, sIm-®n,

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ F∂v th¿Xn-cn-™mWv InS-∂n-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ""thjw,

`mj, Pohn-X-co-Xn, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ tZio-bm-tLm-j-ßƒ, kmln-

Xy-I-em-kmw-kvIm-c-ßƒ XpSßn kakvX-Im-cy-ß-fnepw'' (Fw.ANyp-

X≥, kzmX¥y-k-a-chpw ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-hpw, ]p.144) H∂mb P\-Xsb

ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm-≠mWv "tIcf'sa∂ tZi-Ønse ae-bm-f- mjm-N-cnXw

\n¿Ωn-®-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-b-en-khpw AXns‚ `mK-am-bp≠-mb anj-Wdn

_n-bn¬ ae-bmfw Fgp-X-emWv'' (ap…o-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw,

]p.216- 217). Cu hnh--c-W-Øn¬ \n∂v Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-sa-∂Xv ae-_m-dnse

]mtZ-in-I-`m-jm-t`-Z-Øn\v en]n \¬Inb ]In-b-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v

ImWmw. CsXmcp hc-sam-gn-t -Z-am-sW∂v sI.-Fw.-]- m-I-c-hm-Zycpw kΩ-

Xn-°p-∂p≠-v. (a-e-bmfw am‰hpw hf¿®-bpw, ]p. 111,129). CXv hfsc kz`m-

hn-I-am-bp-≠mb en]n-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bmWv. sNs∂-Øp∂ tZi-ß-

fnse `mj-Iƒ°v en]n-Iƒ ]Nm-c-Øn-ept≠m F∂-t\z-jn-°p-Itbm

AXv ]Tn-°p-Itbm sNømsX ]mtZ-in-I- m-jbv°v Ad-_n-en]n \¬In

Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXn-bmWv Ad-_n-I-fp-tS-Xv. (C-

ßs\ cq]o-I-cn® en]n-bmWv amen-Zzo-]n¬ C∂pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv).

ae-_m-dns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw en]n-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ]mtZ-inI

`mjbv°v en]n \¬Ip-I-bmWv Ad-_n-Iƒ sNbvX-Xv.

]nev°m-eØv F√m hn⁄m-\-im-J-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-hm≥ X°-

hn[w hf¿® ]m]n® Cu en]n-h-ev°-cWw Hcp P\-hn- m-K-Øns‚ kmln-

Xy- m-j-bmbn amdn. ""ae-bm-f- m-jbv°v Aº-Xph¿j-ßƒ°v apºp-≠m-

bn-cp∂ KZy-]-Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fpsS FÆ-sØ-°mƒ \qtdm AXn-e-[n-Itam Cc´n

KZy-]-Zy-K-Ÿ-ßƒ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v. aX-]-c-amb KŸ-ßƒ,

I¿ΩimkvXw, Irjn-im-kvXw, sshZyw, Ncn-Xw, t\mh-ep-Iƒ, \nL-

≠p-°ƒ XpS-ßn-b-h... 150 h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ Xn∫p-\_n F∂

]pkvXIw, Jp¿ B≥ ]cn- m-j-Iƒ, sshZyi-mkvXw, X®p-im-kvXw,

I®-h-S-°m-cy-ßƒ, Ic-Iu-i-e-hn-Zy-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-

Iƒ, A„mw-K-lr-Z-bw, Aa-c-tIm-i-]-Zm¿∞w F∂n-h-bpsS X¿÷-a-Iƒ,

_me-Nn-In-’, \mev°m-en-Nn-In-’, \S-∏vZo-\-Nn-In’, bq\m\n NnIn’

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ sshZy-°n-Øm-_p-Iƒ... Cµp-te-Jbv°pw Bdp-

h¿jw-apºv ]cn- m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb Nm¿Z¿thiv F∂ t]¿jy≥ t\mh¬,

Aem-hp-±o≥, Ja¿kvam≥, Da-d-®≥, Aao-¿-lwk, kpss_-Z, ssk\_

XpS-ßnb t\mh-ep-Iƒ, F´p-hm-ey-ß-fn-embn Ad-_n-°-Y-Iƒ, hnI-am-

Zn-Xy≥ IY-Iƒ, kmtcm-]-tZ-i-I-Y-Iƒ, 16- mw \q-‰m-≠n-se-gp-Xnb tIc-f-

N-cn--Xw, Ad-_n-cm-am-b-Ww, ]S-∏m- v, Jn -∏m- v, ame-∏m- v, ssaem-©n-∏m-

v, I∏-∏m- v, H∏-\-∏m v XpS-ßnb ]m´p-Iƒ, IYm-Im-hy-ßƒ, Nca-Ko-X-

ßƒ, hs -gp-Øv, tImse-gpØv XpS-ßnb en]n-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\m-hm-iy-amb

]pkvX-I-ßƒ, Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-am-kn-I-Iƒ, H∏-\, Z v ap v, Ad-_\ap v,

tIm¬°fn XpS-ßnb Zriy-I-e-Iƒ'' Cßs\ hn]p-e-amb Hcp NcnXw

Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn-\p≠v (A-d-_n-a-e-bmfw ]p. 28- 32). I¿j-I-k-a-c-ßƒ,

_n´ojv hntcm[w F∂nh ]Xn-]m-Zy-hn-jb-amb Ht´sd IrXn-Iƒ Cu

en]n-bn-se-gp-Xn-bn- p-≠v. sImSp-ß-√q¿ apX¬ Nµ-Kn-cn-h-sc-bp≈ ]tZ-



89

bmf'`mj-bmbpw \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏- p. s]mXp-]m-c-º-cyw, kwkvIm-cw, Ncn-

Xw, kmº-Øn-ssIIyw XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw s]mXp-hmb Hcp mj-tbm-

sSm∏w Cu tZi-Øn\v ssIh-∂p. tZi-Øns‚ Ncn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ Ch-

tbm-tcm∂pw ]m[m-\y-tØmsS \ne-sIm-≠p. CΩ- n-ep≈ _rl-Zv]m-c-

º-cy-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]Xn-Iq-e-ambn \n¬°p∂ ]e-Xn-s\bpw X≈n-

°-f-tb-≠n-h-∂p. sN-dnb \yq\-]-£-]m-c-º-cy-ambn \ne-sIm≠ "Ad-_n-

a-e-bmf'Øn\pw, Hcp s]mXp- m-jm-N-cn-X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ amdn-\n¬t°≠-n

h∂p. tZio-bX AXns‚ AkvXnXzw Dd-∏n-°p-∂Xv "A]c'ßsf

kr„n®pw C√m-Xm-°n-bp-amWv (C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW≥, tZio-b-Xbpw kmln-

Xy-hpw, ]p.18) F∂ Adn-hns\ ap≥\n¿Øn mjm-N-cn-X-\n¿-ΩnXn Ad-

_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn\pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw `mjm-]-c-amb Hc-]-cXzw \n¿Ωn-

°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv F∂p]dbmw. "]e-Xmbn NnX-dn-°n-S-°p∂ knhn¬

kaq-lsØ ta[m-hn-Ø-Øns‚ Zni-bn¬ G-tIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ mj,

kwkvIm-cw, A®Sn ap-X-em-bh Imcy-amb ]¶v hln-°p∂p' (AXn¬Ø-

s∂, ]p.48) kaq-l-Øns‚ _lp-kz-c-Xsb \in-∏n®v `c-W-Iq-S-]n-¥p-

W-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ D]-kw-kvIm-c-ßƒ, D]- m-j-Iƒ F∂n-hsb ]pdw-X≈n

km£c-X, A®-Sn, hnZym- ymk]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Hcp apJy-

[m-cm-kw-kvImcw cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p. "\ºq-Xn-cn-am¿, £Xn-b¿, A¥-cm-f-

h¿-§-°m¿, \mb-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cpsS CSbv°v BZy-Imew apX¬°p-Xs∂

hnZym- ym-k-\ne Db¿∂-Xm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS hyh-lm-c- mj Ipd-®p-

IqSn ip≤n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv shbv]v' (]n.-sI.-]-c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿,

ae-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, ]p.8) Cu "ip≤-amb mj'bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v

]n∂n-te°pw ap∂n-te°pw k©cn®v tZio-b-X-bpsS htc-Wy-hy-h-lm-c-

ßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-ambn "`mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ al-Ømb ]mc-

ºcy'Øneq∂ns°m≠v tIc-f- m-jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cnXw cNn-°m-\p≈ DZy-

a-ß-fmWv ]n∂oS-v \S-∂-Xv. ap≥kq-Nn-∏n® hn`m-K-ß-fpsS kwkvIm-chpw

`mjbpw "tIcf'sa∂ tZi-Øns‚ mjbpw kwkvIm-c-hp-ambn Cu Ncn-

X-k‘n \nP-s∏-Sp-Øn.

ae-_m-dnse ap…ow kaq-l-Øn¬ aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-

´p-b¿-∂p-h∂ hmZ-ßƒ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ `n∂n-∏p-≠m-°n-bXpw Cu Ncn-

X-k-‘n-bn¬ "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'Øns‚ \ne-\n¬]ns\ _m[n-®n- p-≠m-Imw.

16- mw \q‰m≠n¬ Fgp-Ø-—s‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mbn Pohn® tImgn-t°mSv

Jmkn apl-ΩZv cNn® "samln-bn±o≥ame'sbØp-S¿∂v aq∂v \q-‰m-t≠mfw

ame-∏m- p-Iƒ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Ønse ‡n-]-ÿm-\sØ t]mjn-∏n-®p.

A≤ym-fl-cm-am-b-W-sØ-t∏m-se-Xs∂ Cu IrXn hoSp-I-fn¬ hmbn-°p∂

]Xnhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. (ap-…o-an-ßfpw tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, ]p.210)

hnZym- ymk]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb mh-\m- q-]-tZ-i-am-Wn-Xv.

ae-bm-f- m-j, tIcfw XpS-ßnb k¶¬]-\-ßƒ AhnsS cq]o-I-cn-°-

s∏- p-I-gn-™p. ⁄mt\m-Z-b-Øn-s‚bpw \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw -aq-ey-

ßfpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bp‡nbpw hnizm-k-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ cm„-

sa∂ hnim-e-hy-h-lm-c-Øn-\-I-ØmWv AXv h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. XnI®pw

cm„o-b-amb H∂m-W-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bpsS Dev]∂w IqSn-

bm-W-Xv. "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'Øns‚ `q]-cn-[n-bmbn Is≠-Ønb "sImSp-

ß-√q¿ apX¬ Nµ-Kn-cn-∏p-g-hsc'bp≈ mjm-]-tZiw Cu mjm-km-ln-

Xy-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Ahn- m-Py- m-K-am-Wv. "Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw' F∂v th¿Xn-

cn®v sNdn-sbmcp hni-I-e\w \¬In-bX-√msX ap≥kq-Nn-∏n® kmln-Xy-

ssh-⁄m-\n-I-im-J-Itfm Fgp-Øp-Imtcm tIc-f-Øns‚ apJy-[m-cm- m-

jm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Dƒs∏- n- n-√. q]-tZ-ihpw mjbpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘w B ]tZ-i-Øns‚ cm„o-b-Im-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- m-Wn-cn-°p-

∂Xv F∂-Xm-Wn-Xn\v Imc-Ww.

"Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'Øns‚ `q]-tZiw `mjm-km-ln-Xy-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bpsS

Ime-L- -Øn¬ `n∂-amb cm„o-b-]-In-b-bn-te°v hgn-am-dn-bn-cp-∂p.

sImtfm-Wn-b-en-kw, \thm-∞m-\-]-In-b, tZio-b-X, B[p-\n-IX F∂n-

h-bpsS ]cn-k-c-Øn¬ cq]-s∏- p-h-∂ Hcp ⁄m\-a-fi-e-amWv AXn¬

][m-\w. tZio-b-X-bp-sSbpw kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp-≠mb tZio-b-

]-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚bpw GI-in-em-]-c-amb ss\Xn-I-X, "Hcp mj Hcp tZiw'

F∂ "kmam-\y-t_m[w' Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®p. Cu kmam-\yt_m[amWv "Ad-

_n-a-e-bmf'sØ Hgn-hm°n "a-e-bmf'kmln-Xy-N-cn-XsØ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw h¿§o-b-hp-amb hyXym-k-ß-sfbpw hyh-

lm-c-ß-sfbpw C√m-Xm°n Hcp tZio-b-P-\-Io-bX cq]-s∏- p. mj, aXw,

BNm-c-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh tZi- -cm-„ob kzXz-Øn¬ ]p\¿\n¿∆-Nn-°-

s∏- p. hym]m-cw, hn]-Wn, A®-Sn, FgpØv F∂n-h-bpsS GIo-I-c-W-

Øn-\p-th≠n kr„n-°-s∏´ ]mtZ-inI`m-jm-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-\n¿Ωn-

Xn-bmWv B Ime-L- -Øn¬ \S-∂-Xv. Hcp Ncn-X-L- -Øn¬ kmaq-ln-I-

hy-Xym-kw-sIm≠pw Ad-_n- m-jm-k-º¿°wsIm≠pw ae-_m-dnse am∏n-

f-am-cpsS \mS≥ hyh-lm-c- m-j-bv°p-≠mb en]n-h¬°-cWw a-s‰mcp Ncn-

X-L- -Øn¬ tZio-b-X-bpsS e-am-bp-≠mb ae-bm-fo-I-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬

A]-k-‡-am-Ip-∂p. ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´p InS-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂pw s]mXp-

hmb NneXv Xßƒ°n-S-bn-ep-s≠∂pw Hcp P\-Xsb t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

tØ≠ Bh-iy-IX tZio-b-X-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\mbn Hcp mj,

Hcp tZiw, Hcp P\X F∂ kzXz-t_m[w Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-´p.

"tIcf'Ønse aq∂p-\m-Sp-Iƒ H‰ tZi-ambpw `mjm-t`-Z-ßƒ "ae-



91

`mjm-]-camb "A]-cXz' \n¿Ωn-Xnsb km[y-am-°p∂ apJy-[mcm htc-

Wy-hy-h-lm-c-ßsf Duń-bp-d-∏n°p-∂-Xn¬ km£-c-X, A®-Sn, hnZym- ym-

k-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv ][m-\-]¶v hln-®-Xv.

anj-W-dn-a-e-bmfw Hcp htc-Wy-hy-h-lmcw

km£-c-X-bpsS hym]\w tIc-f-Øn-ep-≠m-hp-∂Xv InkvXy≥ anj-

W-dn-am-cpsS hcthm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mXn-cn-a-e-bmfw F∂ mjbpsS Dev -

hhpw AtXm-sSm∏w \S-∂p. ]mXncn ae-bm-f-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-cq-]-Øn-

emWv BZy-Im-e-hn-Zym- ym-k-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gsdbpw \S-∂-Xv. ][m-

\-ambpw mjm-ssi-enbnse hyXym-k-amWv "ae-bmf'Øn¬\n∂pw anj-

Wdn KZysØ n∂-am-°p-∂-Xv. 17,18,19 \q‰m≠-pIfn¬ tI-c-fo-bcpw hntZ-

io-b-cp-amb InkvXp-a-X-]-Nm-c-I¿ cNn® aX-]-chpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb

KZy-K-Ÿ-ßƒ ae-bm-f- m-j-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\pw \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw

]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb ]e Imcy-ßfpw sNbvXn- p≠v F∂mWv s]mXp-sh-

bpfv mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-a-Xw. hntZ-io-b-c-S-°-ap-≈-h¿ Fgp-Xnb ]mXn-

cn-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ mjsb t]mjn-∏n-®p-sh∂pw Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-

Iƒ mjbv°v kw`m-h-\-I-sfm∂pw \evIn-bn√ F∂pw Icp-Xm-\m-hptam?

Cu A`n-]m-b-ß-sf√mw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv "`mj'sb ae-bm-f-sa∂ hyh-

ÿm-]n-Xcq]-Øn¬ ImWp-tºm-gm-Wv. Ht´sd D]-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf Xnc-

kvI-cn®v \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ tZio-b-P-\-Io-b-X-bpsS Dev]-∂-amWv

""aebmfsa∂v \mw I≠p-I-gn-™p. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fhpw ]mXncn ae-bm-

fhpw XΩn-ep≈ km-Zr-iy-ssh-km-Zr-iyß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-sN∂v ]mXncn

ae-bm-f-Øn\v e- n® Cu ]cn-K-W-\-bpsS Imc-W-a-t\z-jn-°mw. ""]m v,

aWn-]-hmfw F∂nh ]Xn-\mdmw \q-‰m-≠p-hsc \neh-n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ hc-

sam-gn-t -Z-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]I-S-amb hyXym-k-ß-tfmsS ]N-cn-∏n-

®n-cp∂ c≠v hc-sam-gn-t -Z-ß-fmWv anj-W-dn-a-e-bm-fhpw am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-

hpw. Ch-bv°p≈ kmZr-iy-ßƒ: 1) c≠pw aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- mWv

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 2) hntZ-i- m-jm-]-Z-ßƒ c≠nepw [mcm-f-ap-≠v. 3)

hmsam-gn-bnse h¿Æ-hn-Im-c-ßƒ c≠nepw ]I¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. 4) hymI-c-

W-cq-]-ß-fn¬ ASn-ÿm\]c-amb am‰a-n-√; F¶nepw ]tbm-K-Øn¬ Nne

hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ ImWmw. sshkm-Zr-iy-ßƒ: 1) In-kvXp-a-X-]-Nm-cWw

apJy-e-£y-ambn ]h¿Øn-®-h¿ cNn® IrXn-I-fnse mj-sb-bmWv anj-

W-dn-a-e-bmfw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-Xv, am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-Ir-Xn-Iƒ cNn-®-h-cn¬ aX-

]-fin-X-∑mcpw A√m-Ø-hcpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. 2) an-j-W-dn-a-e-bmf-Øn¬

aX-kw-_-‘n-bmb ]Z-k-©-b-Øn-emWv A\y- m-jm-kzm-[o\w A[n-I-

ap-≈Xv; am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ aX-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ [mcmfw A\y-

`m-jm-]-Z-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v. 3) InkvXy≥ anj-W-dn-am¿ aX-]-N-

F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn-ep-≠mb aX-]-cn-jvI-c-W-

hmZw ame-∏m- p-Isf aX-hn-cp-≤-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn apZ-Ip-Øp-Ibpw CtX XpS¿-

∂p-≠mb ]iv\-ßƒ kap-Zm-bsØ n∂n-∏nt-e°v \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

"Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-lnXy'Imc≥ (H.A-_p) Cu kw -hsØ hnh-cn-°p-

∂Xv t\m°pI: ""Zo\ns‚ AIhpw ]pdhpw ]dn-s®-dn™ `‡-∑m-cmb

]fin-X-∑m-cpsS Iäp-ºn¬h®v Ah-cpsS A\p-a-Xn-tbmSpw A\p-K-l-

tØmSpw IqSn Xg-®p-h-f¿∂ Hcp ‡n-]-ÿm\w C∂sØ Np‰p-]m-Sn¬''

A[n-I-∏-‰m-sW∂v h√-h¿°pw A`n-]m-b-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ah¿°v AXns\

Isøm-gn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ahbv°v C√mØ tZmj-ßƒ Btcm-]n®v aX-

]-cn-[n-bn¬\n∂v \n-jvIm-k\w sNøm≥ HXp-ßp-∂Xv \oXn-bm-hp-I-bn-√.

C…m-an-t‚-X-√mØ Hcp hnizm-k-]-am-Wtam BNm-c-k-º-Zm-btam BWv

ame-∏m- p-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ Cu Ign™ ct≠m

aqt∂m \q‰m-≠vImew tIc-f-Øn¬ Pohn® ]i-kvXcpw k¿∆m-Z-c-Wo-

b-cp-amb ]fin-X-∑m¿ Hcp C…m-an-X-c-]-h-WX ChnsS h-f¿Øn-sb-Sp-

Øp F∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw AXns‚ A¿∞w. tIc-f-Ønse ap…nw-k-ap-Zm-b-

Øns‚ _p≤n-]-c-amb t\ -ß-fpsS Ie-h-d-bmb "Ad-_n-a-e-bmfkmln-

Xy'-Øn¬ \n∂v AXnse kp]-[m-\-L-S-I-amb ame-∏m-´p-Isf

_lnjvIcn-°p-hm≥ ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-h¿, Aßs\ sNbvXXv F¥ns‚

t]cn-em-bmepw icn, Xß-fpsS kml-kn-I-bXv\w aqew Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-

km-ln-Xy-Øn\v kw -hn-∏m-\n-S-bp≈ \jvS-sØ-°p-dn®v Hm¿°mXn-cp-∂Xv

Ahn-th-I-]-c-amb I„-am-bn-t∏m-sb∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cp∂pIqSm Fen-sb-sIm-

√p-hm≥ C√w NqSm-h-X-√t√m'' (]p.63- 65). ae-_m-dnse ap…ow kap-Zmbw

`mj, ]mtZ-in-I-X, aXw, BNm-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw X\-Xmb Hcp

kzXzw ÿm]n® kaq-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-

Imew apX¬ B[n-]-Xy-i-‡n-I-tfmSv [oc-ambn t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw ]Xn-

tcm[w kr„n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. (t]m¿´pKo-kp-Im-cp-ambn \S∂

IS¬bp-≤-ßƒ apX¬ ae-_m¿ Iem]w hsc-bp≈ N-cnXw sXfn-hm-

Wv) _nójv sImtfm-Wn-b¬ AS-hp-\-b-ßƒ C¥y-bn-se-ºm-Spw, ]m¿iz-

h-ev°-cn-t°≠ Hcp "A]c'kwkvIr-Xn-bmWv ap…nw-P-\-X-sb∂

s]mXpt_m[ap≠m-°n-bn-cp∂p. tZio-b-X-bpsS hnim-e-]-cn-t]£yw

_rl-Zv]m-c-º-cy-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bmWv k©-cn-®-Xpw. "`n∂n-∏n®p -cn-°pI'

F∂ sshtZ-in-I-X-¥-Øns‚ hnPbtØm-sSm∏w kº-∂-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp

`mjm-kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-\n-cm-k-Øn\pw Cu kap-Zm-b-I-elw

hgn-sh-®p. tIc-f-Øns‚ `mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn¬ "ae-

bmf'Øns‚ _rl-Zv]m-c-º-cy-Øn\v ]m[m\yw e`n-°p-Ibpw "Ad-_n-a-

e-bmf'Øn\v mjm-]-c-amb Hc-]-cXzw \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.



93

tIc-f-Øn¬ _m“-W-cpw kwkvIr-X-sagpXm≥ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ Nne

am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. DØ-c-tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ Cu cq]-

Øn\v "Bcy FgpØv' F∂mWv t]cv. inem-im-k-\-ß-fnepw a‰pw

kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-ßƒ KŸm-£-c-Ønepw _m°n- m-Kw hs -gp-Ønepw

Fgp-Xp∂ coXn \S-∏n-em-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ \ΩpsS ae-bm-f-en]n an°-

hmdpw KŸm-£-c-Øn¬ \n∂v cq]w ]q≠-Xm-sW∂v ImWmw '' (s]m-

^. sI.-F.-P-eo¬, en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw-, ]p.238- 239). ""tNc-

tNm-f-]m-fiy-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A∂v HutZym-Kn-I- m-jbpw hyh-lm-c- m-jbpw

Xan-gm-b-Xn-\m¬ hs´gpØn¬Øs∂ Fgp-Xn-h-∂n-cp-∂p. AXn-J-c-ar-Zp-

tLm-j-ß-fpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xnt\m

kwkvIr-X-K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]I¿Øp-∂-Xnt\m hs -gp-Øn\v km[n-°msX h∂-

t∏mƒ hs -gpØv \ne-\n-∂n-S-sØms° ka-Im-en-I-ambn cq]-s∏- -XmWv

KŸm-£-cw. kwkvIr-X-K-Ÿsagp-Xm-\p≈ Cu KŸ-en-]n°v aqew

_m“n-X-s∂. Xan-gns\ At]-£n®v ae-bm-f-Øn¬ kwkvIr-X-]-Z-ßƒ

IqSp-X-ep-≈-Xn-\m¬ ae-bm-f-Øn\v "Bcy-F-gpØv' F∂p-IqSn t]cp≈

KŸ-en]n kzoIm-cy-ambn h∂p. Cu KŸ-en-]n-bpsS ]cn-jvIr-X-cq-]-

amWv C∂sØ ae-bm-f-en-]n. Xan-gven]n hs -gp-Øn-s‚bpw'' (]-fp-¶¬

KwKm-[-c≥ \mb¿, ae-bmf en]n D¤hhnImk ]cn-Wm-a-ßƒ, ae-bm-f-

`m-jm-N-cn-Xw, ]p. 152). en]n-bpsS L\-bnepw en]n-am-e-bpsS ]q¿Æ-X-

bnepw B[p-\nI "ae-bm-f-en-]n-°p≈ IS-∏mSv KŸ-en-]n-tbm-SmWv' (tUm.

Fkv.-sP.-aw-K-ew, ]mNo-\- m-c-X-Ønse en]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-

bpsS hnIm-k-hpw, ]p.162). ""tIc-f-Øn¬ kwkvIrXw IqSp-X-embn D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ _m“-W¿°v hnZym- ym-k-]-c-ambn CX-c-Pm-Xn-°m-cpsS

taep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ta[m-hnØw sIm≠mWv KŸ-en]n/Bcy-F-gpØv a‰p

]mtZ-in-I-en]n-Isf D∑q-e\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v thcp-d-∏n-®Xv'' (D-≤-c-Wn,

cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ap√-t»-cn, AXn¬Xs∂, ]p.11). Zmhn-U-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-

\p-tijw tIc-f-t-ZiØp-≠mb kw-kvIr-X-h-evI-c-W-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-

bmWv "B-cyFgpØv a‰p ]mtZ-in-I-en-]n-Isf D∑q-e\w sN-bvXp-sIm≠v

thcp-d-∏n-®Xv' (D-≤-c-Wn, cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ap√t»-cn, AXn¬Ø-s∂, ]p.11).

Zmhn-U-h-ev°-c-W-Øn-\p-tijw tIc-f-tZ-i-Øp-≠mb kwkvIr-X-h-ev°-

c-W-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv "Bcy-F-gpØv' F∂v Cu D≤-c-Wn-I-fn-eqsS

hy‡-amIpw. AXm-b-Xv, Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn mjbpw A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bpw

XΩn-ep-≠mb ]mc-kv]-cy-Øn-eqsS hf¿∂p-h∂ Hcp mjbpw en]n-bp-

amWv "ae-bmf'sa∂ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-cq-]-ambn amdn-b-Xv.

