pharmacy informatics and technology facilitating practice model change karl f. gumpper, bs, bcps,...
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Pharmacy Informatics and Technology Facilitating Practice Model Change
Karl F. Gumpper, BS, BCPS, FASHPDirector, Section of Pharmacy Informatics & TechnologyAmerican Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Objectives
1. Discuss the impact of technology on pharmacy practice models
2. Review ASHP Resources3. Discuss Key ASHP HIT Initiatives4. Discuss opportunities for Clinical Information
Systems to support future pharmacy practice
What are all these abbreviations?
CPOE
BCMA
POC
CCHIT
ONC
HITSP
AHICHIMSS
AMIA
eRX
ADC/ADM
AHRQ
NHIN
RHIO
HL-7
RxNorm
SNO-Med
CDSS
EHR
PHR
NCPDP
X-12
CCD/CCR
ICD-10
Who are pharmacy Informaticists?
• Anyone who works in pharmacy or related fields that support the flow of information to better take care of patients.
• Dedicated specialists involved in the computerization and automation of the medication-use process– Directors of Pharmacy and Managers– Clinical Pharmacists– Industry/Vendors– Pharmacy Technicians– Specially trained and on-the-job trained Practitioners
What is Pharmacy Informatics?
The use and integration of data, information, knowledge, technology, and automation in the medication-use process for
the purpose of improving health outcomes.
Pharmacists’ responsibilities to support our role
• Participation• Leadership• Education• Research
What is Pharmacy Informatics?
• ASHP Resources – Webinar, August 2010– http://www.ashpmedia.org/webinar/SOPIT/2010-
08-2316_21SOPIT.wmv (20 Minutes)
• Student Brochure– http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/MemberCenter/
SOPIT/InformaticsBrochure.aspx
Definitions
• Integration: seamless interaction of various applications from a single vendor that forms a larger more complex system. Does not need interfacing to allow them to pass information between the applications.
• Pharmacy examples of integrated systems: Cerner, Eclipsys, MEDITECH, etc.
• Real world example: Microsoft OfficeDraft – ASHP Section of Pharmacy Informatics & Technology – Section Advisory Group on Pharmacy Operations Automation (2/2011)
Definitions (Continued)
• Interfacing: a method of communication using a standard language that allows different systems from different vendors to share information. An interface can be either uni-directional (one-way) where information only flows in one direction, or bi-directional (two-way) where information flows in both directions.
• Pharmacy example of a bi-directional interface is the pharmacy information system (PIS) passing order information to automated dispensing cabinets or robotic devices and receiving billing information back.
• Real world examples: synching of data between computer and hand held device (bi-directional interface); submitting an order online but only receiving order confirmation via snail mail.
Draft – ASHP Section of Pharmacy Informatics & Technology – Section Advisory Group on Pharmacy Operations Automation (2/2011)
Definitions (Continued)• Interoperability: allows a specific product or system to work with one
or many different product(s) or system(s) without additional effort on the part of the customer. This is usually accomplished by a combination of integration and/or interfacing.
• Pharmacy example: retail pharmacy receiving eRx from various prescribing systems (hospital based, private practice based, etc.) and sending information back (dosing changes, refill requests, etc.)
• Real world example: electronic banking/finance (direct deposit, online bill pay, electronic transfers, using any ATM anywhere in the world - even from a different banking institution)
Draft – ASHP Section of Pharmacy Informatics & Technology – Section Advisory Group on Pharmacy Operations Automation (2/2011)
What will the future look like?
What the Section of Pharmacy Informatics & Technology Suggests:
• Problems with current pharmacy practice– An obsolete practice model– Increased scope of knowledge– Clinical services as an opportunity for quality improvement (VA Experience)
• An alternative model– Rational formulary management and drug use– Prospective involvement in the design of medication therapy for each and every
patient– Continuous management of each patient’s medication therapy– Assessment and management of the quality of the overall medication-use system
• Technology support for an alternative practice model• Barriers to an alternative practice model
ASHP’s Practice Model Initiative
• Vision– The summit will create passion, commitment, and action among hospital and
health-system pharmacy practice leaders to significantly advance the health and well being of patients by optimizing the role of pharmacists in providing direct patient care. By describing patient care services and activities that support the safe and effective use of medications, corresponding models can be adopted that optimize the full potential of pharmacist, technician, and technology resources.