Cu en]n-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ HºXmw \q-‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ kmwkvIm-

cn-I-cw-KØv \S∂ am‰-ßfpw ][m-\-]-¶p-h-ln-®p. ""aWn-]-hm-f-I-hnX

cWw e£y-am-°n-bn- p≈ IrXn-Iƒ°v ]pdsa mjm-t]m-j-W-Øn-\m-h-

iy-amb IrXn-Ifpw cNn-®n- p≠v; Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ Nne Ad-_n-a-e-

bm-f-\n-L-≠p°fp-s≠-¶nepw mjm-t]m-j-Wia-ßƒ \S-∂n- n-√. 4) am∏n-

f-a-e-bmfØnse ASn-ÿm-\-h¿Æ-am-e-bnepw en]n-hy-h-ÿ-bnepw ae-

bmf Ad-_n- m-j-I-fpsS k¶-e\w D≠v; anj-W-dn-a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ h¿Æ-

am-ebpw en]n-hy-h-ÿbpw ae-bm-f-Øn-s‚-Xp-Xs∂. ][m-\-s∏´ as‰mcp

Imcyw, anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Ønse ]e IrXn-Ifpw "Xpd∂' kaq-lsØ e£y-

am°n cNn-®-h-bmWv; am∏n-f-a-e-bm-f-c-N-\-I-fpsS e£yw "AS™' kaq-

l-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' (sI.-Fw. ]`m-I-c-hm-cy¿, ae-bmfw am‰hpw hf¿®-bpw,

]p.129- 130). hyh-ÿm-]nX "ae-bmf'`m-j-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu \nco-

£Ww c≠v hc-sam-gn-t -Z-ß-fp-sSbpw ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂p.

en]n-bpsS Imcy-Øn-emWv ][m-\-hy-Xymkw \ne-\n-¬-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-

Øn¬ 17,18,19 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ ae-bm-f-en-]n-bmb "Bcy-

F-gpØv' AYhm KŸm-£-c-Øn-emWv anj-W-dn-am¿ IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®-

Xv. aX-]-N-cWw ][m-\-e-£y-am-bn-cp-∂Xv sIm≠p-Xs∂ AXv "Xpd∂'

kaq-lsØ e£y-am°n. ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠n¬\n∂pw apºv cq]-s∏´

"Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw', ]mtZ-in-I- m-jbv°v en]n \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B

kaq-lsØ t]mjn∏n°p∂ IS-a-bp-ta-s‰-Sp-Øp. kº-∂-amb Hcp]

`mjbv°pw kaq-l-Øn\pw "]pdtØ'°v t\mt°≠ Imcy-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øns‚ hc-sam-gn-t -Z-sa∂ coXn-bn¬ Ihn™v

Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw ]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂Xv kzX-¥-amb Hcp mj-sb∂ \ne-

bn-em-Wv.

D¬Ir-„`mj-bpsS cq]o-I-cWw

hc-sam-gn-t -Z-sa∂ \ne-bn¬\n-∂n-cp∂ anj-W-dn-KZyw tZio-b-X-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ kzmwio-I-cW (appropriation) ]In-b-bn-emWv apJy-[mcm

ae-bm-f-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. mjm-]-c-amb A]-c-Xzw AXn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. aX-]-N-c-W-Øn-\p-th-≠n mj ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ mjm-]-cn-jvI-

c-W-i-a-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AsX-gp-

X-s∏´ en]n-bmb "Bcy-F-gpØn's‚ Ncn-Xhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-sb∂ coXn-

bn-ep≈ IS-∂p-h-chpw IqSn At\z-jn-°p-∂Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. ""Z£n-

-tW-¥y-bn¬ ]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ Hcp ][m-\-cq-]-amWv KŸ-en-]n. kwkvIr-

X-KŸ-ßƒ°p≈ en]n F∂ \ne-bv°mWv "KŸ' F∂v t]cp-≠m-b-

Xv. kwkvIr-X-i-_vZ-ßƒ IrXy-ambn Fgp-Xm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp∂ 51

A£-c-ßƒ KŸ-en-]n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kwkvIr-X-Øns‚ ]Nmcw

aqe-amWv KŸ-en]n sXt°-C-¥y-bn-seßpw hym]n-®-Xv. Xpfp-\m- nepw



95

≈q. anj-W-dn-KZyw cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb "\m-tSm-Sn-®p-h-bp≈' tIc-fo-b- q-an-

Isb Dƒs°m≠v ]n¬°m-eØv ]uV-kw-kvImcw hnZym- ym-k-]-In-

b-bn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw "ae-bmfw' cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

kwkm-c- m-j-bmbpw kmln-Xy- m-jbmbpw AkvXnXzw t\Snb Ad-

_n-a-e-bm-f-Ønepw KZyhpw A®-Snbpw ]Nmcw t\Sn-bn-cp-∂p. 1867tem

68tem BWv BZy-ambn Ad_n apZ-W-ime ÿm]n-°-s∏- -Xv. Xe-t»-

cn-bn¬ _mk¬an-j¨ ]kn¬ \n∂v apZ-W-hnZy A`y-kn®v Xe-t»-cn-

bn¬ Xs∂-bm-WXp ÿm]n-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv s]m∂m-\n, Xncq-c-ßm-Sn, hf-]-

´Ww F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw ÿm]n-°-s∏´p (A-d-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-

Xw, ]p.126). F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xs∂ ae-

bm-f-Ønse A®-Sn-im-e-I-fp-sSbpw ]X-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw hnZym- ym-k-

]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw FÆhpw e£zpw am¿§-hp-sa√mw \n¿∆-Nn-°-s∏-

´p-I-gn-™p. ]≈n-°q-S-ßfpw Cw•ojv hnZym- ym-khpw ]pXnb sXmgn¬

taJ-e-Iƒ kr„n-®p. ]X-am-kn-I-Iƒ kzmX-¥y-k-a-cm-lzm-\-ßfpw ae-

bm-f-km-ln-Xy--t]m-j-W-ßfpw e£yam°n. Hcp `mj, Hcp en]n F∂

s]mXp-e£yw "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'sØ ]msS \nc-kn®p If-™p. C.-hn.cma-

Ir-jvW≥ tZio-b-X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ssk≤m-¥n-I-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬

A®Sn mj-Iƒ ][m-\-ambpw aq∂v coXn-bn-emWv ]h¿Øn-®-sX∂v ]d-

bp-∂p≠v. ""]e tZiy- m-j-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂nSØv Hcp A®-Sn- mj

Db¿∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ AXn-eqsS hen-sbmcp P\-k-aq-l-hp-ambn kº¿°w

]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ hfsc t]¿ D≠m-Ip-∂p. A®-Sn-bn-eqsS atX-X-c-

am-sbmcp kmtlm-Z-cyhpw kam-\-Xbpw Ch¿°v tXm∂n-Øp-S-ßp-∂p. mj-

bpsS am\-Io-I-cWw \S-°p-∂Xv A®-Sn-bpsS ]Nm-c-Øn-eqsSbmWv. am\-

I- mj \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-tXmsS mjm-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ°v kpÿn-c-Xbpw

ÿmbnbpw e`y-am-Ip-∂p. cm„sØ k¶-ev]n-°m≥ ]mNo-\-X-sb-°p-

dn-®p≈ t_m[hpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. `mjm-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kmwkvIm-cn-I-

ti-J-csØ A\-kyq-X-ambn hnI-kn® Hcp tZiob ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚

`mK-ambn Is≠-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn-®Xv A®Snam-[y-a-am-Wv. am\-I- m-j-

bmbn amdn-bXv ]e tZiy-t -Z-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. AXn\v a‰v tZiy-t -Z-ß-

sf-°mƒ am\yX ssIh-∂p. CØcw am\yX A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-am-

bp≈ _‘-ß-fmbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏´p F∂-XmWv aq∂m--asØ hkvXpX''

(]p.23). tIc-fØnse mjm-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-X-Øn¬-\n∂pw kmam-\y-t_m-

[-Øn¬\n-∂p-ap≈ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-Øns‚ Xnc-kvI-c-W-Øn\pw "ae-

bmf'`mjm-\n¿Ωn-Xn°pw ]n∂n-ep≈ B[p-\n-Ikm-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS

]h¿-Ø\w ChnsS hy‡-am-Wv. \thm-∞m-\-Im-eØv \S∂ kmln-Xy-

t]m-j-W-ß-sf√mw mj-bpsS tZio-b-]m-c-º-cysØ Is≠Sp°m-\p≈

\S-∏mb \mƒ apX¬ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°v Xan-gns‚ t\sc ITn-\-amb Hcp

shdp∏pw kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ AIm-c-W-amb Hcp ]£-]m-Xhpw Df-hmbn

\mƒ°p-\mƒ h¿≤n-®p-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu L -Øn¬ Xangv ]-Z-

ßsf [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏- m¬ an°-t]¿°pw Akzm-c-k-Øn-\n-S-

hcpw'' F∂ tIc-f-]m-Wn-\n-bpsS A`n-]mbw ]nev°m-eØv \ne-hn-en-

cp∂ s]mXp-t_m-[-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. "ae-bm-f- m-jm-]-cn-Wmaw kn≤m-

¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Xncp-s\-√q¿ Icp-Wm-I-c≥

Cu s]mXp-t_m-[-Øns‚ Imc-W-Øn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. ""Bcym-[n-

]XyØn≥Iogn¬ tIc-f-Ønse kmaq-ln-Ihpw cm„o-bhpw kmwkvIm-

cn-I-hp-amb cw-K-ß-fn-ep-≠mb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Xpey-amb am‰w tIc-

f- m-j-bn-ep-≠m-bn. tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcy-∑m-cpsS A[n\nthiw Hcp sshtZ-

in-Im-[n--]-Xy-ambn A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. F--¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ AXv

Hcp ]pXnb tIc-fo-b-Xsb kr„n-®p-sIm≠v AXn¬Xs∂ hnebw ]m]n-

®p. tIc-f- mj Bcy- m-j-bn¬ \n∂v Dƒs°m-≈m-hp-∂-sX√mw kzmwio-

I-cn®v hnI-kn-®-t∏m-tg-°v, Bcy- mj AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ°p-Xs∂ \nXy-

Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Bh-iy-an-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂v kzbw

Xntcm- -hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (]p.101) Cßs\ cq]-s∏- -XmWv tIc-f-

Ønse D¬Ir„ (elite language). Cu mjbpsS h‡m-°-fmb ]mtZ-

in-I-h-tc-Wy-hn- mK (local elite) Øn¬ \n∂mWv tZio-b-X-bpsS L -

Øn¬ Hcp ae-bm-f-h-ev°-c-W-]-Inb \S-°p-∂-Xv. "`mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-

Øns‚ al-Ømb ]mc-ºcy'apƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp `mj-bp-sSbpw en]n-

bp-sSbpw am\-ho-I-c-W-]-In-b-bpsS kµ¿ -amWv ]n∂o-Sv.

Cu ae-bm-f-h-evI-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ anj-W-dn-K-Zy-Øns‚ ]¶v Gsd

hep-Xm-Wv. KZy- m-j, A®-Sn, hnZym`ymk-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eq-

sS-bmWv Cu ]Inb \S-∂-Xv. Cu aq∂v ]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Gsd-°psd

anj-W-dn-am-cpsS \nb-¥-W-Øn-emWv \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS

kmam-\y- m-j-bn¬\n∂pw kwkvIm-c-Øn¬\n∂pw AI-∂p-I-gn-™n-cp∂

]uV-kw-kvImc (high culture)- m-jbpw en]nbpw kzoI-cn®v c-W-Iq-S-

Øns‚ ]n≥-_-e-ap≈ anj-W-dn-am¿ Xt±-iob A]-Ir„`mj (lowerlanguage) sb Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. anj-W-dn-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS

km£-c-cmb Xt±-io-b-P-\-Iob ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂mWv tZio-b-X-bpsS

hyh-lm-c-ßƒ hf¿∂p-h-∂Xpw Xt±-io-b¿ kzbw Xncn-®dn-bm≥ XpS-

ßn-b-Xpw. tIc-f-Øns‚ ]›mØeØn¬ anj-W-dn-a-e-bm-f-amWv ]uV-

kw-kvIm-csØ P\-Io-b-]m-cº-cyhpambn _‘n-∏n-®-Xv. KZy-Øns‚bpw

A®-Sn-bp-sSbpw ]mam-Wy-Øns‚ ImeØv ]mtZ-in-I-h-tc-Wy-hn- m-K-

Øn\v ]mXn-cn-a-e-bm-f-tØm-sSmØp t]mIp-Itb \n¿∆m-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-



97

5. thWp-tKm-]≥ \mb¿, Fkv.-hn. (F-Un), ae-bm-f- m-jm-N-cn--Xw, am-fq-_≥ ]ªn-

t°-j≥kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2000.

6. Icp-Wm-I-c≥ Xncp-s\-√q¿, ae-bm-f- m-jm-]-cn-Wmaw kn≤m-¥-ßfpw hkvXp-X-

I-fpw, ]`mXv _p°v lu-kv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1996.

7. Peo¬ sI.-F. s]m^. en]n-Ifpw am\-h-kw-kvIm-c-hpw, tIc-f- mjm C≥Ãn-

‰yq v, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1980.

8. awKew Fkv.-sP.-tUm., ]mNo-\- m-c-Xob en]n-im-kvXhpw ae-bm-f-en-]n-bpsS

hnIm-k-hpw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.

9. ae-bm-f-hn-a¿iw, \º¿- 12, Pqsse 91- -Pq¨ 92, ae-bm-f-hn- m-Kw, tImgn-t°mSv

k¿-∆-I-em-im-e.

10. tPm¿÷v sI.-Fw. tUm., (F-Un) kmln-Xy-N-cn-Xw ]ÿm-\-ß-fn-eq-sS, F≥.-

_n.-F-kv., tIm -bw, 1998

11. ]c-ta-iz-c≥ \mb¿ ]n.-sI., aebmfkm-ln-Xy-NcnXw, tIµ-km-ln-Xy

-A-°m-Z-an, \yqU¬-ln, 1969.

12. ]`m-I-c-hm-cn-b¿ sI.-Fw. ae-bm-fw am‰hpw hf¿®-bpw, h≈-tØmƒ hnZym-

]o-Tw, 2004.

13. cma-Ir-jvW≥ C.-hn., tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xy-hpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm -

bw, 2001.

15. io\m-Y≥ Fw., tIc-fØnse mj-Iƒ, A¥m-cm„ tIc-f-]-T-\-tI-µw, Xncp-

h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2006.

* bYm¿∞-Øn¬, ]-sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠-ns‚ c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ C¥y-bn-se-

ºmSpw C¥y≥ Ncn-X-\n¿ΩnXn F∂ Bibw DS-se-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ""\ap°p

Ncn-X-an-√, \ap-s°mcp Ncn-X-ap-≠m-IWw'' F∂ _¶nw-N-µ-bpsS hnJym-X-

]-kvXm-h-\sb ap≥\n¿Øn hntZ-i-hym-JymXm°ƒ hf-s®m-Sn-°mØ

tZiØns‚ qX-Im-esØ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-I F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Cu Ncn-X-sa-gp-

Øns‚ e£yw. Cu coXn-bn¬ qX-Im-esØ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kzbw-]-Xn-

\n-[m\w sNøm-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ t]mcm- -sØ-bmWv kqNn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CXv cm„o-bm-[n-Im-c-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ (Partha Chatterjee, Na-tion and Its Fragments OUP, 1997, p. 76-80)

ia-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. sshbm-I-c-W-∑mcpw kmln-Xy- m-jm-N-cn-X-Im-c-∑mcpw

Fgp-Øp-Im-cpw tZio-b-X-bpsS _r-l-Zv]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂psIm≠v GI-

in-em-]-c-amb Ncn-X-\n¿ΩnXn \S-Øn. \nL-≠p-°fpw hymI-c-W-]p-kvX-

I-ßfpw D≠m-b-tXmsS Ah-bn-eq-∂n-s°m-≠p≈ ]T-\-ßfpw "a\- n-em-

°¬' ]In-b-bp-amWv \S-∂-Xv. A£-c-⁄m-\-an-√m-Ø-h¿ IqSn Cu

Iq´mb t_m[-h¬°-c-W-]-In-b-bn¬ Dƒs∏-s´. "Ah¿°p-IqSn ]¶m-

fnØw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp∂ coXn-bn¬ tZio-b-X-bpsS hyh-lm-c-ßƒ \nc-

h[n am[y-a-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ Hcp cm„-Øns‚ mK-

ambn Ah¿ kzbw Xncn-®dn-™p' (AXn¬X-s∂, ]p.26). `mjm-km-ln-

Xy-N-cn-X-\n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-eqsS Hcp tZi- -cm-„-Øns‚ \n¿Ωn-Xn-bmWv km£-

c-Xbpw A®-Snbpw \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. B[p-\n-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚bpw

sXmgn¬ta-J-e-bpsSbpw Xe-ßƒ ]uV-kw-kvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw mj-bp-

sSbpw hgn-bn-em-bn. ssZ\wZn\Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Cu Xe-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Xnc-kvI-c-W-Ønepw Xa-kvI-c-W-Ønepw Ad-

_n-a-e-bm-f-sa∂ tZiy-t -Z-Øn\v ]nSn®p\n¬°m-\m-bn-√. Hcp mj, Hcp

tZio-b-X, Hcp cm„w F∂ ka-hmIyw ]m¿iz-h¬Ir-X-tZ-io-b-X-Isf

_e-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS C√m-Xm-°m-\p≈ t]cW \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. A\n-

hm-cy-am-bn-Øo¿∂ ae-bm-f-km-£-cX "Ad-_n-a-e-bmf'hpambn _‘-s∏´

F√m kmwkvIm-cn-I-Ø-\n-a-I-sfbpw ae-bm-fn-bpsS kmam-\y-t_m-[-Øn¬-

\n∂v ]pd-¥-≈n.

F¶nepw Xo¿Øpw Ah-K-Wn-°m\mhmØ H∂v GsXmcp mj-bv°p-

ap-≠v. Imc-Ww, aXw, Ie, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ F∂nh-t]mse mjbpw

kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-am-Wv. kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KsØ

hº≥am-‰-ß-fmWv Ah-bpsS cq]-h-ev°-c-W-Øn\pw Xntcm-[m-\-Øn\pw

]n∂n-ep-≈-Xv. ka-Im-en-I- mjmimkvX-Z¿i-\-ßƒ hwio-bhpw ]mtZ-

in-I-hp-amb mjm-t -Z-ßƒ°v Gsd ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p-∂p≠v F∂Xv

CØcw ]mtZ-in-I- m-j-I-fpsS ]p\-c-t\z-j-W-Øn\v hgn-sX-fn-°p-∂p.

tZiy-t -Z-ßsf Is≠-Øm\pw Ah-bpsS \nL-≠p-°fpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn-

°m-\p-ap≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ tIc-f-Ønepw XpS-ßn-°-gn-™p. ]pXnb

kwth-Z-\-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw kwth-Z-\-k-aq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-

ßfpw CØcw ]m¿iz-h¬Ir-X- m-j-Isf°pdn®v Iq-Sp-X¬ Adnhv ]I-

cp-∂-Xm-Wv.

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ1. A_p.H., Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-N-cn-Xw, F¬.-_n.-F-kv. tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1970.

2. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-fw, C≥Ãn-‰yq v Hm v am∏nf ÃUo-kv, Xriq¿.

3. them-bp-[≥ ]n≈ ]n.-hn.tUm., a[y-Im-e-a-e-bm-fw, Id‚ v _pIvkv, tIm -bw,

2004.



99

hfsc i‡n-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p. kmln-Xy- m-jsb kw_-‘n® B[p-\n-I-

\n-e-]mSpw hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-Øn¬ ImWn-°p∂ Xpd∂ kao-]-\hpw IY-

I-fpsS temIØv sshhn[yw krjvSn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w IY-

Iƒ Ncn-X-sØbpw h¿Ø-am-\-sØbpw cmjvSo-b-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. \S-∏p-io-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v IpXdn amdn mjsb \ho-I-cn®v kmln-

XysØ P\-Io-b-am-°p-hm-\p≈ iahpw Hcp mKØv \S-°p-∂p-≠v. Fgp-

Øp-Im-c\pw hmb-\-°m-c\pw XΩn¬ kwh-Zn-t°≠ CS-ßfpw IY-I-

fn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xp ImWmw. ]mc-º-cysØ Xnc-kvI-cn®pw \ho-I-

cn®pw \S-°p∂ IYm-¥-co£w P\m-[n-]Xy]-c-amb \nc-h[n kzc-ßsf

hna¿i-\-]-c-ambn kao-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. 1997 ¬ Cd-ßnb "Dº¿t´m

Ft°m' F∂ sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-Øn-eqsS it≤-b-\mb _n. apc-fn-

bpsS IY-I-fnse cmjvSo-bsØ hni-I-e\w sNøm-\mWv teJ\w ian-

°p-∂-Xv.

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-I-fn¬s]´ Hcm-sf∂ \ne-bn-emWv

_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-Isf s]mXpth hne-bn-cp-Øm-dp-≈-Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-

¥c sNdp-I-Y-Iƒ°v Hcp s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-bp-t≠m-sb∂pw ]ta-b-]-

c-ambpw BJym-\-]-c-ambpw Ch Fßs\ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-

ap≈ At\z-jWw _n. apc-fn-bnepw sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS hyXy-kvX-X-Isf

Ipdn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-am-Wv. ]ta-b-Ønepw Fgp-Øp-co-Xn-bnepw

ImWn°p∂ hyXy-kvX-X-bpsS cmjvSob A¿∞-ß-fmWv ][m-\-ambn

h¿Ø-am-\-Ime \ncq-]-W-ta-Je N¿® sNtø≠ Imcy-ß-fn¬ H∂v. ae-

bmf sNdp-IY CXp-hsc t]mImØ GXp hgn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Ct∏mƒ

sNdp-IY k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw k©mcw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ hgn-Ifpw

]iv\-ßfpw Fs¥∂pw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

""`mjsb hntam-Nn-∏n-°m≥ ka-b-sa-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ Im v‰pw

hnj-b-ßfpw H∏w hntam-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. c≠p-]m-X-Ifpw H∂mWv. Cu

Xncn-®-dnhpw AXn¬ \n∂v Db-cp∂ krjvSn-bp-amWv \sΩ kw_-‘n-®n-

S-tØmfw B[p-\n-tIm-Ø-c-X. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ Im v‰n-s‚bpw

BJym-\-Øn-s‚bpw ]mX-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-s‚bpw B A\m-bm-k-amb

B[p-\n-tIm-Øc kzmX¥yw Rm≥ ImWp∂p'' sh∂v "Dw_¿t´m

Ft°m' F∂ _n. apc-fn-bpsS BZy IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-

I-bn¬ k°-dnb ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Cu A[n-\n-th-im-\-¥c

kaq-l-Ønepw XpS¿∂p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-

Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw hyXy-kvX-X-e-ßsf kq£va-_p≤ym \nco-£n®v hna¿i-

\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bmte ]pXnb IY-Iƒ ]nd-°p-I-bp-≈q. Im v‰pw mj-

bn¬ ImWn-°p∂ "Kan°p' Ifpw IYsb ]pXp-a-bp-≈Xpw hyXy-kvX-

_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fnse

cmjvSobwtUm. cmtPjv Fw.-B¿.

h¿Ø-am-\-Ime sNdp-I-Ym-km-lnXyw bph-I-Ym-

Ir-Øp-I-fpsS cN-\-Iƒ sIm≠v hyXy-kvX-amb

kuµ-cym-\p- q-Xnbpw Bi-b-tem-Ihpw ]Zm\w sNøp-

∂p-≠v. BZy-Ime IY-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ efn-Xhpw

hnt\m-Z-hp-amb Ah-X-cW mjbpw lmky-hp-sa√mw

]pXnb temI-I-a-Øn¬ \qX-\-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-

s∏-Sp-tºmƒ kwkvIm-c-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw

kw_-‘n® hnK-l-_nw-_-ßƒ XI¿∂-Sn-bp-∂p.

\thm-∞m-\-aq-ey-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-ahpw aX- -h¿§ob

kwL-S-\-I-fpsS apt∂-‰hpw IΩyq-WnÃv Bi-b-ß-

fnepw ]tbm-K-ß-fnepw D≠m-Ip∂ ]pXp-]-h-W-X-

Ifpw ka-Im-enI sNdp-I-Ysb kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-

Sm\pw ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°m\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

\ho\ Im^v‰pw ]ta-b-hp-amWv Poh-\p≈ IY-

Iƒ°v apJy-amb Imc-W-ßƒ. \ne-hn-en-cp∂ kmln-

Xy- m-j-bpsS hn]p-eo-I-cWw C∂p IY-I-fn¬ \S-

°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ImesØ

IY-I-fn¬ IS-∂p-h-cmØ mj-bpsS sshhn-[y-ßƒ


1002010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

101

temI-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-Im-h-ÿ-sbbpw Pohn-X-sØbpw ZmcnZyØnem-

gvØp∂ Km v Icm¿ krjvSn-°p-∂-]-Xn-k‘n XcWw sNøp-hm-\p≈

ia-amWv A¿∞-im-kvX-Øn-t‚Xv. \mń≥]p-d-Øp-Im-c≥ Ah-cpsS mj-

bn¬ Km v Icm¿ N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ kw -hn-°p-∂Xv BtKm-f-amb A[n-

\n-th-i-sØ-t∏mepw ]mtZ-in-I-ambn tXm¬∏n-°-\m-hp-sa-∂m-Wv. F∂m¬

_u≤nI taJ-e-bnse A[n-\n-thiw a\p-jys\ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ IogS-

°m≥ km[n-°p∂ X¥-am-Wv. Ipkp-a-Ip-amcn ""Rm≥ ∂tew tPm¿Pp-

Ip- n-®m-bs\ skm]v\w-I-≠o\'' F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ tPm¿Pp-Ip- n-bpsS

adp-]Sn t\m°pI : "]Xp-s°-∏d s‚ Ipkp. ™n Zv C°-tWm-an-Ãns‚

te‰Ãv Cjyp hmbn-®nt√ ? Km v N¿® H∏m-°n-b∏w Hcp \nbaw D≠-

tX. Fs¥∂m¬ HcmfpsS A\p-hmZw IqSmsX A]-c≥ Abm-fpsS

kz]v\w ImWp-∂Xv _u≤nI kzØ-h-Im-i-Øns‚ ewL-\-am-Ip-∂p.

Ω°v CXvt\m-sSmcv C‚-e-IvNz¬ HmWÃn ImWn-°-t≠s‚ Ipkq.''

Pohn-X-Øns‚ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-I-fnepw A[n-\n-thiw AXns‚ sh≈-

s°mSn \mń-bn-cn-°pI F∂ Nn¥ Cu IY Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂p.

"se_-t\m¨' F∂ IY-bn¬ temI-hym-]-I-ambn \S-°p∂ Ata-cn-

°≥ A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ NnXw tIc-fob kaq-l-Øn¬ hym]-I-ambn

kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Nm\-ep-I-fn¬ \nc-¥cw ImWp∂

A vKm≥ ]iv\w, Ckm-b¬ BI-a-Ww, CdmJv BI-aWw F∂n-h-

sb√mw hy‡n-a-\- p-Isf Akz-ÿ-am-°p-∂p-sh∂pw AXn-\m¬ se_-

t\m-Wns‚ ZpxJw \mSns‚ ZpxJ-ambn Gs‰-Sp-t°≠Xns‚ Ime-L´w

h∂-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ kqN-\-Iƒ Cu IY apt∂m´p shbv°p-

∂p-≠v. BtKmf hnj-b-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ am[y-a-ßƒ hgn cq]-

s∏-Sp∂ kaql a\x-im-kvX-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ tXSp-hm-\pw Cu IY ian-

°p-∂p.

"temdm \o FhnsS' F∂ sNdp-IY P\-]nb ]W-b-kn-\n-a-bpsS

ssien-bn¬ hmbn-°m-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏- -Xm-Wv. kn\n-a-bpsS

Zriy-ßsf Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hn[-ap≈ BJym-\-am-Wn-Xv. ]W-bw, Zpc-

¥w, ]I F∂n-h-sb√mw IS∂p hcp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w P\-]nb kn\n-a-I-

fnse Km\w sNdp-I-Y-bpsS inev]sØ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-∂p. "Pqdm-knIv

]m¿°v', "F∂nt´m' F∂o IY-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ kn\n-a-bpsS ]mTm-¥-c-

_-‘-ßƒ am[y-a-tI-µn-X-amb ]pXnb kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ hmb-\-bpsS

hyXykvX A¿∞-ßƒ apt∂m- p-sh-bv°m-hp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂nt´m F∂

IY-bn¬ ln®vtIm°v IS-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ ImgvN-°m-cs\ hnd-∏n-°p∂

kkvs]≥kv NnX-ß-fpsS amXncn tIc-fhpw hnd-bv°p-∂p. kn\n-a-bn-eq-

sSbpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw temI-P-\-Xsb hnd-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂

hp-am-°p-sa-¶nepw Acm-jvSo-b-Xbpw A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ ]mZ-tk-hbpw

]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bm-bm¬ Ah ]n¥≈s∏Sp-I-Xs∂ sNøp-sa-∂p≈ Hm¿Ω

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c sNdp-I-Ym-Ir-Øp-Iƒ°p-≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.

ChnsS ]T-\-Øn-s\-Sp-°p∂ _n. apc-fn-bpsS IYm-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ

Dº¿t´m Ft°m, ]qap-Sn-s°- -gn-™Xpw ]pjv]-Pmew sImgn-™-Xpw,

tImS-Xn-h-cm-¥-bnse Im vI, t]mt´m-tkm-h, sN¥o-t]m-semcp amem-

J, lcn-X-ssh-inIw F∂n-h-bm-Wv. P\-]n-b-amb ssien-sb∂p

tXm∂p∂ `mjbpw ]ta-bhpw kzoI-cn®v h¿Ø-am-\-k-aq-l-Øns‚

hyXy-kvX-X-Isf AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ ia-ß-fmWv _n. apc-fn-bpsS

IY-Iƒ. ss]¶n-fn-km-ln-Xyhpw kn\n-abpw lmkyhpw B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c

ssk≤m¥nIcpw IYm-]-cn-ksØ sshhn-≤y-am¿∂-Xm-°p-∂p. Dº¿t´m

Ft°m, s]sÆ-gpØ,v \ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ Pohn-Xw˛Hcp ZfnXv sân-\nÃv

]p\¿hm-b-\, tImSXn hcm-¥-bnse Im vI F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Xe-s°-

´p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ ae-bm-f-IY ioen-®n- n-√mØ ]pØ≥ hnj-b-ßfpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-]-iv\-ßfpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wn-sX∂ [z\n hcp-

∂p-≠v.

Dº¿t´m Ft°m F∂ IY hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb coXn-bn¬ hmbn®p

sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂v hgn-amdn hmbn-°p-Ibpw Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂ kpPm-X-bpsS kzXz-Øns‚ am‰-amWv ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. hmb-\-

bnepw Ima-\-bnepw D≠m-Ip∂ am‰w F∂Xv ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-io-e-ß-

fpsS ]mc-º-cy-aq-ey-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ hnt—-ZsØ ImWn-°p-∂Xpw IqSn-

bmWv. kmln-Xy-Ønepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-Øns‚ IqSn

_nw_-amWv Dº¿t´m Ft°m. antj¬ qt°mbpw sdmfmMv _m¿Øpw

Hs° hmbn-°-s∏-Sp∂ B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c ⁄m\-]-cn-k-c-sa-∂Xv kmln-

XysØ tIhew kuµ-cym-fl-I-ambn ImWp∂ H∂-√m-sb∂pw GsXmcp

IrXnbpw Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-_-e-X-¥-ßsf Cg-]n-cn-s®-Sp-t°≠

Ime-L- -Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-X-sb-bm-WXv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw Xncn-

®-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ emh-Wy-bp-‡n-I-fn¬

IpSp-ßn-t∏mb cma-Ir-jvW≥ Ah-km\w At\z-jn-°p-∂Xv IÆ-»-cm-

am-bWw Bbn-t∏m-Ip-∂Xv IY-bnse \mb-Is‚ Zpc-¥-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂p.

t]mÃv tamtU¨ Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb Dº¿t´m Ft°m ssk≤m-¥n-I-

amb cwKØpw it≤-bm-I¿jn-®-bm-fmWv. sNdp-I-Y-bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-

Sp∂ \nc-h[n ssk≤m-¥n-I-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv amdn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p∂ kmlnXy kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-I-fpsS Nn”-am-bm-Wv.

BtKm-f-h-XvI-c-W-Øns‚ e-ambn \m -dn-hp-Iƒ Ih¿s∂-Sp-°p∂

ka-Im-en-Im-h-ÿ-bpsS apJ-amWv A¿∞-imkvXw F∂ IY. aq∂mw


1022010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

103

Xz-Zpx-J-a√ C°m-eØp ImWp-∂-sX-¶nepw \Ω-f-dn-bmØ, \sΩ \nb-

¥n-°p∂, Iogvs]-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ian-°p∂ A[n-Im-c-i-‡n-I-sf-bm-Wv,

Ah krjvSn-°p∂ A\-¥-amb ]oU-\-ap-d-I-fmWv AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-J-ap-≠m-

Ip-∂-Xv.

Pohn-X-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßsf kXy-k-‘-ambn ]Xn- -en-∏n-°p-Itbm

AX-s√-¶n¬ Ahbv°p ]nd-In¬ ad-™n-cn-°p∂ At_m-[-k-Ø-Isf

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm AXp-a-s√-¶n¬ `mh-\m-fl-I-amb Hcp A\y-tem-

IsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ coXn°p ]Icw kmln-Xy-N-cn-X-

Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Øp-Imcpw hmb-\-°mcpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw

HØp-tN¿∂v A`n-\-bn-°p∂ \mS-Iob cwK-ßsf Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-h-

bmWv _n. apc-fn-bpsS Nne IY-Iƒ F∂ hn.-kn. ioPs‚ A`n-]mbw

hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂Xv ]pXnb IY-Iƒ kwhm-Z-am-°p∂ ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘-ß-

sf-bm-Wv. ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘-ßƒ \oń-sh-bv°-s∏-Sp∂ At\Iw hmb-\-

°m¿°pw A¿∞-ßƒ°pw hgn Xcp-∂p. ]mTm-¥-c-_-‘-ßƒ Ncn-X-

Øns‚ hncp-t≤m-‡n-Iƒ°pw A]\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xp-

hgn h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øns‚ cq£-hn-a¿i-\-ß-fmbpw IY-Iƒ amdp-∂-

Xn\v kml-N-cy-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

hmb-\bpw Ima-\bpw tN¿s∂m-cp-°p∂ ]iv\-a-WvUew Bhn-jvI-

cn-°p∂ \nc-h[n IY-I-sf-°p-dn®v hn.kn. lmcokv hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.

kvXo ]pcpj ]W-b-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ hmb-\-Iƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-

°p∂ C≥^¿ta-j≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-am-

sW∂v "Beokv C≥ h≠¿em‚ v', "acn-bp-hm\', s]sÆ-gpØv' XpS-

ßnb \nc-h[n IY-Iƒ At\z-j-W-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

kvt\lw, kulr-Zw, ]Wbw F∂n-h-bpsS amdn-h-cp∂ kz`m-h-Øn¬

BIp-e-cm-ImsX h¿Ø-am-\-Øn¬ Pohn-°m≥ ian-°p-∂-h-cmbn temIw

amdn-b-Xns‚ BJym-\-amWv " c≠v Imev]-\n-I-cmb bphm-°ƒ ÃmNyp

PwKvj-\n¬ sNt°m-hns‚ IYm-]m-XsØ I≠-t∏mƒ' ]W-b-Øn\p

th≠n [oc-Xbpw XymKhpw sNøp∂ Imev]-\n-I-cpsS Imew Ah-km-

\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂pw bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ Xo£vW Ah-ÿ-I-fn-te°v

Cdßn ht∂ aXn-bm-Iq-sh∂pw Cu IY km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. ]n.-

F-kv.-kn. F∂ IY-bn¬ ]W-b-Øn-\n-S-bnepw Cu sSÃn-se-¶nepw ]m m-

hp-Ibpw tPmen-Inń c£-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøm≥ km[n-°p-tam-sb∂ Nn¥-

bmWv \mbn-Isb _m[n-°p-∂-Xv. \mb-I\pw At∏mƒ Pohn-X-bm-

Ym¿∞ysØ Iäp-∂n¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. F\n°v b-¶-c-ambn hni-°m≥

Bcw- n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. t]m°-‰n¬ Hcp akme tZmi-bv°p≈ Imti-bp-≈q.

Chsf ÃmNyq-hn¬ hnSp-Ibpw thW-a-t√m. kmº-ØnI Ak-a-Xz-

H∂mw temI-i-‡n-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ A[n-Im-c-tI-µo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn Cd-

ßn-Øn-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Znt\m-km-dp-I-fpsS ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn-eqsS

kv]n¬_¿Kv Pqdm-knIv ]m¿°n¬ temI-P-\-Xsb oXn-bpsS apƒap-\-

bn¬ \n¿Øp-∂p. A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ ]pXnb am¿§-ßƒ tXSn-bp≈

bmX-bn-emWv (]p-Xnb kkvs]≥kv tXSn-bp≈ ln®vtIm-°ns‚ hc-

hv) apX-em-fn-Ø-cm-Py-ßƒ. AXn\v G‰hpw D]-bp-‡-amb Bbp-[-am-bn-

´mWv Ah¿ Zriy-am-[y-a-ßsf D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Zriy-am-[y-a-kw-kvIm-

c-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-Øm¬ C∂v kmlnXyw AXns‚ cq]-Øn¬ am‰w

h∂v AXn-I-Y-I-fpsS Ah-X-c-W-coXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp IY-bn¬ IY-

sb∂ \ne-bv°p≈ AXns‚ AkvXn-XzsØ B IY-bn¬ Xs∂ k¶-

ev]n-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kmam-\y-ambn AXv AXn-I-Y-bm-sW∂v ]dbmw. _n.

apc-fn-bpsS IY ]d-®n-en¬ Cu kz`mhw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

B[p-\n-Im-\-¥c kn≤m-¥-ßƒ IY-Iƒ t]mse Xs∂ BJym\-

ß-fm-sW∂p Icp-Xp∂ kz`m-h-Øns‚ t\cnb kqN-\-Iƒ _n. apc-fn-

bpsS IY-Iƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ tXm∂m-dp-≠v. kn≤m-¥-ßƒ BJym-\-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v n∂-an-√m-sb∂ Adnhv IY-sb-gp-Øns\ hyXy-kvX-am-°p-

∂p. "\ap°p Np‰p-ap≈ Pohn-Xw, Hcp ZfnXv sân-\nÃv ]p\¿hm-b\'

F∂ sNdp-IY Pohn-Xhpw kmln-Xy-kn-≤m-¥-ßfpw FX-amXw IqSn-

°p-g™p InS-°p-I-bmWv F∂-Xns‚ ]kvXm-h-\m-]-c-]-amb BJym-\-

co-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- -Xm-Wv. kvXo ZfnXv ]iv\-ßsf apJy-[m-c-bn-

te°v sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v BK-ln-°p-tºmgpw At_m-[-]-c-ambn ]pcp-

jm-[n-]-Xy-hy-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kh¿Æ-X-bp-tSbpw kz`mhw ImWn-°p∂

kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-ÿ-tbm-SmWv Cu IY kwh-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.

""tImSXn hcm-¥-bnse Im vI'' F∂ sNdp-IY XpS-ßp-∂Xv Cß-

s\-bmWv : "ctai≥ \mb¿°v A_-≤-ßƒ ]nW-bp-∂Xv km[m-c-W-bm-

Wv. Bh-iy-an-√mØ Imcy-ß-fn¬ tIdn CS-s]-Sp∂ B \mS≥ a´p-≠-

t√m. AXp-Xs∂. Cu CS-s]-S-ep-I-fp-sS-sbms° ]Xn- ew Gsd-°-gn-

™mWv At±-lsØ tXSn-h-cnI'. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-Jhpw

t]dn kmaq-ly-amb ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v amdn \S-°p∂ hy‡n-b√

cta-i≥\m-b¿. Hcp a[y-h¿§ k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿs‚ cmjvSo-b-t_m[w

ImØp-kq-£n-°p∂ cta-i≥\m-b¿°v e`n-°p∂ ka-≥kv A\-¥-ambn

\sΩ th -bm-Sp∂ `c-W-IqS bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ cq]-I-ambn hnI-kn-

°p-∂p. c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚bpw c-W-h¿§-Øn-s‚bpw Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°-\p-

kr-X-ambn `cWw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ C°m-eØv Im^vI-bpsS

AkvXn-Xz-Zpx-Jhpw cta-i≥\m-b-cpsS ka≥kpw c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ A[n-

Im-csØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. F∂m¬ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS AkvXn-


1042010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

105

kmkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØp h∂n-cn-°p∂ Cu am‰-ßƒ hn]-Wn-bpsS tIµo-

Ir-X-kz- m-h-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-am-sW-∂p≈ kXyw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hn-√.

temI-k-aq-l-Øns‚ kmº-Øn-I-I-a-Øn¬ h∂ am‰w F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ

kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-KØp h∂ am‰-amWv CXn\v ASn-ÿm-\w.

"sN¥o-t]m-semcp amemJ' bn¬ Imev]-\n-I-amb ]W-b-Øn-te°v

BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂ bphmhv c‡-km-£n-a-WvU]w Ian-Xm-hp-am-bp≈

kam-K-a-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. el-cn-bn¬ apgpIn Id-ßn-\-S-°p∂

bphm-hn\v ]Wbw Xebv°v ]nSn® hnπ-h-Im-cn-Iƒ Dd-ßp-∂-bnSw Xs∂

kam-K-a-Øn\v Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]Wbw hnπ-h-sa∂v tXm∂n-tb-

°mw. IYm-\m-bn-I-bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ apgp-Ip-∂Xpw hnπ-h-kva-c-W-I-fm-

Wv. tIc-f-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-°p∂ Ncn-XsØ ]pXnb Xe-

apd kvacn-°p-∂-Xp-amhmw Cu Imev]-\n-I-]-Wb-Øn-eqsS sNøp-∂-Xv.

kuaysb ImWp-∂-Xn\v tlm -en¬ Hcp U_nƒ dqw FSp-°p-∂-Xns\°p-

dn®v tPm∏≥ BZyta Adn-bmsX Hm¿ØXpw ]n∂oSv CXv ]W-bhpw

Ihn-X-bp-am-sW∂v "Xncn-®-dn™v' c‡-km-£n-a-WvU-]-Øn-\-SpØv ImWm-

sa∂pw ]d-bp-tºmƒ kzXz-Øns‚ hn`n-∂-ap-J-ß-sf-bmWv ImWp-∂-Xv.

ÿe-Im-e-ßƒ°pw kµ¿ -ßƒ°p-a-\p-k-cn®v Fß-s\bpw amdm-hp∂

kzXz-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-ßƒ C∂p \n¿Ωn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Cu IY

hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.

hntZ-iØp \S-Øp∂ Hcp Ifn-bpsS amXr-I-bn¬ Chn-sS, ]pcp-j-

∑m-cpsS IÆp-Iƒ aqSn-s°- p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS apºn-eqsS kpµ-cn-I-fmb

kvXoIƒ \S∂p t]mIp-tºmƒ ]pcp-j≥ kvXosb kv]¿in®v Adn-b-

Ww. HXp-ßnb Ac-s°- p≈ iin-I-esb IqSp-X¬ t]cpw kv]¿in®v

Adn-bp-∂p. kvXoi-co-csØ kw_-‘n®v B[p-\n-IX \n¿Ωn-s®-SpØ

k¶-ev]-\-ß-fmb ico-c-Øns‚ A®-S-°w, DS-a-ÿ-X, kuµcyw F∂n-

h-sb√mw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw ⁄m\-]-c-hp-amb IS-∂p-h-c-hns‚ ê-

ambpw hn]-Wn-tI-µn-X-amb aqey-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS e-ambpw am‰-ßƒ°v

hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂p. kuµcyw Xpd∂p ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂Xp Xs∂, kzoI-cn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ Ie-bmbpw amdp-∂p. icocw kzoIm-cy-ambn ]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂

CS-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-s°-Øs∂ CØcw ]Z¿i\w s]mXp-a-WvU-e-Øn-

te°v Cd-ßn-h-cp-tºmƒ apX-em-fnØw CXn\v ]q¿Æ ]n¥pW \¬Ip-

∂p. ico-c-]-Z¿i\w kmaq-ly- -km-º-ØnI D∂-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xo-I-ambn

amdp-tºmƒ, "iin-Ie Hcp A«o-e-i-cocw' F∂ sNdp-IY ]pcp-jm-[n-]-

Xy-io-e-ßƒ Iqń-bp-d-∏n®p \n¿Ønb k¶-ev]-ß-fn-emWv hn≈-ep-Iƒ

hogvØp-∂-Xv.

"lcn-X-ssh-inIw' F∂ IY c≠v thiy-I-fpsS hy‡n-Xzm-\p- -h-

Øns‚bpw D]- m-Km-k-‡n-bp-sSbpw temI-Øn¬ ]Wbw ]pXnb aqey-

hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠m-°p-∂p. sagpIp ]W-bw, s]mbv XpS-ßnb IY-I-fn¬

ImWp-∂Xpw Ft∏mƒ thW-sa-¶nepw Hgn-bm-hp-∂, Bflm¿∞-X-I-fn-

√m-Ø, kz¥w \ne-\n-ev]n\p th≠n Hgn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ]W-b-Øns‚ ]pXn-

b apJ-ß-fm-Wv. ]W-b-sa∂ kmaq-ln-I-_-‘-ßƒ Ncn-X-]-c-ambpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw ]cn-Wmaw kw`-hn®psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂

hkvXp-X-bmWv Cu IY-Iƒ A¿∞-am-°p-∂-Xv.

kvXo]p-cp-j-_‘w, kulr-Zw, Zmº-Xyw, ]Wbw Ch-bpsS hgn-

Iƒ ]cn-Nn-X-am-sW∂v GXm-s≠√m IYm-hm-b-\-°mcpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-

t -°pw. Ch-bv°p-dn-s®ms° ]d-bp∂ FX-sbX IY-I-fp≠v F∂ Adn-

hns‚ _e-Øn-emWv Ah¿ Aßs\ ]d-bp-I. F∂m¬ Cu ]mc-ºcyw

\ne-\n¬°th Xs∂ Cu hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n®v k¶o-¿-WX apgp-

s°bpw Agn™p t]mbn- n-√. kzXz-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ A≤ym-b-ßƒ

XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. bmYm¿∞y-Øn¬ \n∂v àm-fl-I-X-bn-te°v XpSsc

\oßn, GXmWv àw GXmWv \nPw F∂p-d-∏n-°m-\m-hmsX k¶-s∏-

Sp∂ IY-Iƒ Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ D≠m-hp-∂p-≠v. "eXn-I-bpsS hncp-∂p-

Im¿' "Hcp A]-[m\ kw -h-Øns‚ hnNm-cW' F∂o IY-I-fn¬ Cu

A¥-co-£-am-Wp-≈-Xv. apgpØ Hcp kw -h-Øns‚ \mS-Io-I-cWw \S-

Øp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw ]Xn-I-c-W-ß-fpsS `n∂-Pm-Xo-bX FgpXn hbv°p-

∂-Xn-emWv Cu IY-Iƒ i≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v "sN¥o-t]m-semcp

amemJ' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ]T-\-Øn¬ C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥ \nco-

£n-°p-∂p-≠v. AXym-[p-\nI kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bm¬ \n¿Ωn-X-amb am[y-

a-ß-fmepw hmWn-Py-ÿm-]-\-ß-fmepw cq]-s∏´ I¿XrXz \n¿ΩnXn

kvXo/]pcpj ]W-b-ßsf \nc-¥cw ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°n-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v ]W-b-sa-∂Xv am¿°‰v \ne-hm-c-Øn-\-\p-kr-

X-ambn Ft∏mgpw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ H∂mbpw Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

kulr-Zhpw Zmº-Xyhpw ]W-b-hp-sa√mw Ncn-X-]-c-ambn cq]w sIm≠n-

´p-≈Xpw \nc-¥cw ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb kmaq-ly-_-

‘-ß-fm-Wv. "t]m' F∂ IY-bnse apIp-µs\ £oWn-°msX ]W-

bn®psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ NµnI s]m -j-W¬ Bb Imap-In-bm-Wv. (c-a-

W-\nse Nµn-Isb ChnsS Hm¿°mw) NµnI F∂ t]cp-hgn kmln-

Xy-Ønse ]W-b-N-cn-X-Øns‚ Xs∂ hna¿i-\-ambpw IY amdp-∂p-

≠v. imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw kwXr]vXn Xcp∂ s]m -j-W¬

]W-bn-\n-Iƒ e`y-am-Ip-∂Xpw kzoIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kwkvImcw "A\-

izcamb ]W-b-k-¶-ev]-ß-fpsS XI¿®-I-fp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. \nan-j-ß-fpsS

ssZ¿Lyw Xs∂ AXn\p hep-Xm-Wv. BtKm-f-hym-]-I-am-bn-Øs∂


1062010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

107

t\-XrXzw he-Xp-]-£-h¬°-c-W-]m-X-bn-eqsS \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-

Wv. "Nh¿Kw Xme-hytam' F∂ IY CØ-c-Øn¬ hnπ-h-∏m¿ńIfpsS

]Xy-b-im-kvX-Øn¬ h∂ ]cm-P-b-sØ-bmWv ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]Xy-

b-imkvXw Xpd-∂-Sn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Imew Xo¿∂p. C\n AXv \nKq-

V-ambn ]d™p hbv°m≥ t\m°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ \mW-t°-Sm-Wv. I¿j-

I¿°pw sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°pw FXnsc \nb-a-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw hcp-

tºmƒ AXn\v A\p-hmZw sImSp-°p∂ kwL-S-\-bmbn IΩyq-WnÃv

]ÿm\w amdp-∂p. 1968 ¬ ^m≥knse Iem]w hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWp

\bn-s®-X-¶nepw c-W-Iq-SsØ ]nSn-®p-e-bv°p∂ H∂mbn AXv amdn-bn-

cp-∂p. Iem]w ]cm-P-b-s∏-s -¶nepw AXn¬ \n∂pw ]e ]mT-ßfpw ]Tn-

t°-≠-Xp-≠v. hmb-\-bn¬ \S-°p∂ hnπ-h-tØ-°mƒ henb hnπ-h-ßƒ

ChnsS \S-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. `mjm-]-c-amb N¿®-Isf tIhew hymI-c-W-

kw-_-‘n-bmb ]iv\-ß-fn-te°v HXp-°p-Ibpw (C-hnsS Acm-jvSo-b-

h¬°cWw F∂ A¿∞w sImSp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.) mj Hcp kwkvIm-

c-am-sW∂pw P\-X-bm-sW-∂p-ap≈ bmYm¿∞yw ad∂p sIm≠p s]cp-

am-dp-∂Xv ]Xn-tem-a-]-c-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v "Nh¿Kw Xme-hytam'

F∂Xv ]Xy-b-imkvX \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂v amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ CS-

Xp-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf ]cn-lm-k-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ sNdp-I-Y-

bmbn amdp-∂p.

_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ Acm-jvSo-b-kz- mhw hni-Z-ambn

N¿®-sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv. kaqlw IqSp-X¬ Acm-jvSo-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´p

sIm≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ bmYm¿∞y-sØ-bmtWm IYm-IrØv

At\z-jn-t°-≠X.v AtXm Acm-jvSo-b-amb kaq-l-sØ-bmtWm Bhn-

jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xv ? CØcw Nn¥-Iƒ \ne-\n-evs°-Øs∂ amdn-h-cp∂ sNdp-

I-Ym-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Fgp-Ønepw hnj-b-kzo-I-c-W-Ønepw apc-fn-bpsS

IY-Iƒ hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p-s≠-∂Xv bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv.