• Invitational Conference• November 7-9, 20100 – Dallas, TX
http://www.ashpmedia.org/ppmi/ppmi_summit_video/PPMI_Summit.html
What is a “Practice Model”?
• Describes how pharmacy department resources are deployed to provide care
• One size doesn’t fit all• Does include:
How pharmacists practice and provide care to patients; How technicians are involved to support care; andUse of automation/technology in the medication use
system
AJHP 2010;67:542
Examples of Practice Models
• Drug-Distribution-Centered Model
• Clinical Pharmacist-Centered Model
• Patient-Centered Integrated Model
AJHP 2010;67:542
Technology Focus for PPMI
Topics Discussed in Briefing Paper
• Current state of medication-use supporting technologies• Current barriers and challenges• Current state of HIT quality and safety claims• Current context for HIT• Overcoming HIT challenges• The preferred future state of pharmacy information
technology– Supporting pharmacists as clinical medication managers– Management of medication distribution– Informatics infrastructure
Overcoming HIT challenges
1. Recognize that HIT will have a major impact on pharmacy practice.
2. Accept that current and emerging technologies could supplant roles traditionally performed by pharmacists.
3. Resist waiting for the perfect solutions to become available before pursuing any HIT applications.
4. Continue to seek HIT solutions that yield incremental gains and ensure that those gains are aligned with institutional goals and ideal HIT strategic objectives.
5. Articulate an ideal vision and strategy for an IT-enabled medication-use process.
Overcoming HIT Challenges (Continued)
6. Influence regulatory groups, HIT vendors, and health-system leaders to pursue sound methods for achieving optimal HIT approaches to medication management systems.
7. Work collaboratively with community and health-system pharmacy leaders to achieve a higher level of medication-system connectivity and integration by advocating for technical and semantic medication standards that support system interoperability.
8. Build and strengthen relationships with internal and external stakeholders that influence HIT development.
9. Pursue leadership positions within the HIT industry.10. Advocate for new professional roles for pharmacists in informatics and
clinical analytics.
Conclusion
1. standardized around models other than those that have evolved in the current marketplace
2. better integrated and interoperable to permit successful clinical use of acquired data
3. driven by consistent product-coding structures4. designed by informaticists who understand
technology both from a technical and a human perspective.
Siska MH and Tribble DA. Opportunities and challenges related to technology in supporting optimal pharmacy practice models in hospitals and health systems. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2011; 68:1116-26.
C. Advancing the application of information technology in the medication-use process
C1. In most hospitals and health systems, improvements in technology will be required for pharmacy departments to fully achieve optimal deployment of pharmacist and pharmacy technician resources.
C2. The following technology solutions in hospitals and health systems are important enablers in the development of optimal
pharmacy practice models:
• C2a. Electronic medical records systems.• C2b. Inpatient computerized prescriber-order-
entry (CPOE) systems. • C2c. Outpatient CPOE systems. • C2d. Clinical decision support integrated with
CPOE.
26
Electronic Health Record (EHR)
Complete EMR(no paper charts)
Partial EMR(some paper)
No EMR(all paper)
Characteristic % % %Staffed beds
<50 22.1 54.7 23.250-99 15.4 61.5 23.1100-199 8.2 73.8 18200-299 15.9 66.7 17.4300-399 30.9 63.2 5.9400-599 24.3 68.6 7.1600 35.8 60.4 3.8
All hospitals – 2012 18.6 62.9 18.5All hospitals - 2011 8.0 58.7 33.3All hospitals – 2010 7.7 50.9 41.4All hospitals – 2009 8.8 47.1 44.1All hospitals – 2007 3.8 37.2 59.0
ASHP National Survey Data - 2012
Computerized Prescriber Order Entry*
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 <50 50-99 100-199
200-299
300-399
400-599
>=6000%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
4%9% 10% 11%
15%19%
34%
54%51% 52% 53% 54%
68%
61%
83%
# of Staffed BedsYear
% H
ospi
tals
* With clinical decision support
ASHP National Survey Data - 2012
C2. The following technology solutions in hospitals and health systems are important enablers in the development of optimal
pharmacy practice models:
• C2e. Order management and review organized around drug therapy management services.
• C2f. Real-time monitoring systems that provide a work queue of patients needing review and possible intervention.
• C2g. User interfaces that are optimized for drug therapy management services.
• C2h. A work queue that provides documentation and management tools for drug therapy management services.