ßfpw kvt\lsØ ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Bhn-jvIm-c-ß-

fm-Wv. c-W-Iq-Shpw ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-k-aq-lhpw kvXoI-fpsS ta¬ sNep-

Øp∂ AXn-I-a-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw Pohn-°m≥ ]mSp-s]-Sp∂ s]mXp-k-aq-

l-Øn¬ _ln-jvIr-X-cmb ssewKn-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Ahÿ ZpjvI-

c-am-Wv. s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \nIr-jvS-amb s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw \n -lm-

b-cmb Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw ZpxJ-ßƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°m≥ ian-°p-∂p. ]me-a-

c-t®m- nse b£n-sb-t∏mse ]Xn-Imcw sNøm-\-√m, Pohn-°p-hm-\m-W-

h¿ AhnsS \n¬°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Øns‚ ]e XcØnep≈ Ak-a-Xz-

ß-fpsS ]cn-W-X- -e-amWv Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-sa∂v "lcn-X-ssh-inIw'

F∂ IY-bn-eqsS a\- n-em-°mw.

Ce-IvtSm-WnIv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS ê-ambn kaqlw amdp-∂-

Xns‚ kqN-\-I-fmWv ssk_¿ IY-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Nm‰¬a-g-

bnse GImIn C -sa-bnepw Nm‰nßpw tN¿∂ C‚¿s\‰v kwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ hyXykvX ]iv\-ßsf IY-bn¬ ]ta-b-am-°p-∂p. ÿe- -Im-e-

-enw-K-t -Z-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°n, ambn-I-tem-I-Øns‚ el-cn-bn-te°v bph-

Xz-Øns‚ BK-l-ßƒ ]d∂p \S-°p∂ Ime-amWv IYm-¥-co-£-Øn¬

ImWm\m-hp-∂-Xv. ]Xo-Xn-bm-Ym¿∞y-ßƒ krjvSn-°p∂ temIw am[y-

ao-Ir-X-k-aq-l-Øn¬ Hgn-hm-°m-\m-hmØ bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv.

_n. apc-fn-bpsS IY-I-fnse ÿe-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ sIń-a-dn-

®n¬ tIc-fo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ hn]-Wn, am[yaw F∂nh hgn krjvSn-

°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pXnb ]cn-k-c-sØ-bmWv hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. Kma-Øn\pw

\K-c-Øn\pw h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ am‰-ßƒ Ch-bpsS AXn¿Ønsb

th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ km[n-°mØ Ahÿ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw kzXz-t_m-[-

Øn-\p-≈n¬ Xs∂ hn≈-ep-Iƒ hogvØp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hy‡n-tI-µn-

Xhpw kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏ v sshcp-≤y-ßƒ \nd-™-

Xp-amb kzXz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Ãph¿ v lmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ tIµo-Ir-X-amb

kzXz-t_m[w amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂ kqN-\-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. hy‡n-

bpsS GI-Xm-\-amb kzm`m-hsØ am‰n-a-dn-bv°p∂ ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS

A\p- -h-]-cn-kcw ChnsS ImWmw. ]Xy-b-im-kvXhpw BtKm-f-h¬°-

c-Whpw cq£-ambn hni-I-e\w sNtø≠ ka-bØv P\-ßƒ aX-Z¿i-

\-ß-fpsS ]mc-º-cysØ ]pevIp-∂Xpw kzXz-kw-L¿j-Øns‚ AS-bm-

f-am-Wv.

IΩyq-WnÃv ]Xy-b-im-kvX-ß-fn¬ h∂ hyXn-bm-\sØ C∂v

kmln-Xyhpw Zriy-am-[y-a-ßfpw N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. BtKm-f-h¬°-c-

W-Øn-s‚bpw A[n-\n-th-i-Øn-s‚bpw ]Xy-b-im-kvX-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn-eqsS

kmam-Py-Xz-Øn-s\-Xnsc ka-c-ap-d-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cp∂ CS-Xp-]-£-


1082010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

109

ambn t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xns‚ mK-amWv Cu teJ-\w. tIcf kwkv°m-

c-Øn\v apI-fn¬ \n¿Ωn-°-s∏- -h-bmWv Ah-bn¬ it≤-b-amb ]e-Xpw,

1984 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏- -XmWv sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ. (30- 6- 84

F∂v Ihn-X-bvs°m∏w tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p). 1980- 89 ImesØ i≤m¿l-

amb ]Øp Ihn-X-I-fn¬ H∂mbn sI. k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb2

Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv. ]Ir-Xn-bpsS km∂n-[y-ßsf ]pXnb ]cn-ÿnXn t_m[-

Øn¬ amdn ImWp-∂-Xns‚ I¬]-\m-am-Xr-I-Iƒ I≠p In´p∂ F¨]-

Xnse Ihn-X-I-fn-sem-∂mbn sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W\pw hne-bn-cp-Øp∂p 3.

]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Im-h-t_m-[w, D]-t`mK kwkvImc hncp-≤X F∂n-h-bpsS

t]cn¬ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ cN-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu Ihn-

X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ kwkv°m-cnI \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS ]p\x-]-cn-tim-

[\ kwK-X-am-Wv. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS c≠m-asØ IhnXm kam-lm-c-Øns‚

t]cpw sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ihn-Xbv°v Ihn

\¬Ip∂ ]cn-K-W-\bpw AXn¬ \n∂v hy‡-am-Wv. Cu IhnX-sb°p-

dn®v hna¿i-I¿ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® A`n-]m-b-ßƒ kwKln-°mw.

sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂Xv

Nn¥-bpsS NSp-e-amb thK-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ Ne-\m-flI _nw_-ß-fm-Wv....

hr£-ßƒ hn]-Wn-bpsS mK-am-hp-tºmƒ tKmX-a-\- ns‚ Hcp-abv°p

]Icw hnL-SnX kzXz-ß-fpsS ]cn-`m¥n kaq-lsØ Iog-S-°p-∂p. A -

b-Øns‚ hncq-]-in-J-c-Øn¬ ssZ\y-Øns‚ ]Xm-I-bm-hp∂ CS-∏-≈nbpw

]qØp-b¿∂ ]mXmf hr£-am-hp∂ ]n.bpw Cu am‰-ßƒ \n£n-]vX-

amb Iem-Im-cs‚ Bfl-\m-ihpw A¥x-On-Zhpw A\p- -hn-®-h-cm-Wv. Cu

kmaqly hnL-S-\-Øn\v kam-¥-c-amb mj-bnse BJym-\-L-S-\bv°p

am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂p-≠v.... Hcp ÿeØp \n∂p-sIm≠v apgp-h≥

NnXhpw ImWm≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p∂ dnb-enÃv kt¶-X-a-√, \S∂p ImWp-

∂-Xn-eqsS Zriy-tIµw ASn-°Sn am‰p∂ Aßns\ Zriym-\p- -h-Øn¬

kzbw ]¶m-fn-bm-hm≥ Z¿i-Is\ A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ \mS-Iob kt¶-X-amWv

Ihn ]co-£n-°p-∂-Xv. CXp-sIm-≠mWv sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ amXn-

cn-bp-s≈mcp Ihn-X-bn¬ Zriy-ßƒ amdn amdn hcp∂ A\p- -h-ap-≠m-Ip-

∂-Xv.4 sXfn-a-tb-dnb Hcp Imew A\ym-[o-\-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ Ncn-X-amWv

sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ. 5 sIm®n-bpsS ]cn-anX Ncn-X-Øn-eq-sS, AXns‚

]cn-Wma sshcp-≤y-ß-fn-eqsS P∑-tZ-i-Øn\pw hkp-‘-cbv°pw h∂p

tN¿∂ am‰-Øns‚ kam-¥c kXy-ßƒ IÆm-Sn-bn-se∂t]mse ImWmw.

Im¬]-\nI Krlm-Xp-c-Xtbm `kvao-I-c-W-Xz-ctbm A√ AXnse

A¥¿\m-Zw. ]cn-Wm-asØ [z\n-∏n-°m≥ hr£-ßsf ]Xo-I-am-°p∂

Ihn A\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv hna-eo-I-cW ]In-b-bmWv 6. sIm®n-bnse hr£-

kwkv°m-chpw kmln-Xyhpw :sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ ap≥\n-dpØn

Nne \nco-£-W-ßƒtUm. sI.-sI. inh-Zmkv

kwkv°m-chpw kmln-Xyhpw XΩnse _‘w

sIm≈-s°m-Sp-°ep-tS-Xm-Wv. kwkv°m-csØ Iem-

km-ln-Xym-Zn-Iƒ amX-am°n Npcp-°p∂ kao-]-\hpw

kmln-XysØ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]c-am-[m-c-ambn

ImWp∂ kao-]-\hpw Ime-l-c-W-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

kwkv°m-c-amWv kmln-Xy-Øn\v \nZm-\w. AtX

kabw kmlnXyw kwkv°m-csØ krjvSn-°p-I-bpw

sNøp-∂p. kuµ-cyw, A\p- -h-ßƒ F∂n-hsb ap≥

\ndpØn Ch c≠pw XΩnse _‘w XØz-Nn-¥-

I¿, kwkvIm-c-]-Tn-Xm-°ƒ, \ncq-]-I¿ F∂n-h¿

\n¿≤-cn-°m≥ ian-®n- p-≠v. aX-t -Z-ß-fpsS aWvU-

e-amWv Cu cwKw. Iesb ap≥ \ndp-Øn-bmWv

\osjbpw hmƒ´¿ s_©-an\pw kwkm-cn-®-Xv.

\osj a\p-jym-ÿn-XzsØ Ie-I-fpsS D¬∏-∂hpw

]≤-Xn-bp-ambn I≠-t∏mƒ s_©-an≥ Iesb

AkvXn-Xz-Øns‚ D¬∏-∂hpw ]≤-Xn-bp-ambn ÿm]n-

°p-∂p.1 sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬

kwkv°m-c-tØm-Sp≈ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ hna¿i-\m-fl-I-


1102010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

111

\S-°p-∂-Xmbn Ihn ]d-bp-∂p. Ihn-X-bpsS \ma-I-c-Ww, ]Xn-\n-[m-\-

ß-fpsS kz`m-hw, Ime-t_m-[w, `mh\ F∂o LS-I-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-

°p-∂-Xn-eqsS h¿Ø-am-\sØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°m≥ sIev]p-≈-XmtWm

AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI \ne-]mSv F∂v a\- n-em-°mw.

hr£-ß-fpsS \ma-P-]hpw ]Xn-\n-[m-\-Øns‚ ]iv\-ßfpw

IS¬, ]gb XpdapJßƒ, Imb-ep-Iƒ a‰p Pe-]m-X-Iƒ, a’y-_-

‘\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏ v kmwkv°m-cn-I-X-bpsS Zo¿L-]m-c-

ºcyw sIm®n-°p-≠v. AXn\p apI-fn-emWv ]pXnb sIm®n Dcphw sIm≠n-

´p-≈-Xv. (Cu-Pn-]vXn-te°pw Kokn-te°pw t]mb Nµ\w AXns‚ Awiw

amX-am-Wv) ]qWn-Øpd t]mep≈ Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øn-

bn-cp∂ hme, Ac-b, ap°ph PmXn-°m¿ / NXp-∏p-I-fnepw Imb¬ \ne-

ß-fnepw Irjn sNbvXn-cp∂ ]pe-b¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]mNo-\-amWv B

kmwkvIm-cn-I-X. cmXn Nq´p-Im´n ao≥ ]nSn-°p-∂-hsc I≠v hnNnX

Pe-Po-hn-I-fm-sW∂v \nt°mtWm tIm≠n (1419 1444) sX‰n-≤-cn-®-Xmbn

sI.-]n. ]fl-\m` tat\m≥ ]d-bp-∂p. 12 kmwkv°m-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øn\v

henb XpS-°-an´ ]eXpw BZy-ambn kw -hn-®Xv Cu Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-

bn-emWv. kzcq-]-ßƒ, \mSp-hm-gn-Iƒ, sIm¶n-Wn-Iƒ, ]©m-_n-Iƒ

em‰n≥ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, PqX-∑m¿, A®Sn, Atem-∏-Xn, Iq\≥ Ipcniv

Iem-]w, Bwt•m C¥y-°m¿, Nhn´p \mS-Iw, IpSpw-_n-Iƒ, ap…o-ßƒ

F∂n-ßs\ _lp-e-amb kmwkv°m-cn-IX hr£-_nw-_sØ Bhn-jvI-

cn-®-Xnse ]tXy-I-X-bm¬ \n m-co-I-cn-°-s∏- p. \ma-ßƒ, cq]-ßƒ,

K‘-ßƒ, i_vZ-ßƒ, kmln-Xyw, FSp-∏p-Iƒ, A\-¥-]-c-ºc F∂n-

ßs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ sIm®n-bnse Pohn-X-]-cn-Wmaw P\-X-bpsS

km∂n-[y-an-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

apX-em-fnØ A\y-h-Xv°-c-Øns‚ ]pI-aq-Sp∂ Zp¿LS ]Xn-k-‘n-

I-fpsS \c-I-ambn Ihn ImWp∂ sIm®n-bnse PohnXw AXns‚ a\p-

jy-km-∂n-[ysØ kPo¿Æ-amb AS-cp-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. ]mtZ-in-I- m-j, £-Ww, B -c-W-°-S-Iƒ, sSIvssÃ¬ tjm∏p-

Iƒ, tÃm°v FIvkvtN-©v, hnt\mZ hyh-kmb tIµ-ßƒ, ab-°p-ap-cp-

∂v, s]¨hm-Wn- w, \mhn-I-tk-\, \nb-a-tI-µ-ßƒ, \nb-a-]m-e-I¿, hml-

\-hyq-l-ßƒ, Kp≠-Iƒ, em≥Uv am^n-b, ]Xw, kn\n-a, hnZym- ymk

ÿm]-\-ßƒ, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, _kv Ãm‚ v, sdbn¬th tÃj-\p-Iƒ,

hnam-\-Øm-h-fw, aXw, PmXn, atX-X-c-Xzw, NqXm- w, assd≥ssU-hv,

tÃUn-bw, anan-In-°m¿, Km\-ta-f-°m¿, Fgp-Øp-°m¿, kmaq-ly-]-ÿm-

\-ßƒ, cmjvSob ka-c-ßƒ, bmN-I¿, tcmKn-Iƒ, Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ, IpSn-

sh-≈-k-a-cw, IpSn-sbm-gn-°-en-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ka-cw, sF.-Sn. taJ-e, hyh-

ßƒ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]p\¿hm-b-\bpw Ncn-X-tØm-Sp≈ KmV-kw-hm-Z-

hp-am-Wv. NcnXw Hcp ]mT-ambn Ihn-XbpsS BJym-\-L-S-\-bn-te°v

BKncWw sNøp-∂p. tcJob NcnXw Aaq¿Ø-am-bmWv ChnsS ]Xy-

£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. .... sImtfm-Wn-b¬ hncp-≤-amb Hcp (D-]) tZiob kzXz-

Øns‚ ]Xyb-imkvXw sIm≠v Ncn-X-Øns‚ Aaq¿Ø-Xsb AXn-

h¿Øn-°m-\mWv sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ ian-°p-∂Xv. ico-c-Øns‚

en]n-bn¬ h∂p hncn-bp∂ tZi-s∏-cp-a-I-fn-eqsS hnI-kn-°p∂ Imhy- mj

krjvSn®p sIm≠mWv i¶-c-∏n≈ Cu sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xv. 7 s\dn-

t]mb ]pXp-Im-e-Øn-te-bv°p≈ Ah-tcm-l-W-Øns‚ kqN-\-I-fmWv

sIm®n-bnse hr£-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. D]-t`m-K-kw-kv°m-c-amWv AXn\p

Imc-Ww. 8 yqU-en-k-Øn¬ \n∂v apX-em-fn-Ø-Øn-te-°p≈ hnIm-k-

Øn¬ Aln-Xmw-i-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS am¿§w Im´p-

Ibpw AXns\ ad®p sIm≠v ]S-cp∂ ]mb-ep-I-sfbpw ]pI-sbbpw

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ Ihn-X-bm-Wn-Xv. 9 i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-X-

I-fn¬ kmln-Xy-Nn-¥-Iƒ kmln-Xy-tI-µ-a-√m-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xp ImWmw.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßfpw Nq≠n-°m- -s∏-Sp-∂p. 10 i¶-c-

∏n-≈-°-hn-X-I-fn¬ a[y-h¿§ Pohn-Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw Ipsd Nn”-ß-

fmbpw hymI-c-W-ß-fmbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v sI.-Fw. \tc-µ≥ A`n-

]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p11. a[y-h¿§ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Xa-kv°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-ßƒ

\ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv Kp]vX-amb as‰mcp mjm LS-\-bn-em-sW∂v ]d-bp∂

\tc-µ≥ AXp hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ At±lw

]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√.

Xr°m-°c apX¬ sIm®n Xpd-apJw hsc-bp≈ hgn ]g-s©m√p

t]mse \m´p-sh-fn®w \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp∂ ImeØp \n∂v, hgn-bpsS Ccp-

h-iØpw alm-a-c-ßƒ \n∂n-cp∂ ImeØp \n∂v ]cn-W-an®v hr£-ß-

fpsS t]X--cq-]-ß-fmbn ]pI-bp-b-cp-∂, ]pI s]cp-Ip∂ ]pXnb Ime-

amWv Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv. ]pI-bpsS Xpºn-°-øn¬ Aa-cp∂ \K-c-Po-

hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ DXvI-WvTbpw AXn-s\-Xnsc DW-cm-Ø-h-tcm-Sp≈

]cn-lmkw Ie¿∂ D]-tZ-i-Øn-ep-amWv IhnX Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

hr£w F∂ _nw_-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv sIm®n-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI ]cn-

Wmaw AX-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ⁄m\w, Pohn-Xw, acWw / ]X\w F∂n-

hsb _nw_-h¬°-cn-°m≥ ]uc-kvXy, ]m›mXy kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ]c-

º-cm-K-X-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XmWv hr£-_nw-_w. thcp-Iƒ, imJ-Iƒ,

Ce-Iƒ, ]q°ƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS hr£-_nw_ I¬]\ hyXykvX Imhy-

k-µ¿ -ß-fn¬ hyXykvX A¿∞-ßƒ ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. tIm[w t]mepw

h‰nb ImeØv Hgn-hp-I-fpsS ]®-hn-d-In-t∑¬ P∑-Zo¿L-amb ih-Zmlw


1122010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

113

1341 emWv sIm®n Agn Xpd-∂-sX-∂mWv s]mXp hnizm-kw. F∂m¬

1930 31 Ime-ØmWv I∏-ep-Iƒ°v Xpd∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. apJy Xpd-apJw

F∂ ]Zhn 1936 HmsS-bmWv sIm®n°p e`y-am-b-Xv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿

hcp-∂-Xn\v apºp≈ sIm®n cmPy-N-cnXw Adn-bm≥ th≠ tcJm-e-£y-

ßƒ Cs√∂v sI.-]n. ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m≥. I_mfpw as‰m-cmfpw I≠

sIm®n-sb-∏‰n At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. 1500 Unkw-_¿ 24 \v sIm®n-bn-

se-Ønb I_mƒ sIm®n F∂Xp \o≠ aW¬ ]tZ-i-amb Zzo]m-

sW∂v ]d-bp-∂p, 16 AXn¬ \nd®p sXßp-I-fp-≠v. CXn-s‚bpw hbv]p-

I-c-bp-tSbpw CS-bn¬ Im¬ssa¬ hoXn-bn¬ Bg-ap≈ ]pg-bp-≠v.

CXn¬°qSn Ac-ssa¬ ta¬t∏m´p t]mbm¬ hfsc hoXn-bp≈ Imb¬

ImWmw. AXp-sX-°p-h-S°v GI-tZiw \qdp-ssa¬kv \of-ap-≠v. sIm®n-

]- Ww ]pg-bpsS h°-ØmWv. B ] -W-Øn¬ Nne aplΩ-Zp-Im¿

]m¿Øn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS hoSp-Iƒ ]c-ºp-sIm≠pw aÆp-sIm≠pw Npacpw

He-∏p-c-bp-am-bn- p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v tImhn-e-I-ßfpw t£X-ßfpw

HgnsI bmsXmcp ]pc-Ifpw I√p-sI- nbpw HmSn´pw ]Wn-sN-øn-°p-hm≥

]mSn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. I®-h-S-km-[-\-ß-fpsS c£-bm°n apl-Ω-Zp-Im-cpsS hoSp-

Iƒ°v I¬®p-a-cp-sI- m≥ kΩXw sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p.

thsdm-cmƒ ]d-bp∂p : AXv sIm®n cmPm-hns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-am-Wv.

tImgn-t°mSv \n∂v 19 eoKv (57 \mgn-I) sX°p Hcp \Zn-bpsS h°Øv

ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ]´Ww hfsc _e-ap-≈Xpw Ahn-SpsØ Xpd-apJw

hfsc hnkvXm-c-ap-≈Xpw I∏-ep-Iƒ c£-tbmsS AhnsS InS-°-Ø-°-

Xp-am-Wv. Np‰p-ap≈ qan XmW-]-tZ-ihpw AXp-]e sNdnb sNdnb Zo]p-

I-fm-bn- mWv InS-°p-∂-Xv. sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂

kmwkv°m-cnI ]cn-Wm-a-Øns‚ Ncn-X-]-c-amb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ sIm®n-

cm-Py-N-cn-X-Øn-ep-≠v. \mb-∑m-¿, apl-Ω-Zo-b¿, sN´n-Iƒ, ap°p-h¿, hme-

∑m¿, ]pe-b¿, PqX¿, sIm¶n-Wn-Iƒ, InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, I®vta-a¨am¿

F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ P\-X-I-fpsS A[n-hmkw At±lw hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

PmXo-bhpw aX-]-c-hp-amb ta¬Iogv _‘-ßƒ, BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ,

h¿Ω-am-cp-tSbpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kv, U®v, Cw•ojv hn`m-K-ß-fp-tSbpw CS-s]-

S-ep-Iƒ, anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, AXn-eqsS ]cn-W-an® sIm®n

1910 \v tijw cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn XpS-ßnb Znhm≥am¿, hnhn[

sXmgn¬°m-cmb P\-ßƒ, DZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿, cmjvSo-bhpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw

kmwkv°m-cn-I-hp-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, sdbn¬ tdmUv KXm-KX kuI-

cy-ßƒ, F∂n-h-bn-eqsS ho≠pw amdn. 1943 ¬ mIvSpw 1956 ¬ sslt°m-

S-Xnbpw 1971 ¬ sIm®n imkvX kmt¶-XnI k¿∆-I-em-im-ebpw \ne-

hn¬h-∂p. Fd-Wm-Ip-fw, a´m-t©-cn, t^m¿ v sIm®n F∂o ]gb ap≥kn-

kmb ÿm]-\-ßƒ, aen-\o-I-cW ]ÿm-\-ßƒ, ]cn-ÿnXn kwL-S-

\-Iƒ, tIm¿∏-td-j≥ `c-Ww, Sm^nIv tªm°v, vfm‰v IƒN¿, N¥-

Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ k¶o¿Æ-amb AS-cp-I-fp-≈-Xm-W-Xv. yqU¬ ]q¿∆-

L- -Ønse t\¿h-gn-tb-°mƒ, h¿Øp-fhpw ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-X-hp-amb

Kq∏p-I-fpsS AS-cp-I-fmWv AXn-∂m-[m-cw.

cq]-]-c-amb N -°q-Sn-\p-≈n¬ sh®v Cu Ihn-X-bn¬ sIm®n-bpsS

kmln-Xy-]m-c-ºcyw CS-∏-≈n, Nß-ºp-g, sshtem-∏n≈n F∂n-ßs\

]Xy-£-ambpw Bim≥, sj√n F∂n-ßs\ ]tcm-£-ambpw IS-∂p-h-cp-

∂p. sI.-]n. Idp-∏≥, sal-_q-_v, hnIvS¿ eo\kv XpS-ßnb kmwkv°m-

cnI hy‡n-Xz-ßƒ Ak-∂n-ln-X-am-Wv. _nw_ kwhn-[m-\-Øn-se-∂-

t]mse ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse AwKo-IrX ]mc-º-cy-amWv Ihn Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ktlm-Z-c≥ Aø-∏≥, ]Pm-a-WvU-ew, F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈

taJ-e-Iƒ Ihn-bpsS ]cn-K-W-\m-I-a-ßƒ°v ]pd-Øm-Wv.

ÿe-Im-e-ßƒ Ihn-X-bn¬

sIm®n F∂ ÿe-cq-]-I-Øn-t∑-emWv Cu IhnX ]mY-an-I-ambn

\ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xv. sIm®n AXns‚ hn]p-em¿∞-Øn¬ sIm®n-cm-Pyhpw

]cn-an-Xm¿∞-Øn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse GXm\pw ]tZ-i-ß-fp-am-

Wv. kap-Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-®n-cp∂ sIm®p-]p-g-bn¬ \n∂v cq]w sIm≠-XmWv

ÿe-\m-a-sa-∂mWv kmam-\y-hn-izm-kw. sIm®gn F∂-Xns‚ Npcp-°-am-

Im-sa∂v kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥13. ]d-bp-∂p. sIm®n Zzo]ns‚ hS-t°-b-

‰Øp amX-am-bn- mWv BZyw ÿe-\maw ÿm\w ]nSn-®-sX∂pw XpS¿∂v

hmWn-Py-_-‘-Øn-eqsS Xpd-ap-J-]-´-W-am-bpw, s]cp-º-S-∏ns‚

Bÿm-\-am-b-tXmsS cmPy-\m-a-am-b-Xmbpw hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv ]cm-a¿in-

°p-∂p. 14

sIm®n hmW h¿Ω-am¿ F∂ hcn sIm®n-cm-PysØ Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p-

∂p-sh-¶nepw Ihn-X-bn¬ apJy-ambpw kpNn-X-am-hp-∂Xv ]cn-an-Xm¿∞-

am-Wv. Kmabv°pw h¿Ω-am¿°pw apºp≈ Ime-amWv BZ¿im-fl-I-ambn

Ihn-X-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Xr°m-°c apX¬ sIm®n-Øp-d-apJw

hsc-bp≈ t\¿hc t]mse hnizmkw \nd™ hgn AXns‚ kqN-I-am-

Wv. Cß-s\-sbmcp hgn-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ime-hp-ap-≠-tX. A°m-eØv

Xr°m°c-hsc Ad-_n-°-S¬ Ib-dn-°n-S-∂n-cp-∂p. (I-S-em-bn-cp-∂) sIm®n-

bn¬ \n∂v Xr°m-°-cbv°v ]¥≠v In.-ao. Zqc-ap-≠v. _n.-kn. 302 ¬

\n∂v XpS-ßp∂ B IYbpw hgn-Ifpw Nß-ºp-g-°mew hsc henb

tISp-Iq-SmsX \ne-\n-∂-Xmbn hmeØv ]d-bp-∂p. Xr°m-°-c-bpsS kuµ-

cy-amWv Nß-ºpg ae-c-Wn-°m-Sp-Iƒ Xnßnb Kma- w-Kn-bmWv Nß-ºpg

1936 ¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. 15


1142010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

115

kln-jvWpX F∂n-hsb Ipdn®v ]d-bp-∂p. D]-cn-Xe kv]¿in-bmb Cu

]T\w kmwkv°m-cnI \ne-]m-Snse Fen-‰-nk-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bm-Wv. amlzm\pw

kndn-b≥ InkvXym-\n-Ifpw sIm¶n-Wn-Ifpw cmP-hw-io-bcpw t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-

Imcpw U®p-Imcpw 1341 se sh≈-s∏m-°hpw _o^p Ign-°p∂ he-Xp-]-

£-°mcpw kwKo-X-⁄cpw amX-ambn sIm®n Npcp-ßp-∂p.

s]dp-°n-Iƒ, t]m°-‰-Sn-°m¿, Iqen-Ø-√p-Im¿, Iqń-s°m-Sp-∏p-Im¿,

sX≠n-Iƒ, at\m-tcm-Kn-Iƒ, hgn-hm-Wn- -°m¿, thiy-Iƒ, IogvPm-Xn-°m¿,

]c-tZ-in-Iƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ At[mXew c≠n-SØpw

Ak-∂n-ln-X-am-Wv. Ah-cpsS `mj Htc kabw Bjojv \µnbv°pw

i¶-c-∏n-≈bv°pw A]m-]y-am-Wv. ImXepw ehpw £bn® ]c-ºc a[y-

h¿§-Øns‚ iq\y-Z¿k-\-ßƒ°pw kuµcy ]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ°p-a-∏p-dØv

\nXy Pohn-X-sa∂ \c-IsØ t\cn-Sp-Ibpw AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. At[m aWvU-e-Ønse P\-X-bpsS Akm-∂n-[y-amWv sImtfm-Wn-

b-en-kw, aX-em-fn-Ø-hn-I-k-\-Iaw F∂n-h-bvs°-Xnsc yqU¬ ]q¿∆

emfn-Xy-Øn-te°v kwkv°m-csØ Npcp-°p∂ GI-Im-en-I-X-bmbn

sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ F∂ Ihn-Xsb AS®p If-™-Xn¬ apJyw.

\K-chpw Ihn `mh-\bpw

1794 ¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ hneyw tª°ns‚ "e≠≥' endn-°¬

_meUv F∂ cq]-Øn-eqsS hn]pe hnjbw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. hyh-

km-b-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ \K-c-Øns‚ At[m-X-e-Im-gvN-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p∂ Cu Ihn-X-sb-°p-dn®pw hyXykvX ho£-W-ß-fp-≠v. hm°p-I-

fpsS DNn-X-amb sXc-s™-Sp-∏n-eqsS Imev]-\nI Ihn-X-bpsS ]cn-anXn

tª°v adn IS-∂p. Zriy-ßƒ, i_vZ-ßƒ F∂nh hm°p-I-fpsS tbmPn-

∏n-eqsS anI-®-Xm-°p∂p. AXn-eqsS kmaqly kmº-ØnI Ah-ÿ-Iƒ,

kmap-Zm-bnI Xn∑-Iƒ F∂n-h-bvs°-Xnsc IhnX hnI-kn-°p-∂p. tIhew

e≠-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Ihn-X-bm-ImsX AXn-cp-I-fn-√mØ am\h Zpcn-X-Øn-

te°v [m¿Ωn-I-XbpsS ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ hmb-\-°msc tª°v FØn-°p-

∂p, F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ho£-W-tØm-sSm∏w A]-cn-Nn-Xs‚ ImgvN-bmWv

e≠≥, hn[n-cq-]-amb kZm-Nmc ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS kzc-amWv AXn-t‚-

Xv, sshhn-[y-an-√mØ ImgvN-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IhnX \K-c-Øns‚

ÿncw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ km[y-X-Isf NXp-jv]mZ cq]-Øm¬ \n›-

e-am-°p∂p F∂pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-≠v.

Nmƒkv t_mZvse-b-dpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ]mcokv \Kcw IS∂p hcp-

∂p. thiy-sb-t∏mse hn¬°p-Ibpw hn¬°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ H∂mWv

t_mZvse-b¿ Ihn-X-I-fnse \Kc NnXw. kvXo, arXyp F∂o _nw_-

ßƒ ]mco-kn-t\mSv CS-I-e-cp-∂-Xmbn \ncq-]-I¿ Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p. B[p-

∏m-en-‰n-I-fpw, ]≈p-cpØn. shÆ-e, ssh‰n-e F∂o ]©m-b-Øp-Ifpw

Nne Zzo]p-Ifpw Iqń-tN¿Øv 1967 ¬ sIm®n tIm¿∏-td-j≥ \ne-hn¬h-

∂p. 1909 ¬ Po¿tÆm≤-cWw \S∂v C∂sØ \ne-hn-te°v amdnb Xr°m-

°c t£Xw CtXm-sSm-∏-ap-≠v. Xpd-ap-JØv \n∂m¬ Xr°m-°c hnf°v

ImWm≥ Ign-bmØ hn[-Øn¬ hf-hp-Iƒ s]cp-Inb kmwkv°m-cnI

]Inb k¶o¿Æ-am-bn-cp-∂p.

\Kc Pohn-XsØ Aip-≤-am-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬, izmkw apń-°p∂ Xc-

Øn¬ ]pI hngp-ßp∂ Ime-ambn 1984 ¬ sIm®n amdn-b-Xmbn Ihn

ImWp-∂p. 25 h¿j-ßƒ Ign-™n´pw sIm®n-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-

Wmaw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. sImXpIpw aen-\o-I-c-Whpw s]cp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

H∏w Bfp-Ifpw FSp-∏p-Ifpw. 99 ¬ hnam-\-Øm-hfw \ne-hn¬ h∂p.

At[m-tem-Ihpw kmt¶-Xn-I-Xbpw ]cn-W-an-®p. a[y-h¿§ Pohn-Xhpw D]-

t`m-K-kw-kv°m-chpw ]Xn-∑-S-ßm-bn. A\y-kw-ÿm\ sXmgn-em-fn-Iepw

\n¿ΩmW ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-a-S°w \Kcw ho≠pw amdp-I-bm-Wv. apX-em-

fn-Øz-Øns‚ Nc-°p-h¬°-cWw D]-t`m-K-]-c-X, s^‰n-jnkw F∂n-h-

bvs°-Xn-scbpw AXns‚ _lp-hn-[-amb FSp-∏p-Iƒs°-Xn-scbpw DW-

cm≥ aSn-°p-∂-h¿s°-Xnsc ]cn-lm-k-Øn¬ ]Xn™ Xm°o-Xmbn Ah-

km-\n-°p∂ sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Imhy-[¿Ωw

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ F¥m-bn-cp∂p ? AXns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI cmjvSobw

ae-bm-f-Ønse B[p-\nI Ihn-I-fpsS \K-c- -b-Øn\v ]nd-Inse X\n-am-

t_m-[hpw ip≤n-hm-Z-hp-am-tWm. F√m km[y-X-Ifpw AS-™-X-c-Øn¬

Xs‚ kao-]-\-Øn\v A\p-cq-]-amb \n›eX-bpsS Ub-e-IvSn-IvkmWv

Cu Ihn-X-bn-ep-≈-Xv. Kmaw, \Kcw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ Zzµz-I-ev]-\-

bvs°m∏w Xs‚ BZ¿i-Øn\v hncp-≤-amb am‰sØ \K-c-ambn am‰p-∂-

Xv. ImWp-∂-hs\ / hmbn-°p-∂-hs\ i≤n-®n-s√-¶n¬ ]›m-Ø-e-

Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ \n›-e-Zr-iy-ß-fmWv IhnX apgp-h≥. Cu Zriy-Øn¬s∏´

\ncq-]-I-cmWv Ihn-Xsb hmgvØn-b-Xv. As√-¶n¬ sIm®n-bnse hr£-

ß-fnse kmwkv°m-cnI cmjvSobw kzoI-cn-°m≥ X° ]cn-anX Nn¥-

bp≈ hmb\m kaqlw \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Chcpw A]-

K-Y\ hnt[-b-cm-tI-≠-Xp-≠v. ]tXyI Ah-t_m[w amX-am-bn, A\p- -

h-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ Ihn-Xbpw hmb-\-°mcpw sIm®nsb

amX-a√ kwkv°m-csØ samØ-Øn¬ Npcp-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.

CXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn t\sc FXn¿ Zni-bn¬ Bjnjv \µn

ssSw Smh¬ Sp F t]mkn-_nƒ sk¬ v sk¿®nßv t^m¿ G≥

Bƒ´¿t\‰ohv tImkvtam s]mfn-‰-\nkw Hm v sIm®n≥ F∂ ]_-‘-

Øn¬ 17 sIm®n-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI _lp-Xzw, aX-]-chpw hwio-b-hp-amb


1162010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

117

4. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW≥ ˛ Ihn-Xbpw ]h¿Ø-\hpw (sIm-®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ

1993)

5. Iev]‰ \mcm-b-W≥ AXp-am-X-a√ (sIm-®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ 1993)

6. Fw. eoem-hXn sIm®n-bnse hr£-ßƒ Hcp ]mcm-bWw

7. ]n.-sI. cmP-ti-J-c≥ shfn-hns‚ kqjva-iqXn (sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-

X-Iƒ, ]pdw 225)

8. tUm. kn. cmtP-µ≥ ]pXp-hm-b\ (]n-b-I-Y-I-fn-√n∂v ]d-bp-hm≥)

9. Fkv. cmP-ti-J-c≥ \thm-∞m-\-¥c IhnX t]Pv 208

10. sI. kZm-\-µ≥ sI.-Pn.Fkv. IhnX Nne tZi-Ime hnh-£-Iƒ (km-ln-Xy-

temIw 2006 am¿®v G]n¬)

11. sI.-Fw.-\-tc-µ≥ ˛ sI.-Pn.Fkv. Ihn-X-Iƒ (sI.-Pn.-F-kv. Ihn-X-Iƒ

(1997 2007)

12. sI.-]n. ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m≥ ˛ sIm®n cmPy-N-cnXw, amXr- qan, 1996 t]Pv 20

13. kn. ANyp-X-ta-t\m≥ ˛ sIm®n≥ tÃ‰v am\p-h¬ (a-e) t]Pv 3, sIm.-h. 1088

14. hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv : tIc-f-Ønse ÿe-N-cn-X-ßƒ ˛ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√,

tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Zan 2006

15. hn.-hn.-sI. hmeØv : AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw : 221, 222

16. sI.-]n. ]fl-\m- -ta-t\m≥ ˛ AtX ]pkvXIw ]pdw : 128- 129

17. Ashis Nandy - time warps - permanent Black 200318. _n. cmPo-h≥ ˛ Ihn-X-bpsS kXyw (I-hnX : sI.-Pn. i¶-c-∏n-≈, ]cn-N,

Xncp-h√ 1984)

\n-I-X-bpsS Ihn-bmbn t_mZvse-bsd IW-°m-°p∂ hmƒ´¿ s_©-

an≥ mhmflI Ihn-X-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ]iv\-h¬°-cn-°p∂ Nne tam´n-

^p-Iƒ t_mZvse-b¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh∂ hkvXpX X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-

s√∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Iesb N¥bv°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-

sc-bp≈ Hc-hn-izm-kn-bpsS Iem-]-am-bn-cp∂p t_mZvse-b¿ kmln-Xyw.

F∂m¬ sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn¬ \n∂pw hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hfn-®p-I-S-Øm-

\p-≈-XmtWm Iebpw kmln-Xyhpw F∂ ]iv\w k¶o¿Æ-ambn \ne-

\n¬°p-∂p. Bƒ°q- -Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ GIm-In-fpsS lkz- m-j-W-

ßƒ kuµ-cym-fl-I-X-bpsS hnXm-\-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-X-bmhmw. F∂m¬

Ah-bnse P\-hn-cp-≤-X-bpsS kmwkv°m-cnI cmjvSobw kq£va-hn-i-

I-e\w A¿ln-°p-∂p.

sIm®n \K-c-Øn\v apI-fnse mh-\-bpw hmb-\-bp-amWv sIm®n-bnse

hr£-ßƒ. Ihn-X-bnse BJym-Xmhv \K-c-sØ-Ip-dn®v hn]pe hn⁄m-

\-ap≈ Hcm-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-Xv. B ⁄m\w ]cn-an-Xhpw

apX-em-fnØ hncp-≤-X-bpsS t]cnse GI-]-£o-b-X-bp-am-Wv. P\ Pohn-

X-Øns‚ hn]p-e-amb A\p- -h-ßƒ°pw kmwkv°m-cn-I-]-cn-Wm-a-Øn\pw

ss\c-¥-cy-Øn\pw ]nf¿∏p-Iƒ°p-an-S-bn¬ Ihn mh\ Bfl- m-h-\-bmbn

Npcp-ßp-∂p.

ss\XnI PmK-X-bpsS t]cn¬ ]—∂ Im¬∏-\n-I-X°pw Acm-jvSob

B[p-\n-I-X-bv°p-sa-Xnsc \mfsØ Ihn-X-bmbn _n. cmPo-h≥ ae-bm-

f-Øn¬ ]Xn-jvTn-®-XmWv i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS Ihn-XIƒ. At±-l-sØ-t∏m-

ep≈ \ncq-]-Icpw B[p-\n-I-cmb as‰-gp-Øp-Imcpw ambm-Z¿i\w sNbvX

iq\yX F∂ kuµ-cy-imkvX ]Xn-k‘n t\cn-Sp-∂-Xnepw adn-I-S-°p-

∂-Xn\pw kw -hn® ]cn-an-Xn-bmWv i¶-c-∏n≈°hn-X-I-fp-tS-Xv. mjsb

\ho-I-cn®pw tZisØ Fgp-Xnbpw Nn”-ß-fpsS temIw \n¿Ωn®pw

kmwkv°m-cn-I-Xbn-te°v amdnbpw Ihn B ]cn-anXn adn IS-∂p-sh∂

hmZ-ßƒ amX-am-Wv. kwhmZw F∂ hymP-Øn¬ GI mj-W-Øns‚

CS¿®-bn-√m-bva-bmWv i¶-c-∏n-≈-bpsS an° Ihn-X-bn¬ \n∂pw Db-cp-

∂-Xv.

kqN-\-Iƒ, ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ

1. The Poectic Ground Laid Bare (Benjamin Reading Baudelaire) - Rainer Nagelein David S. Ferris Edited walter Benjamin Theoretical questions. StanfordUniversity prss

2. sI. k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ At\z-j-W-ßƒ, Ihn-X-bpsS F¨]-Xp-Iƒ F∂ teJ\w

3. sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W≥ ˛ ae-bm-fn-bpsS cmXn-Iƒ ˛ hr£hpw ]pIbpw F∂

teJ-\w.


1182010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

119

kn≤n Abmƒ°p \jvS-am-Ip-∂p. "]Wn-Xo¿∂ inev]-Øn-\p-ap-ºn¬

inev]n Ipg-™p-hoWp acn®p' F∂ H‰-hm-Iy-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-bn≥ \Ωƒ

b-Ym¿∞-Øn¬ kw -hn® Imcy-ß-f-dn-bm-sX, "sS≥j≥ sIm≠m-hmw,

s]s´∂v lm¿ -‰m°v h∂-Xmhmw' Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fn-

te¿s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ inev]n inev]w Xs∂bmbn amdn-bmtem? \Ω-f-

sX-ßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn°pw?

FUvK¿ Gen-bm-kns‚ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ I≠p-I-≠mWv Hcp inev]n

FX-tØmfw Bfl-kw-L¿j-ß-fpsS DS-a-bmWv F∂-Xns‚ Hcp hnZq-

cm-\p- hw F\n-bv°p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Abmƒ Fs‚ IqsS `£Ww Ign-

bv°p-Ibpw aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw kwkm-cn-®n-cn-°p-I-bpw, IqsS \S-°p-I-

bpsams° sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Abm-fpsS A\p- -h-ßƒ, F\n-bv°Xv

A\p- -hn-®-dn-bmt\m ]¶p-sh-bv°mt\m ]‰-Ø-Xbpw Imew, shdpw Zqc-

°m-gvN-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°p-a-t√m. shInfn ]nSn® Imf-sb-t∏m-se-bmWv FUvK¿

]e-t∏mgpw. £Ww \∂mbn Bkz-Zn®v Ign-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-

bn¬, s]s -∂v, H∂pw ]d-bmsX Fgp-t∂‰v Hcp t]m°m-Wv. ssIIƒ

hoin-ho-in, Imep-Iƒ hen-®p-sh®v FUvK¿ t]mIp-∂Xp ImWp-tºmƒ

ambbv°v Nne-t∏mƒ -A-cniw hcpw. ImcWw hnf-ºn-s°m-SpØ tNmdns‚

ap°m¬]¶pw Ipg-®-fp-ºn-bn- n´p≠mIpw ]mX-Øn¬. ]e-t∏mgpw, Rßƒ

c≠p-t]cpw kwkm-cn-®p-s°m≠v ]Xps° \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬, bmsXmcp

ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-an-√msX FUvK¿ ]m™p-t]mIpw. ]e-X-hW I≠v ioe-am-

b-Xp-sIm-≠v, bmsXmcp-]-cn- -h-hp-an-√msX Rm≥ Xncn-®p-\-S-°pw. ]cn- -

hn-®mepw henb Imcy-sam-∂p-an-√. ka-bw, Imew, ÿew F∂n-h-

sbms° FUvK¿ Gen-bm-kv F∂ ]q¿Æ-a-\p-jy-ap-ºn¬ A]-k-‡-

am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. BZyw H∂p-c≠pXhW "F¥p-t]m-°mWv Xm\n-∂se

t]mbXv' F∂p Rm≥ tNmZn-®-Xm-Wv. "Ft∏mƒ? Fhn-sS-\n∂v?' F∂-p-

≈, FUvK-dns‚ XnI-®pw \njv°-f-¶-amb At\z-j-W-hpw,-ap-J- m-hhpw

Fs∂ IqSp-X¬ Nn¥n-∏n-®p. AtXmsS, ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS N -°q-Sn¬

FUvKdns\ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Fs‚ iaw shdp-sX-bm-sW-∂v-

F-\nbv°v t_m[y-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]pXnb hoSns‚ ]Wn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-bv°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bnemWv. Hcp

Zohkw FUvK¿ Gen-bm-kv Im‰p-t]mse ]m™p-h∂v Fs‚ apºn¬

\n∂p. apJØv hnlz-e-X-bpsS Hcp mh-am-bn-cp-∂p. aZy-]n-bv°msX Xs∂

Hcp aZy-]s‚ apJ- m-hhpw tNjvS-I-fp-amWv FUvK-dn-\v. ]Wn-°m¿

FUvKdns\ Xpdn-®p-t\m-°p-∂-Xn¬ Akz-ÿX tXm∂n-b-Xp-sIm≠v

Ahs\ hnfn-®v Rm≥ tdmUn-tebv°v \S-∂p. ]IpXn Zqcta \S-∂n- p-

FUvK¿ Gen-bmkv AYhm

BZm-ans‚ aI≥ A_p

iIp-¥-f.-kn.

IY

I√n-tem, aÆn-tem, XSn-bn-tem, teml-Øn-tem,

kna‚ntem Hmcp inev]w, ]nd-hn-sb-Sp-°p-tºmƒ,

Xs‚ ]mWs‚ Hcwiw IqSn inev]n AXn-te-°v

k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p-∂p. Imem-Im-e-ß-fmbn hmbn®pw

tI´pw A\p- -hn®pw kz]v\w I≠pw Bflm-hn¬

A≈n-∏n-Sn-®p-t]mb Hcp cq]w mh-\-bpsS h¿Æ-Øn-

f-°-Øn¬ an\p-°n-sb-SpØv, ]pd-tØbv°v ]dn-®p-sh-

bv°p-I-bm-Wbmƒ sNøp-∂-Xv. Aßs\ ]dn-s®-SpØv

\ΩpsS ImgvNbv°v shfn-hm-°n-Ø-cp-tºmƒ ]e-

t∏mgpw D≈n¬ Dcp-hw-sIm-≠X ]q¿ÆX AXn-\p-

≠m-hn-√. Akw-Xr]vXn Abmsf ho≠pw ho≠pw

inev]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw t]cn-∏n-bv°p-∂p. AY-hm,

GsX-¶nepsamcp cq]w ]pdØpw AXns‚ ]q¿ÆX

Is≠-Øn-sb-∂n-cn-bv°-s´, inev]n Xs‚ ]mWs\

]q¿Æ-ambn inev]-Øn-te-bv°m-hm-ln®p Ign™p

F∂m-W¿∞w. ]ns∂, bmsXm∂w Abmfm¬

km[y-a-√. Bhm-ln® ]mWs\ Xncn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈


1202010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

121

Rm≥. CXbpw tI´p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ FUvK-dns\ ImØp-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-

sIm≠v Imcy-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-hn-s√∂v F\n°p a\- n-em-bn. amb-bpsS

Xo£vW-Zr-„n-Isf Fßs\ t\cnSpw F∂p-t]-Sn®v cmXn hfsc sshIn

hońseØptºmƒ, kt¥m-j-tØm-sS, a°ƒ HmSn-h∂p ]d™p,

"FUvK¿ ama≥ h∂p A∏m. Zm AhvsS ]Wn-Sv°vWv≠v'. A∏pdsØ

]d-ºn¬, ]pXnb hoSns‚ ap‰Øv sagp-Ip-Xncn shfn-®-Øn¬ kna‚pw

aWepw Iq´p-I-bmWv FUvK¿.

sht -‰Xv aq¿≤m-hn-em-tWm, AtXm sNhnbv°p apI-fntem F∂v Xn -

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ kn°-¥¿ Ako-kns‚ Xe-t®mdv Xcn®p

ac-hn®v Iń-bp≈ Hcp hkvXp-hmbn amdn. Xe-bnse ]nf¿∏n¬-\n∂v tNmc

IpXn-®p-Nm-Sn, Hcp sh≈-®m´wt]mse Xmtgbv°p ]Xn-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn--

sb-¶n-epw, hmbp-hns‚ BZy-kv]¿i-Øn-¬-Øs∂ AXp Iń-]n-Sn-bv°p-

Ibpw Idp-Øp-sIm-gpØ Hcp ad-bmbn IÆp-Isf Imgv-N-bn¬\n∂p

adbv-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kn°-¥-dns‚ a\- ns‚ D≈-d-I-fn-se-ºmSpw

Ccp- n-s\-°mƒ Idp-∏p≈ Ccpƒ h∂p-aq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p˛ Imc-Ww, sh´p-I-

Ønbpw hSn-hm-fpw, ssk°nƒ-®-ß-e-I-fp-ambn ]m™p-h-∂-h-cpsS

apºn¬Øs∂ PK-Zo-i-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. H∂mw-¢m- p-ap-X¬ H∏w-]-Tn® PK-

Zo-i≥. ]mWs‚ Awi-sa-s¥-¶nepw ico-c-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n- p-s≠-

¶n¬Øs∂ AXp \ne-\n¿-Ø--sa∂ bmsXm-cm-K-lhpw kn°-¥-dn-\p-≠m-

bn-c-p∂n-√.

kn°¥-dns‚ tNmc DW-ßn-∏n-Sn-®p-In-S-∂nSØpsh-®mWv ]nt‰∂v lcn-

\µ\p sht -‰-Xv. InS∂ InS-∏n-¬\n∂v Xe s]m°n-t\m-°m≥ Ah-s\m∂p

ian-®p. Xncn-™p-t\m-°nb A≥h¿ AXp-I≠v HmSn-h∂v Hcp-shpw-IqSn

sImSp-Øp. AtXmsS ]nS-™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ lcn-\-µs‚ Ne\w shdp-

samcp hnd-b-en-tebv°p Npcp-ßn. \∂mbn hen-®p-sI- nb Iºn apdpIn

Ab-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse ASpØ \nan-j-Øn¬ AXp \n›-e-am-hp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. tZl-am-k-I-e-ap-≠mb apdn-hp-I-fn¬\n∂v Hgp-In-∏-c∂ tNmc

kn°-¥¿ Ako-kns‚ tNmc-bpsS apI-fn-eqsS ]c∂v I -]n-Sn®v H∂m-

bn-Øo¿∂p.

]≈n-bpsS ]pdw-Np-a-cn-¬ sNfnsIm-≠p≈ tZho-cq-]-ap≠m-°n-sh-®n-

´p-≠v Btcm F∂v tI -t∏mƒØs∂ AXv FUvK-dns‚ ]Wn-bmhpw

F∂v F\n°v a\- n-em-bn-cp-∂p. a\- n-se-s¥-¶nepw cq]w-sIm-≠m¬

AXp ssII-fn-eqsS hm¿∂p hogp-∂-Xp-hsc Ah\p hni-ap-≠m-hn√.

]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-bm¬ Ft∏m-gp-sa∂t]mse Fhn-sStbm A]-Xy-£-

\m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. amk-ßƒ°pt-i-j-amhpw ]n∂sØ hchv. ]iv\-

≠m-Iq, AXn-\n-Sbv°v s]s´∂v FUvK¿ Fs‚ ssI]n-Sn®phen®v hoSn-

\p-t\¿°v Hcp IpXn∏v. kn‰u- ns‚ Xd-bn¬ Ib-dn, AXns‚ G‰hpw

\of-ap≈ Npa-cn-tebv°v ItÆm-Sn®v "CsX-\n-bv°p-th-Ww, ChnsS \o

H∂pw sNøm-sX- CSWw' F∂v- C-Øncn [m¿jvSyØn¬ Ft∂mSv

Iev]n®v Ah≥ h∂ hgntb Xncn-™p-\-S-∂p. ]ns∂, amk-ß-tfmfw

\o≠- A-⁄m-X-hm-kw. ]Wn-°m-cpsS apjv°pw, ]nW-ßn-t∏m°pw AXn-

Po-hn®v hoSns‚ c≠mw -\n-e-bp-sS ]Wnbpw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. FUvK¿ F¥m-

Wp-t±-in-bv°p-∂Xv F∂-dn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v "Ahs‚ Npa-cn¬ kn-a‚ v

]cp-°-\mbn tX®n- p-tI-dn-Xm-a-kn-°m-Ø-sX-¥m-sW∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw

tNmZy-Øn\v DØ-cw -]-d™p]d™p aSp-Øp."ssa°-em-©-tem-hns\

ImWm-\n-√t√m' "]qapJw Xs∂ tN]-tI-Sm-°o v Fhn-sS-t∏mbn \nßsS

NßmXn' Fs∂m-s°-bp-≈ -am-b-bpsS ]cn-lmkw tI v k-ln-bv°- h-

ømsXbmWv FUvK-dns\bt\z-jn®p ]pd-s∏- -Xv. Ime-ß-fmbn ]cn-N-bhpw

ASp-∏hpw D≠m-bn´pw FUvK¿ Gen-bmkv Fhn-sS-bmWv Xma-kn-°p-

∂Xv F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n bmsXmcp [mc-Wbpw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. At\z-

jn®p \-S∂v HSp-hn¬ Ah≥ Xma-kn-°p∂ sse≥Izm¿t´gvkv I≠p-]n-

Sn-®-t∏mƒ F\n-bvs°-s∂-∏‰n Hcp aXn-s∏ms° D≠m-bn. F∂m¬ FUvK-

dn-s\-∏‰n tI´ Imcy-ß-sfms° tN¿Øp-sh®v ]cntim[n-bv°p-I-bpw,

IqSp-X-e-t\z-jn®p a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS B aXn-s∏ms°

tNm¿-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

GsXm-cmƒ°pw, kaq-l-Øn¬ am\y-amb ÿm\w t\Sn-sb-Sp-°-Ww,

henbhtcmSv _‘w ÿm]n-bv°Ww Fs∂m-s°-bp≈ BK-l-am-

Wt√m D≠m-hp-I. FUvK-dns‚ kz`mhw CXn-\p-t\sc hn]-co-X-am-sW∂v

Gsd-°psd Hcq-l-sams° F\n-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂mepw kwKXn

CX ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-sW∂v Rm\-dn-™n-cp-∂n-√. \-K-c-Ønse bmN-I-cpw,

aZy-]cpw Ibdn-bn-d-ßp∂ Hcn-S-am-bn-cp∂p FUvK-dns‚ hoSv. B¿°pw

Ft∏mgpw tIdn-s®-√mw, ASp-°-f-bn-se-s¥-¶nepw Ds≠-¶n¬ FSp-Øp-

Xn-∂mw, Fhn-sSbpw tIdn-°n-S-∂p-d-ßmw, Cd-ßn-t∏m-Imw- -C-Sbv°v aq°‰w

IpSn-®n-s´m-cmƒ hcp-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw, Hcp \mb-b-ap≠mIpw IqsS- -ap-‰-tØm,

hcm-¥-bntem InS-∂p-d-ßpw, Ft∏m-sg-¶nepw Cd-ßn-t∏m-Ipw. apgp-h- -\m-

sW∂v tXm∂n-∏n°p∂ Hcph-\p-≠v. hmXn¬]q- n-°-≠m¬ Ah\p `m¥n-

f-Ipw. Hcp Znh-ksØ Ahs‚ ]cm-I-a-ßƒ°p tij-am-WsX FUvK-

¿ hmXn¬ ]qń-bn-Sp-∂Xp \n¿Øn-b-Xv. hmXn¬ shdpsX HmSm-º-en- n-cn-

°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠-v FUvK-¿ ASp-sØ-hn-sS-sb-¶n-ep-ap-≠mIpw,

Ipd-®p-Im-Øp-\n-∂m¬ ImWm≥ ]‰n-tb°pw F∂ ]Xo-£-bn-em-bn-cp∂p


1222010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

123

tSm, D≠m-°n-sh-bv°p-∂-Xn-s‚-sb√mw A¿∞w hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-X-tc≠

_m[yX X\n-bv°n√ F∂p ]Jym-]n-®-Xp-sIm≠-v Rm≥ FUvK-

dnt\mtSm AØcw kwhm-Z-ß-fn-te¿s∏-Sm-dn-√. ambbpw Ip´n-Ifpw ]ns∂

a‰p ]ecpw AXp-I≠v Hmtcm kwibw tNmZn-°p-tºm-sgms° (B inev]-

Øns‚ ]tXy-IX AXm-Wv. Hmtcm XhW ImWp-tºmgpw \ap°v

]pXnb ]pXnb tNmZy-ßƒ a\- n¬ apf-®p-s]m-¥nhcpw). hmkvX-h-Øn¬

F-\n-s°m-∂p-a-dn-bn√ F∂Xv ad-®p-sh-®v, A∏-t∏mƒ tXm∂p-∂-sXms°

X´n-hn-Sp-I-bm-sWs‚ ]Wn. inev]-\n¿Ωm-W-Øns‚ kmt¶-Xn-IXzw hi-

an-s√-¶n-epw, AXns‚ hym-Jym\w \∂mbn hg-ßp-sa∂ Hcp tXm∂-se-

\n-°p≠-v. ]et∏mgpw, Fs‚ hmbn¬\n∂p hogp∂ hm°p-IƒtI´v

Rm≥Xs∂ hnkva-bn-°m-dp-ap-≠v. ]s£, FUvK-¿ Np‰p-h- -Øp-≈-t∏mƒ

Rm\n-Øcw hni-Zo-I-c-W-sam∂pw B¿°pw sImSp-°m-dn-√. AXn¬ GXp

hm°mWv Ahs\ tZjyw ]nSn-∏n-°pI F∂-dn-bn-√-t√m. Ahs‚ inev]-

ß-sf-°p-dn®v Bcpw Hc- n-]m-bhpw ]d-bp-∂-Xv, ]tXy-In®v hna¿i-\-

ßƒ, Ah\p kln-bv°m-\m-hn√. AYhm Bsc-¶nepw Aß-s\-sb-s¥-

¶nepw ]d-™m¬ h√msX hb-e‚m-hp-Ibpw sNøpw. Akm-am-\y-k¿§-

ti-jnbv°v Aÿn-c-amb am\-kn-Im-hÿ IqS-∏n-d-∏mtWm F∂v

F\nbv°v ]et-∏mgpw A¤pXw tXm∂n-bn- p-≠v. kzXth D≈Xm-tWm,

AtXm Hcp c£-bv°p-th≠n ]ns∂ FSp-Øn-Sp-∂-XmtWm `m¥ns‚

tae¶n F∂m-sWs‚ kwi-bw. km[m-cW a\p-jy¿ sNøp∂ Imcy-ß-

sfm-∂p-a√ FUvK-dns‚ sNbvXn-I-fn-ep-≈-Xv. CX-b-[nIw bmN-Icpw

`m¥-∑mcpw tIdn-bn-d-ßp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hoSv ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-

∏‰n Rßƒ H∂p-c≠p kplr-Øp-°ƒ D]-tZ-in-bv°m-\m™-t∏mƒ, H‰

t\m´w-sIm≠v AXp XS™v FUvK-¿ ]d™XnXmWv "Ah¿°pw

tht≠ In-S-°m-s\mcp ÿew?' Aan-X-amb aZy-]m-\hpw H∏w CØn-cn-

h´pw D≈ aq∂p-\m-ep-t]-tcm-Sp≈ ASp∏w "CØncn Ipd-bv°p-∂-Xt√

\√Xv? F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v "]ns∂ B¿°m-cmWv hniz-kn-°m\pw kvt\ln-

°m-\p-sam-s°-bp-≠m-hpI?' F∂ adp-tNm-Zy-amWv FUvK-¿ adp-]-Sn-bmbn

X∂-Xv. Aß-s\, BZy-amZyw Xam-i-bm-bn, ]ns∂-∏ns∂ Imcy-ambpw

FUvK-dns\ A_p F∂v Rßƒ hnfn-°m≥ Ip-Sßn "BZm-ans‚ a-I≥

A_p!'

tIc-f-∏n-d-hn-bpsS hm¿jn-I-Øn\v Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-

¶nepw Hmtcm ]©m-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap-≠m-IWw F∂ k¿°m¿ Xocp-

am\w Fßs\ \S-∏m°mw F∂m-bnc-p∂p A∂v Btem-N-\. h∂p-tN¿∂-

h¿ ]cn-]m-Sn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. bm°q_pw tPmk^pw

ap-≠m-°m≥ a-\x-]q¿∆w Btcm sNbvX-XmWv F∂ [mc-W-bn-emWv

kwibw tXm∂n-b-hsc XS-™p-sh®v tNmZyw sNbvX-Xv. FUvK-

dmbncn°pw I£n F∂v IΩn-‰n-bnse Nne¿°v kwi-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

F∂m-epw, Ah-s\-s°m≠v Btcm sNøn-∏n-®-XmWv F∂p hniz-kn-°m-

\m-bn-cp∂p ]e¿°pw C„w. AXp-sIm≠v hm°n¬ Ipdt®-dn-t∏m-bn, D¥pw

X≈p-am-bn. AX-ßs\ Xocp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, cmXn ]≈n-bv°p-t\sc

It√-dp-≠m-bXv ]iv\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°n.

Rß-fpsS kn‰u- n¬ FUvK-¿ BZy-ap-≠m-°n-bXv Imen-ta-bv°p∂

IrjvWs‚ inev]-am-Wv. km[m-cW ImWp∂ coXn-bn-ep-≈-X-√, aSn-bn-

tebv°v Xe \o- n-\n¬°p∂ Hcp ]ip-Ip- nsb Xtem-Sn-s°m≠v ]md-∏p-

d-Øn-cn-bv°p∂ IrjvW≥. Np‰pw, ta™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]ip-°ƒ.

amb-bv°Xv henb kt¥m-j-am-bn. ]o‰¿ F∂p-t]-cp≈ Hcp ]ptcm-K-a-

\-°mc≥ InkvXym-\nsb I-eymWw Ign-®-tijw IrjvW-t\m-Sp≈ C„-

sams° a\- n¬ Hfn-∏n-®pw, Bcpw ImWm-Ø-t∏mƒ F-SpØp Xmtem-

en®pw Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m Ahƒ. ]o‰¿ henb ]ptcm-K-a-\-\m-Sy-

°m-c-\m-sW-¶nepw A-hs‚ ho´pIm¿ ip≤-k-Xy-th-Zm-¥-°m-cm-b-Xp-

sIm≠v a°ƒ c≠p-t]-scbpw amtam-Zok ap°n kXy-In-kvXym-\n-I-fm-

°n-bmWv hf¿-Øp-∂-Xv. \n w-K-\m-sW∂ \mSy-Øn¬ ]o‰-sd∂ Rm≥

D≈p-sIm≠v CXn-sems° kt¥mjn°p∂pap≠-v. aXhpw hf-¿∂ kml-

N-cy-ßfpw Hm¿Ω-I-fp-sams° \ap°-ß-s\-bßv hn´p-I-f-bm≥ ]‰ptam?

GXm-bmepw FUvK-¿ IrjvW-s\-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ AΩ-®nbpw

A∏-®\pw Ft∂mSp ]nWßn. Ah¿°X C„-a-p-≠m-bn- √ amb-tbm-

Sp≈ Fs‚ ]Wbw Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xv. H‰ \n_-‘-\tb Ah¿-Ip-

b-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q- -amb aXw amd-Ww. AXn-\-hƒ°v FXn¿s∏m-∂p-ap-

≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√, ]W-b-km- -ey-Øn\v kvXoIƒ F¥p XymKhpw kln-

°p-a-t√m. dqØv F∂mWv amb-bpsS ]≈n-bnse t]cv. ss__n-fnse

I¿Øh-yt_m[-ap≈ acp-a-I-fm-Wt√m dqØv. F¶nepw amb-bp-sStbm

h≈p-h-\m-S≥ \mb¿`mj dqØn\p tNcn-√. AX-hƒs°m- p-am-‰m\pw

]‰n√. AXp-am-X-a-√, ]g-am-ßm-∏-®-Sn-tbm-Sp≈ C„hpw, "_o v' ImWp-

tºm-gp≈ tZjyhpw H∂pw˛

Zp¿-K-l-amb Hcp inev]-Øn-\p-]-Icw FUvK-¿ CØ-c-sam-∂p-≠m-°n-

b-Xn¬ hfsc kt¥m-jn-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥ sNbvX-Xv. apºv, Rß-fpsS

]gb hoSns‚ Npa-cn¬ FUvK¿ sNbvXp-sh® cq]-ßƒ F¥m-sW∂v

F\n°v Ct∏mgpw a\- n-em-bn- n-√. AXv a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈

_p≤n F\n-bv°n√ F∂v kzbw kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm≠-v FUvK-¿ Ft∂m-


1242010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

125

t]mb Ahs‚ ico-c-tØmSv H´pw Iqdp-Im-Wn-°msX XSn°-j-W-ß-fn-

ep-S-°n-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sImgpØ tNmc-°- -Iƒ AXn-e-hnShnsS

]‰n-°n-S-∂p. sh≈-Øn¬°n-S∂p No™ XSn-I-fpsS ]pd-t¥m-Sns‚ K‘-

Øn¬ tNmc-bpsS Xo£vW-K‘w apßn-b-en-™p-t]m-bn. sh≈-Ønepw

K‘-Øn¬ tNmc-bpsS Xo£vW-K‘w apßn-b-en-™p-t]m-bn. sh≈-

Ønepw Ic-bn-ep-ambn At\Iw ac-ßƒ I_-‘-ß-fmbn InS-∂p. Ah-

bv°n-S-bn¬, Ah-sb-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kn°-¥-dpw˛

FUn-K-dn\v Imcy-amb h-cp-am-\-sam∂pap≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]e¿°pw-th≠n

inev]-ßƒ sNbvXp. ]e-t∏mgpw X\n-°p-th-≠nbpw. ]Wn-sb-Sp-∏n-®-h-

scms° Npfp-hn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \S--∂p-In- -W-sa-∂p-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. IW-

°p-]-d™v hmßm-\p≈ Ign-shm∂pw FUvK-dn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Rßƒ

kplr-Øp-°ƒ ]ecpw ]e kµ¿- -ß-fnepw FUvK-dn\v t\sc ]Ww

\oń-°m-Wn®v kzbw A]-lm-ky-cm-bn-t∏m-hp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. h√-

t∏mgpw h∂p-I-b-dp-tºmƒ sImSp-°p∂ Blm-c-a-√msX FUvK-¿

Bcn¬\n∂pw H∂pw kzoI-cn-®n-√. "\osb-ßs\ Ign-™p-t]mh-pw Cu

t]m°p-t]m-bm¬' F∂ Rß-fpsS thh-em-Xnbv°v AXn-s\-°mƒ henb

thh-em-Xn-Iƒ DØ-c-am-bn-Ø∂v FUvK-¿ Rß-fpsS hmb-S-®p. \mń-ep-

≠m-hp∂ Hmtcm ]-iv\-ß-fnepw Ah≥ Akz-ÿ-\mIpw. Dd-°-an-√m-Xm-

hpI F∂-XmWv BZysØ ]Xn-I-c-Ww- -]ns∂ Ac-h- ns‚ e£-W-

ßƒ. temIw \∂m-°n-bn-s´m∂pw \ap°v Pohn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. \o ]mIvSn-

°-em-hm≥ t\m°v F∂v D]-tZ-in®v hnP-b\pw tkhy-dn\pw aSp-Øp. Ch-

\m-cv, alm-fl-Km-‘ntbm?' F∂p tNmZn®v Ah¿ Ifn-bm-°p-∂Xv tIƒ-

°p-tºmƒ F\n°pw tXm∂m-dp-≠v- -X-e-bn¬ sIm≈mØ Nn¥-Ifpw mh-

\bpw Akz-ÿ-X-Ifpw F√mw-IqSn Chs‚ mhn-sb-¥mIpw?

IrjvWs‚ AXn-a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp inev]w Npa-cn-ep-≠m-b-tXmsS

ambbv°v Ft∂m-Sp≈ ]cn- hw Xo¿∂p. \√-k-abw t\m°n Rßƒ

Atßm v Xmakw am‰p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns‚ sXm -SpØ BgvN-bn-

emWv FUvK-dns‚ ]≈n-®p-a-cnse Iem-]-cn-]mSn. tIdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-tºmƒ

FUvK-dn\v Imcy-am--sb-s¥-¶nepw sImSp-°-W-sa∂v F\n-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. AXn\p I≠p-In- n-bn´ptht≠! inev]-Øn-\p-]n∂n¬ FUvK-dm-sW-

∂-dn-™-ti-jhpw \mń¬ Ipg∏ßƒ Ipd-™n-√. BZy-a-c-W-ß-fpsS

]Icw ho´m≥ c≠m-aX-pw, AXn-\p-]-Icw ho´m≥ aq∂m-a-Xpw- -A-ßs\

aq∂p-du≠v sIme-]m-X-I-ßƒ- -F-UvK¿ CXp-h-√Xpw Adnt™m F∂

Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv. Adn-™m¬ Ah≥ Fßs\ ]Xn-I-cn-°p-sa-

t∂m¿Ømbn-cp∂p F\n°v thh-em-Xn. ]tXy-In®pw Ah≥ ImcWw

hmkphpsam-∂pw FØn-bn- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ah-sc-√m-hcpw ASp-Ø-SpØp

InS-°p∂ ac-an-√p-I-fn-se-Øs∂ ]Wn-°m-cm-Wv. ]nt‰∂v Cucm-\p≈

ac-ß-fpsS IW-°p-I-sfms° AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn c-≠p-aq-∂p-X-Sn-Iƒ sh≈-

Øn¬ \n∂p tI‰n-bn- mWv hmkp hcp-∂-Xv. kn°-¥¿ Akokpw lcn-

\-µ\pw IqSn an√ns‚ ap‰Øv tXmep-sN-Øn-bp-cp- nb XS-n°-j-W-ßƒ

\o°n-bn-Sp-I-bm-bnc-p∂p. an√nse ]Wn-I-gn-™p≈ ka-b-ß-fn¬ thsd

Nne G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v kmam\yw

\√ tXmXn¬ \S-Øp∂ Hcp Ipdn, D’-h-ßƒ°pw ]≈n-s∏-cp-∂m-fn\pw

s]mSn-]m-‰nb Km\-taf! CXns‚ IqsS Aev]-kzev]w kmln-Xy-N¿®bpw

\mS-Im- n-\-b-hpw. Ign™ inh-cm-Xn°v Ah¿ Xs∂ Hcp \mS-I-sa-gpXn

A`n-\-bn®p F∂p ]d-™m¬ \nßƒ hniz-kn-°ptam? m¿§-h-s‚bpw

tPm¿÷n-s‚-bp-sams° ]I-S-\-sam∂p ImtW-≠-Xm-bn-cp∂p! kn°-¥-

dns‚ D∏bv°v \ne-ºq-cnse Iq∏p-Ifnem-bn-c-p∂p ]Wn. D∏-bpsS IqsS

]e-t∏mgpw kn°-¥dpw Iq∏n¬ t]mbn- p-≠v. "ac-ßƒ CX-bvs°ms°

hep-∏w-h-bv°ptam?' F∂-h≥ B›-cy-s∏- Xv A∂m-Wv. am¿Øm-fi-

h¿Ω AΩ-®n-πm-hns‚ -s]m-Øn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp∂v iXp-°-fpsS ]nSn-

bn¬\n∂v tIńcp--∂Xv. BgvN-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D∏ Ahs\ Iq∏nse ]Wn-

I-sfms° ImWn-®p-Xcmw F∂v kΩ-Xn®vsIm≠pt]mb-t∏m-gt√ ckw!

AhnsS hº-s\mcp πmhv! Ah\pw kp_nbv°pw ssaap-\-Øm-Øbv°pw

DΩbv°pw thW-sa-¶n¬ D∏-bv°pw-hsc H-∂n-s®m-fn-®n-cn-bv°m-hp∂ AX

henb s]mØp-≈Xv!

sImºpw sXmenbpw Dcn™p sh≈-Øn-en´ ac-ß-fpsS IÆo-cpw,

\nizm-k-ßfpw Aen™pw Agp-In-bpw, ]pg IdpØpw sImgpØp-an-cp-

∂p. Ic-bnse sNfnbv°pw Idp-∏p-\n-d-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ft∏mgpw AXnse

\S∂pw ]Wn-sb-SpØpw kn°-¥-dn-s‚bpw lcn-\-µ-s‚bpw hmkp-hn-s‚-

bp-sams° Imep-Ifpw ssIIfpw sh≈-Øn¬°n-S∂p No¿Ø XS-°-j-

W-ß-sf-t∏mse Ccp-≠pw-\ndw sI´p-an-cp-∂p. Ah-bv°p-≈-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-

s∂, aq°-S-®p-I-f-bp-∂, Zp¿K‘sØ°mƒ Zp¿K-‘-ap-≈, ]pcm-X-\-amb

hmS F√m-bvt∏mgpw Ahsc Nqgv∂p-\n-∂p.

F∂-sØ-bpw-t]mse A∂pw ]pe¿∂v AXp-h-sc-bp≈ kw -h-ß-

sf√mw hfsc IrXy-ambpw hnNm-cn-®-Xp-t]m-sebpw \S-∂p. ]s£, ]ns∂,

Ccp- p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ Hc-c-a-Wn-°q-dn-\p-≈n¬ Bbp-[-ß-fp-ambn Ae-dn-

°pX-n®ph-∂-h-cpsS A -lm-k-ßƒ-°pw, BtIm-i-ßƒ°p-sam-Sp-hn¬

AhnsS _m°n h∂sX-¥mWv? \oebpw sh≈bpw I≈n-I-fp≈

kn°¥-dns‚ Ins‰Ivkv ep¶n, \neØv InS-∂p-g®v sNfn-bn¬ ]pX-™p-


1262010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

127

sXm- p-t\m-°n-t∏m-Ip-∂X X∑-bXzw! ]nW-ßn-t∏mb A∏-\p-a-Ω-®nbpw

A∂p sshIp-t∂cw Xncn-®p-h∂p!

I„n®p c≠p-amkw Ign-™-tX-bp-≠m-hq- -F-UvK¿ ho≠pw h∂p.

AØmgw Ign™v Rm≥ kn‰u- n-en-cp∂v Ft¥m hmbn-°p-Ibm-bn-cp-

∂p. Ipń-I-sfms° Dd-ßn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. h∂ DSs\ F-UvK¿ sh´p-I-

Ønbpw sNdnb ]mcbpw sIm≠v inev]-ß-tfm-tcm-∂mbn sNØn-I-f-™p.

]ns∂ [rXn-bn¬ Npa-cmsI sh´p-I-Øn-bpsS Np-≠p-sIm≠v sImØn-

s°m-Øn-bn-f-°n. Ft∏mgpsa-∂-t]mse Fs‚ t\sc cq£-amb Hcp

t\m´w t\m°n. F-UvKdn\v Xs‚ ]Wn-Iƒ Bcpw t\m°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

C-„-a√. \√ aqUn-em-sW-¶n¬ \∂mbn kwkm-cn-°p-∂-bmƒ Nn-e-t∏mƒ

Hcp iXp-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bmWv s]cp-am-dp-I. cwKw a\- n-em°n AI-Øp-

t]m-hp-I-bm-sWs‚ Npa-X-e. Cubn-sS-bmbn F-UvKdn\v kwkmcw Xosc

Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Atßm´pw H∂pw ]d-bm≥ hø. hmXn-e-S-bv°p-

∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv F-UvKdn\p-ap-ºn¬, F∂ thh-em-Xn-tbmsS Rm\-hnsS

CØn-cn-t\cw \n∂v, ]ns∂ AI-tØbv°p \S-∂p. s]s´∂v Hce¿®bmWv

tI -Xv "hmXn-e-S-®n v t]mSm˛ \ns‚ hoń\v Imh-emtWm Fs‚ ]Wn?'

hmXn-e-S®v Dd-ßm≥ InS-°p-tºm-gmWv F-UvKdn\v `£Ww h√Xpw

thtWm F∂v Rm\-t\z-jn-®n-√t√m Ft∂m¿Ø-Xv. tNmZn-®m¬ Nne-

t∏mƒ adp-]-Sn-bp-≠m-hn-√. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ Ipg--®p-sh® amsh-SpØv

c≠p-N-∏m-Øn-bpw, ]ns∂ D≈nbpw X°m-fnbpw shfn-s®-Æ-bn¬ hg‰n

Hcp Idn-bp-≠m-°n, IpSn-bv°m-\p≈ sh≈hpw ]mX-Øn-em°n kn‰u-

ńse Sot∏m-øn¬ sIm≠p-h-®p. "Ign-t®mfmw' F∂v Ah≥ ]d-™Xv

tIs -¶n-epw, Ipd-®p-I-gn™v Fgp-t∂-‰vsN∂v H∂p-IqSn Hm¿Ωn-∏n°mw

F∂p I-cp-Xn-bmWv Rm≥ InS-∂-Xv. Adn-bmsX Dd-ßn-t∏m-bn. cmhnse

DW¿-∂p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ AsX√mw Ahn-sS-Ø-s∂-bp-≠v. Npa-cn-se-¥mWv

sNbvXp-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v F\n-bvs°mcp ]nSnbpw Inń-bn√. tbip-

hns‚ inev]w-sIm≠v Gsd kt¥m-jn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Rm≥, A∏\pw

AΩ-®nbpw ]nW-ßn-t∏m-b-Xns‚ _m[y-X-bn¬\n∂v Hgn-™t√m F∂-

Xn¬. Iptd-t\cw Npa-cn¬ kq£n-®p-t\m°n F\n°v ]cn-N-b-ap≈ Fs¥-

¶nepw AXn¬\n∂v sXfn-™p-h-cp∂pt≠m F∂v Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xn-\n-

S-bn¬ a°ƒ Fgp-t∂‰v h∂-Xp-sIm≠v Rm\-hn-sS-\n∂v XSn-Ø-∏n. "Hmô-

kn¬ t\csØ FØ-Ww. Xnc°p≠v sN∂n- v,' F∂v amb-tbmSv I≈w-

]-d™v cmhn-esØ `£-Ww-t]mepw Ign-bv°m≥ \n¬°msX hoń¬

\nt∂m-Sn-t∏m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmXn sshIn ho- n¬ sN√p-tºmƒ kn‰u- n¬ F-UvKdns\ I≠Xv

Cß-s\-sbms° D≠m-b-Xn¬.

Ahs\ BZyw ImWp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬Øs∂ ]d-bm-\mbn Rm≥

hmN-I-ß-sfms° Xøm-dm-°n-sh-®n-cp-∂p.

1. inev]-ßƒ ImcWw C\nbpw Ipg-∏-ß-fn-√m-sX-bn-cn-bv°m≥ Ah

s]s´∂v a\- n-em-°n-sb-Sp-°m-\m-hmØ hn[-Øn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xmhpw

\√-Xv. aX-]cw F∂p apZ-b-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°-cp-Xv.

2. s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-fntem tdmU-cn-Intem aX-Nn-”-ß-tfm, aX-

Øns‚ `mK-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏- p-t]m-cp∂ Bcm-[-\m-aq¿Øn-I-fpsS

inev]-ßtfm D≠m-°n-sh-bv°-cp-Xv.

3. Ipd-®p-IqSn ]cn-k-c-t_m[w thWw, ÿe-Im-e-ß-sf-∏‰n Adn-

hp-th-Ww ˛ FUvK¿ Pohn-bv°p-∂Xv im¥n\n-tI-X-\n-e√. Ccp-]-

sØm∂mw \q‰m-≠nse tIc-f-ØnemWv F∂Xv Ft∏mgpw Hm¿Ω

-th-Ww.

Ch ad-°m-Xn-cn-bv°m≥ Dcp-hn- p-cp-hn v F\n°v h´m-bn-t∏m-Ip∂ ÿnXn-

bm-bn´pw FUvK-dns‚ Hcp hnh-c-hp-an-√. ]Xp-°-∏-Xps° FUvK¿ Gen-

bmkv F∂ inev]n Fs‚ a\- n¬ \n∂p IpSn-bn-d-ßn-Øp-S-ßp-∂-Xn-\n-

S-bn-semcp Znh-kw, ]mXn-cbv°v X´pw ap´pw tI´mWv Rm-\p-W¿∂Xv.

i_vZw-tI- v, I≈-\m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂q-ln-®v, ]cn- -an®v P\¬ Xp-d-∂p-t\m-

°p-tºmƒ hcm-¥-bn¬ kIe ]Wn-bm-bp-[-ßfpw IqSn FUvK¿! Rm\-

hnsS t\m°n-\n¬°p-∂-Xn¬ CØncn Cu¿jy-tbmsS Ah≥ P\¬ hen-

®-S-®p. \mń-ep-≠mb ]iv\-ß-sf-∏‰n Ah-t\mSv ]d-b-W-sa-∂pw, Icp-

Xn-sh® hmIy-ßƒ Ah-\n¬ ]tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂pw F\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. P\-eS® ÿnXnbv°v C\n Ahn-sS-\n-∂n v Imcy-an√ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v

Rm≥ InS-∏p-ap-dn-bn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂mepw F\n-

°p-d°w h∂n-√. t\cw shfpØp ap≥h-isØ hmXn¬Xp-d∂v kn‰uń¬

h∂p-t\m-°p-tºmƒ Rm≥ A¥n-®p-\n-∂p-t]m-bn. AhnsS Npa-cn¬ ]gb

inev]-Øns‚ Ah-in-„-ßƒ bmsXm-∂p-an-√. ]Icw Hcp ]‰w Bń≥Iq-

-ßfpsS ]pd-In¬ AXn-sem-∂ns\ ssII-fn-se-SpØv CS-bs‚ thj-

Øn¬ tbip! c≠p-Zn-hkw AXv kna‚ns‚ \nd-Ønepw cq]-Ønepw

\n∂p. aq∂m-asØ cmXn-bn¬ Ft∏m-gmWv FUvK¿ h∂-sX∂pw t]m-b-

sX∂pw Rm\dn-™n-√. amb-bmWv cmhnse hnfn-®p-W¿Øn ImWnX-X-

®p-X-∂-Xv. Poh-\p-≈-Xp-t]mse Hcp Iq´w BSp-Iƒ˛ Ahbv°p \Sp-hn¬

AXn-tesd ssNX-\y-ap-≈, apJØv A¤p-X-I-c-amb im-¥X Hmfw-sh-

´p∂ tbip! ]›mØe-Øn¬ \oe ae-I-fpw, ]®-∏p¬ta-Sp-I-fpw. tbip-

hns‚ ssIbn¬ D≈Xv bYm¿∞-Øn-semcp h-Sn-X-s∂-bmtWm F∂v


1282010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

129

IS∂v Nn√-Iƒ \oń-\n¬-°p-∂p. AXns‚ Nn√-I-fn-sem-s°bpw ]e-Xcw

Infn-°q-Sp-Iƒ- -Xp-∂m-c-t‚-Xv, Xq°-Wmw-Ip-cp-hn-bp-tS-Xv, amS-Ø-Ø-bp-tS-

Xv... B¬a-c-Øns‚ aÆn-te-bv°m-gv∂p-\n¬°p∂ thSp-I-ƒ°n-S-bn-eqsS

Ahy-‡-ambn ImWp-∂Xv Hcp kvXocq-]-am-sW-∂mWv tXm∂n-b-Xv.

k¿∏®p-‰p-Iƒt]mse hf-™p-]p-f-™p-e-™p-In-S-°p∂ apSn®p-cp-fp-Iƒ-

˛-]-IpXn Xpd∂ angn-I-fn¬\n-∂mtWm ]Imiw ]k-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ssIIfpw Nn√-Ifpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm-\m-Im-ØX H∂p-tN¿∂mWv \nev]v

F-UvKdns\ Ahn-sS-sbßpw I≠n-√.

cmhnse a°fpw ambbpw henb D’m-l-tØmsS Fs∂ h∂p Ipep-

°n-bp-W¿Øn-b-t∏m-gmWv Rm\p-W¿∂-Xv. Rmb-dm-gvN-bm-sW-∂Xv

t_m[Ønepw At_m-[-Ønepw Hcp-t]mse Dd--®p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠mhmw Aemdw sNhnbv°p sXm -Sp-Øp-\n--∂-e-dn-bmepw Rm\p-W-¿∂nn-

√. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w kn-‰u- nse Nph-cn-∂-SpØp-sN-∂p-t\m-°p-tºm-gmWv

F\n°v cmXn-bnse Imcy-ßƒ Hm¿Ω h∂Xv.

Nph-cn¬, Rm≥ P\-en-eqsS I≠-sX√mw inev]-cq-]-Øn¬ InS-∏p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. thSp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Ahy-‡-ambn ImW-s∏´ kvXocq-]-

Øns‚ Xe-bn¬ Ae¶mc-ßfpw Inco-S-hp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠-v tZhn-

bmtWm F∂pw, intcm-h-kvX-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Znhy-am-Xm-hmtWm

F∂pw Xo¿-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmsX Rm-\Xpw t\m°n Iptd-t\cw \n∂p.

inev]-Øns‚ apJØv Hmfw-X-≈p-∂Xv Hcp hm’-ey-°-S¬ X-s∂-bmWv!

"A∏m, Cu a\p-jy\v F-UvK¿ amas‚ Omb' F∂v sd-bvanbpw

tPm∏phpw B¿Øp-hn-fn-®-t∏m-gmWv Rm-\Xp i≤n-°p-∂-Xv. kvXocq-]-

Øns‚ aSn-bn¬ InS°p∂Xv F-UvKdmWv. ]s£, ]m]-©nI a\p-jy-

cq-]-Øntem hkvX-ß-fntem A√˛ H∂m-¥-c-samcp inev]w Xs∂! CX

at\m-l-c-ambn H-cmƒ°v kz¥w inev]-ap-≠m-°m-\m-hptam? Fs‚ a\ v

cmXnbnse Im-gvvN-I-fn¬Øs∂ IpSp-ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. inev]n

inev]w Xs∂bmbn amdptam? BImw-£-sIm≠-v ]e-X-hW Rm\m-cq-]-

Øn¬ hnc-tem-Sn-®p-t\m°n. kna‚pw aWepw tN¿∂p-≠mI-p∂ Hcp- -h-

kvXp-h-ns‚ Dd∏pw ZrV-Xbpw F\n°v sXm -dn-bm-\m-bn. At∏mƒ F-

UvK¿?

F-UvKdns\ CX Ime-sam∂pw ImWm-Xn-cn-bv°m-dn-√t√m F∂v

kplr-Øp-°ƒ CS-bv°n-Sbv°v tNmZn--°p-tºmƒ F\n-bvs°mcp hnd-b-

ep-≠v. Rß-fpsS kmbm-”-kw-hm-Z-ß-fn¬\n∂v Rm\n-t∏mƒ Hgn-™p-

\nev°p-I-bm-Wv. Bsc-¶nepw kq£n®pt\m-°n-bm¬, F-s¥-¶nepw tNmZn-

®m¬ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv ]d-™p-t]m-hpI F∂ òXn-bn-emWv Rm-\n-

F\n°v henb Bizm-k-am-bn. F\n°v hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\m-hp-∂-

X-c-Øn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw ]cn-Nn-X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ AXn-ep-≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥

F-UvKdn\p tXm∂-tW F∂p ]m¿∞n®v Rm≥ AI-tØbv°v \njvI-

an-®p. Ipń-Iƒ Dd-ßn-bn- p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. "Rß-fpsS c≠m-fp-sSbpw inev]w

F-UvK¿ ama-t\mSv ]d-™p-≠m-°n-®qtS A∏\v, _msKm∂pw ]pd-Øn-Sm-

sX, Iptd sNSn-I-fp-sSbpw ]qºm-‰-I-fp-sS-bp-sam-s°-bn-S-bn¬' F∂v

sdbvan Ft∂mSp tNmZn-®Xv Xe-bmń icn-sh®p tPm-∏p-hpw. _mKp-]p-d-

Øn´p\n¬°p∂Ipń-I-fpsS inev]w, Ah-cpsS kvIqƒ sKbn-‰n-ep-≈Xv

F-UvK¿ Xs∂ sNbvX-Xm-Wv. knÃ-dpsS \n¿-_‘w kln-bv°-h-øm-

sX-bmWv F-UvKdns\, Rm\Xp sNøm≥ G¿∏mSm°n-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv. AXp-

I-≠-t∏mƒ apX¬ Ahƒ°p≈ BK-l-am-W-Xv. Aß-s\-sbmcp Imcyw

"FUvK-dns‚ Npa-cn¬' sNøm≥ ]d-bm-\p≈ ss[cy-sam∂pw F\n-bv°n√

F∂v Ah-f-dn-bp-∂pt≠m?! "tlmwh¿s°ms° Ign-s™-¶n¬ thKw InS-

∂p-dßv' F∂ Iev]\ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®v Rm\m BKlw Ahn-sS-sh®v

apdn-®p. \Ωƒ c£nXm-°-fpsS ]cm-[o-\X Ipń-I-f-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬∏cw

\mWt-°-sS-¥p≠v! C\nbpw B tNmZyw s]m¥n-h-t∂-bv°ptam F∂p

`b∂v "lu, Fs¥mcp Xe-th-Z-\, amtb, ssSK¿-_m-sa-hn-sS-bmWv? F∂p-

d-s°-t®m-Zn®v Rm≥ ASp-°-f-`m-K-tØbv°v t]mbn. F-UvKdn\p≈

`£Ww ]mX-Øn-se-Sp-Øp-sh-®Xv kn‰u- n¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn sh®v,

Rm\pw ambbpw IqSn `£Ww Ign-bv°m-\n-cp-∂p. F-UvK¿ F¥m-Wp-

≠m-°p-∂Xv' F∂ amb-bpsS tNmZy-Øn\v Xev°mew DØcw ]d-bm-Xn-

cn-°p-∂-XmWv `wKn F∂v a\- n-ep-d-∏n®v `£Ww s]s´∂p Ign-®p-

Xo¿Øv Rm≥ AI-Øp-t]mbn InS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

cmXn hf-sc-tbsd sN∂n- p≠mIpw. Rm\p-W-cp-tºmƒ ]pdØv Xt´m

apt´m H∂pw tIƒ°m-\n-√. amb-sbbpw Ip- n-I-sfbpw DW¿Øm-Xn-cn-

bv°m≥ i≤n-®v, Hcp ]pgp-hn-s\-t∏mse Rm≥ InS°bpsS a≤y-

Øn¬\n∂v Cg-™n-g™v Iń-en-t∂m-c-sØ-Øn, H®-bp-≠m-°msX Xmsg-

bn-d-ßn. s_Uvdqw emºns‚ Cew-\oe shfn®w lmfnepw h∂-sX-ß-

s\-bm-sW-∂-¥n-®v, kn‰u- n-tebv°p Xpd-bv°p∂ P\-ens‚ hnS-hn-eqsS

Rm≥ F-UvK¿ Gen-bmkv F¥p-sN-øp-I-bm-sW∂v FØn-t\m-°n.

C\n Rm≥ ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßƒ tI´m¬, Fs‚ am\-kn-I-\n-ebpw

XI-cm-dn-emtbm F∂v \nßƒ kwibnt®°mw. kn‰u´pw ap‰hpw \nem-

hn--se-∂-t]m-se, Cfw-\o-ebpw tdmkpw I-e¿∂ Aù-a-amb Hcp-Xcw

]Im-i-Øn¬ apßn-°p-fn®p \n¬°p∂p! thSp-I-fn-d-°n-\n¬°p-∂,

]S¿∂p-]-¥-en® Hcm¬acw hoSn-t\-°mƒ Db-c-Øn¬ tK‰pw hgnbpw


1302010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

131

am¿t°-WvtV-bw...

Fw.-Fw. kNo-µ≥

IÆn-bp-dbv°pw aptº

Fdn™p hogvØm-\-t√,

ImcWw ImWn-°msX

""sImt -j≥'' sImSpØp \o....?

Imes‚ ISpw-sI- n¬

Imep aÆn¬\n-∂‰p

]mW-s\-∏n-gn-™-t∏mƒ

\o Xs∂ c£bvs°-Øn.

acWw acn-°p∂

Nnc-Po-hn-X-Øn-tebv°v

DW¿Øpw alm-enw-K-am-b-h≥!

inh-t\.... \o...

NpSe-Øo-bn¬

Xe-I-Øn® Nmcw sXm v

ap°Æp hc-®-t∏mƒ

Rm≥ \n∂n-sem-Xp-ßn-t∏m-bv....

IÆocpw Ic-®nepw

Nncnbpw ]Xo-£bpw

shÆodpw shfn-®hpw

tNmcbpw ]mepw.... tX\pw...

lna-h¬]-km-ZsØ

]pWcpw Ccpƒ°mSpw

\n∂n-eq-sSm-en-®-nt∏mƒ

F∂n¬ ho-WS-n-bp-∂p...

XpSpØ hnc¬Øp-ºm¬

C°n-fn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p,

]pXp ]q°-fn¬ th¿Ø

a[phpw kpK-‘hpw.

hcn™p apdp-°p-hm≥

IS™p hnjw tNm¿Øm≥

Dc-K-®p-cpƒt]mse

hgp°pw Hfn-°n-W¿....!

t∏mƒ. AtXmsS Rm\pw Hcp `m-¥-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-a-t√m. CXn-

s‚-sbms° CS-bnepw Fs∂ A¤p--X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv as‰mcp hkvXp-X-

bm-Wv-˛-in-ev]-Ønse F-UvKdns‚ apJØv Fs¥mcp im¥n-bmWv!

ÿmbn-bmb AXr-]vXn-bn°pw Akz-ÿ-Xbv°pw ]Icw A\n¿h-N-\o-

b-amb B\-µ-amWv Ahs\ Nqgv∂p-\n-¬°p-∂-Xv. cmXn-I-fn¬ ]e-t∏m-

gpw, Cfw-\o-ebpw tdmkpw Ie¿∂ ZypXn-bn¬ AXp ]]©w apgp-h≥

]c-°p-∂-Xmbn F\n°p tXm∂m-dp-≠v. amb-tbm-Sp-t]mepw Rm\n-sXm∂pw

]d-™n- n-√. Cu Imcy-ßƒ B¿°pw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-t°≠ _m[yX

F\n-bv°n-s√-∂mWv C-t∏mƒ Fs‚ ]£w.


1322010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

133

shbn¬

_ntPmbv Nµ≥

BImiw Hcp

ap\ Iq¿Ø

shbn¬∏mfn.

PesØ ]nf¿°pw

a\ v

ImWn-®p-Xcpw

]p√n¬ \n∂p-‰p-t\m°pw

]®Øh-fsb

IÆp-cpń

sXm≠ anSn-∏n®v

shdpsX t]Sn-∏n°pw

Icn-bn-e-°mSv

hoSns\ \nh-¿Øn

hmbn®v

\ng-enSßfmbv

ap‰Øv \ncØpw

Hcp an∂m-bw-t]mse

A-Ωsb hc-®nSpw

]\-ºn¬ tXmcm\n´

s\√v

Im°-sb-s°m≠-v

sImØn°pw

shbn-e-tØm-Sn-sbØmw

Hm¿Ω Nn°n-\n-c-Øm≥

ap-Ø»n.

Xqº-bn¬ ]‰n-∏n-Sn®v

sXmSn-bn-te°v t]mIpw

shbn-e-—≥

Inf-®n´ aÆn≥

Nph∏n-te-bv°n-dßn

]ns∂

Fhn-sS-t∏mbv shbn¬?

OnZw

ju°-Ø-eo-Jm≥

Hcp shäp-In-ens‚

Nnd-In≥ Iqń-emWv

Ifn®pw Nncn®pw

\mw H‰ \nd-Øns‚

sFIy-ap-∂-Wn-bm-b-Xv.

C∂v k‘ybv°v

ag-hn-√ns‚ ]tem- -\-Øm¬

IS¬°-m‰ns‚ XWpØ

Benw-K-\-ta‰v

Icn-ta-L-ßƒ

\ΩpsS AXn-Yn-I-fm-bn.

CSn-an-∂-ep-Iƒ

\ΩpsS tXmfn¬ ssIbn- p.

Ic-°m-‰p-I-fpsS

NXn-b≥ Ipcp-°n¬s∏ v

ap\bpw aq¿®-bp-ap≈

Ggv \nd-ß-fmbv

Xo¿∏p-Ifpw Xo¿®-Ifpw tXSn

sam -°p-∂p-Ifpw ]pdw-I-S-en¬ X≈n.

Cu \nd-sIm≠ ]mXn-c-bn¬

Hcp s]cp-a-g-bn-te°v

Nph∏pw ]®bpw Imhn-bp-ambv

\Ωƒ hgn-]n-cn-bp-∂p.


1342010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

135

Xqen-I-Øp-ºn-se-ØmØ

Imcy-⁄X

Fw.-B¿.-N-µ-ti-J-c≥

KŸ-\n-cq]Ww

FgpØv hmb-\-°m-cs\ sRń-°-Ww F∂-sXmcp

sNm√m-Wv. DZ-b-i-¶¿ IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ t]cp-

sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. "]®-°p-Xn-c-

I-fpsS ag' F∂ t]cv A‘m-fn∏v D-≠m-°p-∂-Xm-

Wv. "]®-°mf' F∂mWv, Xr»q-cn-\-SpØv Fs‚

\mń≥]p-dØv ]d-™p-h-cm-dp-≈-Xv. ]®-°p-Xnc F∂

hm°ns\ A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ FSp-Øm¬, AsXm-cn-

S-tØbv°pw LSn-°n-√. sh´pIn-fn-—m-b-bp-ff Hcp

Pohn-bmWv ]®-°m-f. ]®-∏øv F∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

H∂p-c-≠p-aq∂p ]®-°m-f-Iƒ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ apJ-

®- -bn-ep-≠v. kwi-b-\n-hm-c-W-Øn\v AXv DXIp∂p.

ASn-s]mfn

"ASn-s]mfn' F∂ hm°n\p Ct∏mƒ kmlnXy

Kuc-h-ap-≠v. AXv Bfp-I-fpsSsbms° \mhn¬ Ib-

dn-°q-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \nXy-kw- m-j-W-Øn¬ B hm°v

NmSn-ho-gp-∂p. ASn-s]mfn BZyw IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bXv

]mńs‚ afi-e-Øn-em-Wv. Ct∏mƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ c≠p

hn[-amWv: AXn-sem∂v ASn-s]m-fn.

DZ-b-i-¶¿ ASn-s]m-fn-sb sNdp-I-Y-bn-te°p Ib-

kpthm-fPn

kn.-F-kv. Pb--N-µ≥

BIm-i-tØmfw

Ncnhpw hen-∏-hp-ap-≈

Hcp ag-hn-√n¬

\njv°-f-¶-\-√mØ

Hcp Ipń

]£n-ar-Km-h-ensb

ASp°n hbv°p∂p.

CS-tØ-b‰w apX¬

ISph ]pen knwlw

Fen ]mºv ]cp¥v

Igp-I≥ aqß h∆m¬

apXe Im≠m-arKw

apX-embn

Xm≥ shdp-°p∂

òI-c-scbpw

he-tØ-b‰w apX¬

]mhv Ipbn¬ abn¬

]q® ]ń Xmdmhv

B\ Ddpºv HÍw

am≥ ao≥ apb¬

CXymZn

Xm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp∂ kuay-tcbpw

sh n

ASp°n

Hń-bv°p∂p.

hn´p-t]mb

]ip-hn-t\bpw

Fcp-a-tbbpw

heØpw

CS-Øp-ambn

AWn-tN¿°p∂p

sshIn-sb-Ønb

BSp-Isf

Ccp-h-iØpw

tabm≥ hnSp∂p.

(Im-°-sb-t∏m-se)

]pd-Øm-bh

]pd-Øm-bh Xs∂.

HØ-\-Sp-hn¬

D®-kq-cy-s\-t∏mse

Xs‚

kvIqƒ sFU‚n‰n Im¿Unse

]mkvt]m¿ v sskkv t^mt´mbpw

]Xn®p hbv°p∂p

H´pw

\njv°f¶-\-√m-Ø

Hcp Ipń.


1362010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

137

AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bn-√msX cmjvSo-b-an-√. CSn-ap-g-°w-t]mse

Fs¥¶nepw ]d-b-Ww. AXnt\ timXm-°-fp-≠m-hq. DZ-b-i-¶¿ cmjvSo-

b-Øns‚ AI-°mºv I≠-dn-™-h-\m-Wv.

kam-lm-c-Ønse henbIY "tjm' BWv. B IYbv°v Aº-Xn-

\m-bncw hne-∏n-Sn-∏p≈ Ahm¿Uv Inń. ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Ib-dn-∏-‰p-∂-Xn-

\p-ap-ºmWv AXp-≠m-b-Xv.

t]mIvkn

Ip∂n-°¬ \mcm-b-W-s‚bpw aµm-In-\n-bp-sSbpw IY-bmWv A\y

\ma-t[-b-ß-fn¬ Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. \mcm-b-W≥, Ip∂p-Ω¬ \mWp, aµm-

In-\n, I-Y-bn¬, atl-izcn. \mWp-hns\ atl-izcn `¿Ømhmbn hcn-®-

Xv, Nmcp-a-Ppw-Zm-cpsS "t]mIvkn' Bbn- m-sW-∂v. Nmcp-a-Ppw-Zm¿ cm„o-

b-N-I-hm-f-Øn¬ Xmc-am-bp-b-cp-∂Xv 1967- \v tij-amWv. aµm-In\o \mcm-

b-W-∑m-cpsS Zmº-Xyw AXn\pw FXtbm apºv XpS-ßn. \Ivk¬ apt∂-

‰-Øn¬ APnX hoc-\m-bn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-∂-t√m.

Hm, IY-bn¬ bYm¿∞-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ°v \ndw Nm¿Ømw. sNdp-I-Y-

bpsS inev]-sØ-∏‰n BZyw Nn¥n®v FUvKm¿ Ase≥t]m

]d™n´p≈Xv, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ ]d-bm-\p≈ Imcy-Øn\p ]mI-Øn¬

hkvXp-X-Iƒ tXSn-∏n-Sn®v \nc-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv. Ipd-®p-\mƒ Pzen®v ]Sp-

Xncn IØn-t∏mb tIc-f-Ønse \Ivk-en-ksØ h≥-Imcyambn Ah-X-

cn-∏n-°m≥ i¶¿ BK-ln-®p. AXn\v At±-l-Øn\v kzmX-¥yhpw Ah-

Im-ihpw D≠v. atl-iz-cn-bpsS Fgp-X-s∏-SmØ Poh-N-cn-X-sØ-∏‰n ]d-

bp-∂p≠v IY-bn¬. 64, 76, 86, 112 F∂o A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬\n-s∂∂p ]d-

™v, Nne Imcy-ßƒ, atl-iz-cn-bpsS sXfn-™p-a-d™ t_m[-]-hm-l-

Øn¬\n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p. AXv IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv.

"\mtSm-Sn]-pcmWw' F∂ IY-bn¬\n-∂p-≈-XmWv Xmsg D≤-cn-°p-∂-

hm-Iy-ßƒ: 1. Cu KŸw Rm≥ Fcn°pI-bmWv 2. Nmcw-]p-g-bn¬ Hgp-

°Ww 3. CXnse hm°p-Iƒ IrXn-a-am-Wv. 4. B -c-W-a-Wn™ `mj

Rm≥ shdp-°p-∂p.

Im´p-Ip-Xnc

CXnse H∂pw c≠pw ]kvXm-h-\-I-sf-∏‰n Rm≥ H∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-

√. aq∂m-asØ ]kvXm-h-\, DZ-b-i-¶-dns‚ Cu ]pkvX-IsØ kw_-

‘n-®m-sW-¶n¬, ]®-]-c-am¿∞-amWv. \mem-asØ ]kvXm-h-\, CXnse

IY-I-fpsS ]Xn-]m-Z-\-co-Xn-sIm≠v km-[q-I-cn-°-s∏- n- n√. mj Hcp Im´p-

Ip-Xn-c-bm-Wv. AXns\ sacp°n khm-cn-sN-øm≥ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Hc-e-

Ivkm-≠¿ BI-Ww. DZ-b-i-¶-dn\v Imcy-⁄-X-bp-≠v. AXv Xqen-I-Øp-

º-sØ-Øn-bn- n-√.

(]-®-°p-Xn-c-I-fpsS ag, DZ-b-i-¶¿, tkm¿_ ]ªn-t°-j≥kv, ]qtßm- p

-]-d-ºv, hne : 40 cq])

‰n-hn- p. AXmWv Cu IYm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X. A£-cm¿∞-

Øn¬, ASn-s]m-fn-bmWv CXnse BZysØ IY. FkvX-∏m\pw tla-

¥pw, Aen-l-dn¬ ]Tn-®n-d-ßnb P¿Æ-en-Ãp-Iƒ. tla¥v hen-sbmcp

]X-Øn¬, \√ \nebn¬. FkvX-∏m≥ ôem≥k-dmbn Ign-bp-∂p. c≠p-

t]¿ h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw I≠p-ap- n. Hcp sdbn¬th tÃj-\n¬. lkvX-

Zm-\w. ""ssI XWp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp apdp-°-hp-an-√. FkvX-∏m≥ Ct∏mgpw

apJy-[m-c-bn-e√''.

""FkvX-∏m-\mWv ][m\ IYm-]m-Xw.'' D®-bvs°m∂pw Ign-®n- n-√.

IrXy-ambn h≠n-°qen amXw; F¬.-]n. kvIqƒ A≤ym-]n-I-bmb

`mcybpsS iº-f-Øn¬\n∂v Hcp ss]≥Un-\p≈ Imipw''.

ssZ\y-Nn-X-ßƒ

""`¿Øm-hn\v aZyw hmßm≥ ssÃ∏≥Uv Xcp-∂ GI mcy Cu temI-

Øn¬ I]ne So®¿ amX-am-bn-cn-°Ww''.

kplr-Øp-°ƒ I≠p-ap- p∂ cwK-Øns‚ ]c- m-Kw.

""FkvX-∏m-≥, sdbn¬th Sm°n-te°p t\m°n, Iyma-d-bpsS

t^m°kv IrXy-am-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `£-W-s∏m-Xn-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-

ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]ń°pw Im°-bv°pw CS-bn¬ Hcp Ip™v.''

CXn¬ Ihn™ ssZ\y-Nn-X-ß-fmWv IY-bn¬ XpS¿∂phnhcn-°-s∏-

Sp-∂-Xv. tla¥v D√m-kn-bm-Wv. ]X-Øn¬ \√ t]mÃv; \√ iº-fw.

Xs‚ ]h¿Øn afi-e-sØ-∏‰n tla¥v hnh-cn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p. `£-W-

I-a-amWv ][m-\-kw-K-Xn.

tla¥v FkvX-∏ms\ Hcp ]©-\-£X tlm -en-te°p \bn-®p.

AhnsS kplr-Øn-t\mSv tla¥v ]d-™-sX√mw , \mb°p `£Ww

\¬Ip∂Xp kw_-‘n®v imkvXo-b hnh-c-W-ambncp∂p. tIń-cp∂

FkvX-∏m\v F¥mWv kw -hn-°p-∂-sX∂v tla-¥n\v Adn-bn-√m-bn-cp-

∂p. Npcp-°n-∏n-Sn-®- Xs‚ apjvSn Zneo]v tla-¥ns‚ apJØv IrXy-

ambn sIm≠p-sh∂p am-X-a-dn-bmw. Abmƒ (tl-a-¥v- -te.) -I-tk-c-tbmsS

ae¿∂-Sn-®p.

CSn-ap-g°w

IY-bpsS Cu ]cn-Wmaw hmb-\-°m-cs\ D’p-I-\m°pw F∂mWv

F\n°p tXm∂p-∂-Xv. Ip‰-Øn\v in£ "hcºØp' Xs∂-bm-Ip-∂Xv \∂v.

""Hm¥ns‚ CXn-lmkw'' F∂ IY-bn¬ NnIn-’-bnse sIm≈-Iƒ

BWvv kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. tUmIvS¿ ^m≥knkv s\cn-t°mS\pw Abmƒ

sk≥ _p≤≥ F∂p hnfn-°p∂ Hm¥p-amWv IYm-]m-X-ßƒ. s\cn-t°m-

S≥ F∂ t]cn¬ IY-bpsS A¥¿`mhw kqNn-X-am-Ip-∂p-≠v.

"Pew' F∂ IY sIm°-t°m-f-bvs°-Xn-cm-Wv. ""C\n ag s]bvXm¬

ag°v Icw sImSp-°-Ww. \mńse sh≈sams° kzIm-cy-I-º-\n°p

hn‰n-cn-°p-∂p. s]bvX sh≈w Ah-cp-tS-Xm-Wv.......''


1382010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

139

kzXzw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw X\n°p t\sc \ofp∂ Nqj-I-\n-b-a-ßsf tNmZyw

sNøm\pw Xkveoabv°p Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Ah¿°p th≠Xv a\p-jy-\o-Xn-

bm-Wv. kvXosb∂ kl-Xm-]-tØmsS e`n-°p∂ XmW-Xcw ]cn-K-W-\-

b-√. kz¥w _m_-bpw, ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cpw, Imap-I-∑mcpw k¿°mcpw ]pcp-

j-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ ssIbm-fp-∂-h-cm-Wv. hoSpw

\mSpw `c-W-Iq-Shpw \¬Ip∂ ka-c-k-s∏-S-en-t‚-Xmb kwc-£-WsØ

IpS-s™-dn™v Xkveoa apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip-∂p. Ah¿ Xt‚-Xmb CSw Is≠-

Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ DSa Xm≥ Xs∂-sb∂v Xncn-®-dn-™n-cn-°p-∂p.

1962 HmKÃv 25 \v _w•m-tZ-inse sabvsam≥knw-Kn¬ P\n® Xkveoa-

bpsS Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS BZy- m-K-amWv "Fs‚ s]Ïp- n-°mew'.

_m_sb "ba≥' F∂ Cc- -t∏-cn´p hnfn-°p∂ Hcp s]Ïp- n-bpsS

Ipń-°mew ]pdØp XnW¿Øp InS-°p∂ Nm -hm-d-Sn-bpsS tNmc-∏m-Smbn

amdp-∂p. XpS¿s∂-gp-Xn-b-XmWv "buh-\-Øns‚ apdn-hp-Iƒ'. X\n°p Np‰p-

ap≈ Hcp Iq´w kvXoI-fpsS thZ-\bpw Zpc-¥-hp-ambn Ah¿ kwh-Zn-

°p-∂p. ChnsS kmaq-ly-hy-hÿ cuZ-th-j-a-Wn™p \n¬°p-∂p. ]W-

bn® ]pcp-j-\p-am-bp≈ hnhm-l-Po-hn-Xhpw tUmIvS-dpsS tae-¶n-bn´

HutZym-KnI Pohn-Xhpw Xnc-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS CuSp-sh-bv]mbn amdp-∂p.

tUmIvS¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ amX-amWv Ah¿ Aev]-sa-¶nepw Xr]vX-bm-

Ip-∂-Xv. A\p- -h-ß-fpsS NqSn¬ hmSn-Ø-f-cp∂ Hcp-hsf \mw ImWp-∂n-

√. adn®v Pohn-X-Øn\v ]pXnb A¿∞-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I-bmWv Xkveoa.

Ah¿ Ah-K-W-\-bpsS, thZ-\-bpsS A]-am-\-Øns‚ Nmc-Øn¬ \n∂v

]pXnb Hcm-Im-i-Øn-te°v Dbn¿Øp ]d-°p-∂p.

"\njvIm-knX' sb∂m¬ ]pdw X≈-s∏- -hƒ. kaq-l-Øns‚ kZm-

Nm-c-kw-ln-X-I-fn¬ \n∂v, IpSpw-_-Øns‚ \mep-Np-h-cp-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \n∂v

]pdw-X-≈-s∏- -hƒ. kzmX-¥y-Øns‚ Icp-XpØp t\Snb Xkveoa-bpsS

Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpsS aq∂mw mK-amWv "\njvIm-knX'.

kzXzw Xncn-®-dn-™-Xns‚ sXfn-a-bmWv "\njvIm-knX' bpsS ImX¬

A¿∞-iq-\y-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xmbn Xkveoa-bv°-\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Imc-W-h-∑m-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-tc-°mƒ aptº sNdp-]m-b-Øn¬ "B\-

µ-]p-c-kvImc' sa∂ hnJymX _lp-aXn t\Snb Xkveoabv°v kmln-

Xy- -kmw-kvIm-cnI _p≤n-Po-hn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ \n∂v kΩn-i-]-Xn-I-c-

W-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. Xkveoa C…mw aX-Øn-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xp-

∂XpsIm≠v lnµp-au-en-I-hm-Zn-I-fmb B\-µ-_-km¿, ]pc-kvImcw

\¬In F∂v aX-au-enI hmZn-Iƒ ]Nm-cWw \S-Øn. "C≥Izn-em_v'

F∂ ]Xw Xkveoa "tdm' bpsS GP‚m-sW∂v Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. A]-hm-

Z-ß-fpsS IpsØm-gp-°p-Xs∂ ]n∂o-S-h-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂p.

Xpd-s∂-gpØv

Ie

]pkvX-I-\n-cq-]Ww

Fgp-Xp-∂Xv kz¥w IY-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Pohn-X-k-

Xy-ßƒ \nd™ ]e Ad-Ifpw Bfl-kw-b-a-\-

Øns‚ Xmt°m¬ ]q´p-I-ƒ sIm≠v apZn-X-am-bn-cn-

°pw. Xkveoa \kvdos‚ Bfl-I-Y-bn¬ au\-ap-Zn-

X-amb AI-Ø-f-ß-fn-√. Ah¿ F∂pw hnhm-Z-ß-fp-

ambn ssIhn-c¬ tIm¿Øp \S-°p-∂p. CXv Xpd-s∂-

gp-Øm-Wv. \njvI-f-¶-Xbpw Bflm¿∞-X-bp-amWv

Hmtcm shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-en\pw Imh¬ \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A\p-hm-N-I-cpsS kwi-b-Nn-¥-

Iƒ°v ]th-i\w \ntj-[n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. am[-hn-°p- n-

bpsS "Fs‚ IY' sb Ipdn®v ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb ]cm-

a¿iw-t]mse CXn¬ `mh-\bpw bmYm¿∞yhpw

th¿]n-cn-s®-Sp-°m-\m-hmsX Cg-]n-cn-bp-∂n-√. Aß-s\-

sbmcp Xcw-Xn-cnhv Bkzm-Z-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw ]k-‡-hp-a-√.

B¿÷hw \nd™ ss[cy-amWv Xkveoa-bpsS

FgpØv ]k-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kaq-l-Ønse Iogm-f-

h¿§-ambn F∂pw ASn-®-a¿Ø-s∏- n-cp∂ kvXobpsS


1402010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

141

ambp-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. ssZ\w-Zn\ IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn-tebv°v kz]v\-]p-

cp-js\ Iqń-s°m-≠p-h-cp-∂Xp \√-X-√. kz]v\w bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]cn-

[n-bv°-∏p-dØv ]cn-ip-≤hpw Xnf-°-am¿∂-Xp-ambn hkn-°-s´. AXp

ssIsb-Øn®p ]nSn-°m-hp-∂-Xn-\-∏p-d-am-bn-cn-°-s´. kz]v\-Øns‚ ]´w

Pohn-Xm-Im-iØp ]d∂p sIm≈-s´. Hcn-°epw AXp \qep s]mń Xmsg

hog-cp-Xv. kz]v\wsIm≠v Pohn-X-Øn-\m-\µw e`n-°-Ww.'' Cu Bi-b-

Øns‚ F√m A¿∞-]q¿Æ-X-tbmSpwIqSn Xkveoa, kz]v\-ßsf ZpxJ-

Øn-s‚bpw If-¶-Øn-s‚-bp-sa√mw A∏p-d-tØbv°p ISØn \n¿Øn-bn-

cn-°p-∂p.

ssewKnI kzmX-¥ysØ Ipdn-®p≈ Xkveoa-bpsS \ne-]mSv kZm-

Nm-c-Øns‚ Imh¬ amem-J-am-cpsS Dd°w sISp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. «oem-«o-

e-ßsf \n¿∆-Nn-°p-hm≥ aX-ßsf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-cmWv ? kz¥w

t]asØIpdn-®v, ssewKnI thgvN-I-sf-Ip-dn-®v, ]pcp-j-kp-lr-Øp-°-fp-

am-bp≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Ipdn®v Xkveoa Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

ico-c-Øns‚ a‰p ]mY-an-Im-h-iy-ßsf t]mse Xs∂bmWv ssewKn-

Im-k-‡n-bpw. AXv \nd-th-‰m≥ ]c-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-ambn kz¥w icocw hn\n-

abw sNbvXn- p≈ Imcyw Ah¿ ad-®p-sh-bv°p-∂n-√. Xkveoa BZy-

ambn ico-c-kpJw A\p- -hn-®Xv cpZ≥ F∂ Ihn-bp-am-bm-Wv. Ah¿

hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn. s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Iƒs°m-Sp-hn¬ hnhm-l-tam-Nn-X-cp-am-bn.

cpZ≥ Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-en-√m-Xm-b-t∏mƒ anf≥, \mbnw, ao\m¿ F∂n-

h-cpsS IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p icocw sIm≠p≈ eoe. Cu _‘-ß-fn-se√mw

kz¥w kpJ-tØ-°m-fp-]cn ]pcp-js‚ kpJ-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p ]m[m-\y-

sa∂ Imcyw Xkveoasb ]n∂oSv \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. kpµ-c-∑m-

cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Zmlw X\n°v Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Xkveoa kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. ssIk¿ F∂ hy‡n-bp-

ambn B Hscm‰ Imc-W-Øm-emWv Ah¿ _‘w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv

F∂p hy‡-am-Wv. ssI\o- n-bm¬ In´pw F∂p hnNm-cn®p Np‰n-Øn-cn-

bp∂ ta[m-hn-Iƒ Xkveoasb am\-kn-I-ambn XI¿°p-hm≥ iaw \S-

Øn-bn-cp-∂p. HutZym-Kn-I-ÿm-\-N-e-\-ßƒ AXns‚ mK-am-bn-cp-∂p.

Unkw-_¿ 6˛mw XnøXn _m_vdn-a-kvPnZv XI¿°-s∏´ kw -h-Øn-\p-

tijw _w•m-tZiv CfIn adn-™p. c‡-cq-jn-X-amb Iem]w s]mń-∏p-d-

s∏- p. _m_vdn akvPnZv t\cn´p ImWp-I-t]mepw sNbvXn- n-√mØ _w•m-

tZ-inse lnµp-°ƒ ap…o-ap-I-fm¬ BI-an-°-s∏- p. IS-Ifpw hoSp-Ifpw

a\p-jycpw IØn-sb-cn-™p. ]cn-t°-‰-h-sc-s°m≠v Bip-]-Xn-Iƒ \nd-

™p. Ah-cpsS CS-bn-eqsS tkh-\-\n-c-X-bmbn HmSn-\-S∂ XkveoabpsS

a\- n¬ cq]w sIm≠-XmWv e÷. anX-amb hm°pIfn¬, anX-amb

"\n¿∆m-NnX tImf'Øn¬ Xkveoa XpS¿®-bmbn kvXoIƒs°-Xnsc

\S-°p∂ ]oU-\-ßsf Ipdn-s®-gp-Xn. ]t£ kvXo ]oU-\sØ Ipdn®p

amX-a√ Ah-sc-gp-Xn-b-Xv. AXn\p Imc-W-°m-cmb aX-Xo-h-hm-Zn-Isf

Ipdn®pw Ahsc kwc-£n-°p∂ kap-Zm-bsØ Ipdn®pw Fgp-Xn. AXv

bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-k-aq-lsØ Cf-°n-a-dn-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]ptcm-

K-a-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂ ]pdw-Ip-∏m-b-an v \S-°p-∂-h-cpw Xkveoa-bvs°-Xnsc

hmtfm-ßn.

Hcp aX-Ønepw hniz-kn-°mØh¿, kvXo]p-cpj ka-Xz-Øn¬ hniz-

kn-°p-∂-h¿, hniz-kn-°pI amX-a√ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ \ns∂m-

gn™p ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂-h¿ amX-amWv bYm¿∞-Øn¬

Xkveoasb ]n¥p-W-®Xv. Ah-cn-sem-cm-fmb hncq-]m-£-]m¬ Hcp tImf-

Øn-se-gp-Xn. "Xkveoa Ah-cpsS a\- n¬ tXm∂n-bXv ss[cy-tØmsS

Xpd-s∂-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. a‰p _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ Ba-sb-t∏mse kz¥w Xe-

kp-c-£n-X-ambn tXmSn-\p-≈n¬ Hfn®p shbv°p-tºmƒ, Xkveoa [oc-

ambn Xe ]pd-Øn- p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]d-bp∂p'.

A\p-Iq-en®pw ]Xn-Iq-en®pw [mcmfw teJ-\-ßƒ h∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-

∂p. A\p-Iq-en-I-sf-°mƒ qcn-]£w FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°m-bn-cp-∂p. kvXoi-

co-c-sa-∂m¬ cpNn-I-c-amb hn -h-am-Wv. apdn®p hdp-tØm, Idn-sh-t®m,

Ae-¶-cn® Xo≥ta-i-bn¬ Hcp-°n-sh-bv°m-hp∂ H∂v. Cu [mc-W-sb-

bmWv Xkveoa Fgp-Øn-eq-sS, Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS sh√p-hn-fn-°p-∂-Xv.

Xkveoa-bpsS teJ-\-ßƒ C…mw aX-Øn\v Hcp £Xnbpw hcp-

Øm≥ t]mIp-∂n-s√∂v ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw C…mw òI-c-hm-Zn-Iƒ

Ahsc AI-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Xkveoa-sb XS-bm≥ ]‰n-bn-s√-¶n¬

C…mw acn®p aÆ-Snbpw F∂ ań-em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS \o°-ßƒ.

Hcp hiØp kvt\lw, adp-h-iØp shdp-∏v. CXn-\n-S-bn-em-bn-cp∂p

Xkveoa. kvt\lhpw shdp∏pw c≠pw Ahsc Iogvs∏-Sp-Øn-°-f-™n-

√. ]Xps°∏Xps° c≠pw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ As√-¶n¬ c≠n¬\n∂pw

tamN\w t\Sm≥ Xkveoa Xs∂-Øs∂ Xøm-dm-°n.

]W-b-Øn-e-I-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Xoh-ambn BK-ln-°p∂ Hcp am\-kn-I-\n-

esb Ipdn®v Xkveoa hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v. t]an-°p-∂-bm-fns‚ sshcp-

]yhpw Zp¿Kp-W-ßfpw t]aw F∂ alm-k-Xy-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ Dcp-In-sbm-

en-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv ]e Pohn-X-k-‘n-I-fnepw sN∂p-s] v hnlz-e-bmbn

\n¬°p-tºmƒ Xncn®p \S-∂mtem F∂v Ah¿ hymtam-ln-°p-∂p. F∂n pw

lrZ-b-Øn¬ t]a-Øns‚ apdn-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠mWv Ah-

cpsS Pohn-X-Ønse Hmtcm kµ¿i-I\pw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.

Xkveoa Fgp-Xp-∂p. ""kz]v\-Øn-ep≈ ]pcp-j≥ kz]v\-Øn¬ Xs∂


1422010 P\p-hcn ˛ s^_p-hcn

143

teJI ]cn-Nbw

tUm. sI.-F-kv. chn-Ip-am¿, F^v-˛5, "KoXv' Ce¶w

Km¿U≥kv, sh≈-b-º-ew, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw-˛10 tUm.

Fkv.-sI.-h-k-¥≥, 2 Un, bqWn‰n F≥t¢hm bqWn‰n

tdmUv, Ipcn-b-®nd ]n.-H., Xriq¿ ˛ 680 006. tUm.-kn.-

B¿. cmP-tKm-]m-e≥, "ioImhv', IWn-aw-Kew ]n.-H., Xriq¿

˛ 680 027 tUm. Fw. IrjvW≥\-ºq-Xn-cn, Pn˛4, "IrjvW-

]-kmZw', KwK A∏m¿´p-sa‚ vkv, i¶-cø PwKvj≥,

]qtØmƒ, Xr»q¿ ˛ 4 _n.-B¿. kpta-jv, ]\-®-hn-fm-

IØv hoSv, Nmß ]n.-H., Bcy-\m-Sv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

hn.-bp. kptc-µ≥, sshtem-∏n≈n hoSv, ]n.-H. IWn-aw-K-ew,

Xr»q¿ 680 027 tcJ ]n., ae-bm-f-hn-`m-Kw, i¶-cm-Nmcy

kwkvIrX k¿h-∆-I-em-im-e, ImeSn tUm. jo_ Fw.

Ipcy≥, Nmem-t»-cn¬, tIm -ae ]n.-H., hc-°m-Sv, \ote-izcw

(h-gn), Imk-d-tKmUv tUm. Fw.-B¿. cmtP-jv, ae-bm-f-

hn- m-Kw, C≥Ãn-‰yq v Hm v UnÃ≥kv FUyp-t°-j≥, tIcf

k¿∆-I-em-ime, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw tUm. sI.-sI. inh-Zm-

kv, eIvN-d¿, ae-bm-f-hn- m-Kw, IÆq¿ k¿∆-I-em-im-e, \ote-

izcw ˛ 671 314 tUm. kn. iIp-¥-f, Akn. s]m^-k¿,

kpthm-fPn hn`m-Kw, alm-flm-Km‘n Kh. tImtf-Pv, amln

˛ 673 311 Fw.-Fw. kNo-µ≥, ioZ-fw, ]n.-H. tImln-∂q¿

˛ 673 635 ju°-Ø-eo-Jm≥, Xh-bn¬ lukv, Fc-aw-

Kew ]n.-H., ae-∏pdw ˛ 679 587 _ntPmbv Nµ≥, HtaK

,eIvN¿ sk‚¿, ]n.-H. PwKvj≥, aphm-‰p-]p-g, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

kn.-F-kv.-P-b-N-µ≥, "io', Sn.-kn. 20/1970, imkvXn-\-K¿

kuØv, Ic-a\ ]n.-H., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw s]m^. Fw.-

B¿. Nµ-ti-J-c≥, hm∏m-e-°-f-Øn¬ hoSv, ]n.-H. ]\-a-

Æ, tImX-°p-dp»n hgn, H‰-∏mew Ie, hmf-°m-hn¬

lukv, ]n.-H. Af-K-∏-\-K¿, Xr»q¿ ˛ 680 302

h¿Æ-\-I-fn¬ apJy-ambpw bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ \ncØn _w•m-tZ-inse

lnµp-°-fpsS Ahÿ Ah-sc-gp-Xn. CXns\ IY-sbt∂m t\mh-set∂m

hnfn-°m≥ hø. ]pkvX-I-Øn\v e÷ F∂p t]cn- p.

e÷-bpsS cN-\-bv°p-tijw XkveoabpsS PohnXw as‰m-∂mbn amdp-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ]mkvt]m¿ v c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp.

cmPy-Øn\p shfn-bn¬ t]mI-W-sa-¶n¬ k¿°m-cns‚ A\p-hmZw t\S-

W-sa∂p iTn-®p. XkveoabpsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-sc,

aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Isf hnd-fn-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. Ahsc aX-hn-tcm-[n-bmbn apZ-Ip-

Øn. tZi-tZm-ln-bmbpw hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-bmbpw NnXo-I-cn-®p. ]pkvX-I-im-

e-Iƒ Itø-dn. XkveoabpsS ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A·n-°n-c-bm-°n.

Xkveoasb Igp-hn-te-‰-W-sa∂ Bhiyw D∂-bn®v PmY-Ifpw l¿Øm-

ep-Ifpw \S-Øn. Ah¿s°-Xnsc ^Xvh ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. XkveoabpsS

Xe sh´n-s°m≠p sN√p-∂-h¿°v Aº-Xn-\m-bncw cq] C\mw ]Jym-

]n-®p.

k¿°m¿ XkveoabpsS ]pkvX-I-ßƒ I≠p-sI-´n. HSp-hn¬

FgptØm tPmentbm F∂ ÿnXn h∂-t∏mƒ Xkveoa tPmen cmPn-

sh-®p. Fgp-Øns‚ temI-tØbv°p ]th-in-®p. _w•m-tZ-in¬ \ntcm-

[n-°-s∏´ e÷ ]n∂oSv C¥y-bn¬ _wKm-fnepw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´p.

Iev°Øm sslt°m-SXn Cu \ntcm-[-\sØ \o°w sNbvXp.

hnJym-X-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ aXhpw cmjvSo-bhpw sXm´m¬

s]m≈p∂ hnj-b-ß-fm°n am‰n-\n¿Øp-tºmƒ Xkveoa X\n°v icn-

sb∂p tXm∂p∂ Imcy-ßƒ kl-P-amb ss\¿Ω-ey-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°p-∂p. Bfl-]-iw-k-bpsS t\¿Ø ]´p-\q¬kv]¿i-an-√mØ Xmfp-

I-fmWv ZznJ-WvUnX F∂ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏ns‚ aq∂p- m-K-ß-fnepw Xp∂n-

t®¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. temIm-]-hm-Z- o-Xn-bn-√m-sX, ho≠p-hn-Nm-c-ß-fn-√msX

Xkveoa Xs‚bpw _w•m-tZ-in-s‚bpw Hcp sXfn-a-b‰ NnXw ImWn-®p-

X-cp-∂p-≠v. AXv A\p-hm-N-I¿°v t\¿°m-gvN-bm-Ip-∂p. kXy-Øn\p

t\sc ]nSn®p apJ-°-Æm-Sn-bmWv \njvIm-kn-X. AXn¬ sXfn-bp∂ Pohn-

X-kXyw \ΩpsS apJw ad-®p-sIm≠v hf-cp-∂p. Xkveoa Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-

sS-bp-sSbpw a\- n¬ Bflm¿∞-bpsS ]pXnb Xe-ßƒ tXSp-∂p.

Aßs\ Xkveoasb∂ Fgp-Øp-Imcn Xms\∂ hy‡n-bpsS kzmX-

¥y-Zn\w Hmtcm Znh-khpw BtLm-jn-°p-∂p.

(\njvIm-knX, Xkveoa-\-kvdn≥, ]km. Ko≥ _qIvkv, Xriq¿)


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phcn ˛ s^{ p-hcn · 2013-06-04 · 2010 p\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 2 2010 p\p-hcn ˛ s^{_p-hcn 3 bapjw...

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