• C2i. Automated systems to notify pharmacists when serum medication concentrations or other clinically important laboratory test values fall outside of a therapeutic or normal range.
C2. The following technology solutions in hospitals and health systems are important enablers in the development of optimal
pharmacy practice models:
• C2j. Use of bar-code technology during the inventory, preparation, compounding, and dispensing processes.
• C2k. Automated dispensing/robotics. • C2l. Use of bar-code technology during medication
administration.• C2m. Integration of intelligent infusion devices into a
closed loop medication-use process (i.e., CPOE–electronic medication administration record–bar-code-assisted medication administration).
30
Bar Code Medication Administration
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 <50 50-99 100-199
200-299
300-399
400-599
>=6000%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
9%13%
20%
25%27%
35%
50%
66%
60%
66%
72%
65%
72%
67%
60%
# of Staffed BedsYear
% H
ospi
tals
31
Smart Infusion Pumps
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 <50 50-99 100-199
200-299
300-399
400-599
>=600
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
32%37%
41%
59%56%
68%
77%
63%
75%
90%
78%
91%87%
96%
# of Staffed BedsYear
% H
ospi
tals
ASHP National Survey Data - 2012
C2. The following technology solutions in hospitals and health systems are important enablers in the development of
optimal pharmacy practice models:
• C2n. Automatic capture of information on pharmacist interventions.
• C2o. Systems that efficiently capture and report pharmacy metrics, outcomes data, and pharmacists’ value.
33
Improvement in Electronic Tools Necessary to Promote Monitoring
2000 2003 2006 2009 20120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
7378
8793
98Readily Available Computer Access to Laboratory Data
% h
ospi
tals
34
Tablet Computers and Smart Phones
Use tablets Patient data(smart phone)
Characteristic % %Staffed beds
<50 8.5 5.350-99 10.8 1.6100-199 13.1 3.3200-299 29.0 0300-399 16.2 1.5400-599 26.1 20.3600 49.1 13.2
All hospitals – 2012 15.2 4.5
ASHP National Survey Data - 2012
35
Uses for tablet computers
Use Percentage
Drug information 97.5
Laboratory data 71.0
Order review and entry 62.9
Documenting interventions 59.4
Communication with other healthcare providers 42.9
Adverse drug event reporting 34.8
Notification of alerting orders 32.3
Medication reconciliation 30.7
Drug shortage monitoring 21.5
Other 5.2
ASHP National Survey Data - 2012
C3. No hospital should be exempted from compliance with technology-related
medication use safety standards.
Meaningful UseJoint CommissionState Boards of Pharmacy
Health Information Technology
Improving patients’ experience of care within the Institute of Medicine’s 6 domains of quality: Safety, Effectiveness, Patient-Centeredness, Timeliness, Efficiency, and Equity.
Better healthcare
Keeping patients well so they can do what they want to do. Increasing the overall health of populations: address behavioral risk factors; focus on preventive care.
Better health
Lowering the total cost of care while improving quality, resulting in reduced monthly expenditures for Medicare, Medicaid, and CHIP beneficiaries.
Reduced costs
$
Health IT: Establishing the Foundation
37
HITECH Framework: Meaningful Use at its Core
Medicare and Medicaid Incentives and Penalties
Health IT Practice Research
Improved Individual & Population Health
Outcomes
IncreasedTransparency &
Efficiency
ImprovedAbility to Study &
Improve Care Delivery
ADOPTIONADOPTION
EXCHANGEEXCHANGE
State Grants forHealth Information Exchange
Standards & Certification Framework
Privacy & Security Framework
Regional Extension Centers
Workforce Training
MEANINGFUL USEMEANINGFUL USE
38
39
• 52% percent of office-based physicians intend to take advantage of EHR incentives
• The percentage of primary care providers who have adopted EHRs in their practice has doubled from 20% to 40% between 2009 to 2011
• ONC’s Regional Extension Centers (RECs) have signed up more than 100,000 primary care providers
• This means that roughly one third of the nation’s primary care providers have committed to meaningfully using EHRs by partnering with their local REC. Momentum is building!
• Hospital adoption has more than doubled since 2009, increasing from 16% to 35%
• Most (85%) of hospitals intend to attest to Meaningful Use by 2015
Meaningful Use Takes Off
C4. Sufficient pharmacy resources must be available to safely develop, implement, and maintain
technology-related medication use safety standards.
ASHP national survey on informatics: Assessment of the adoption and use of pharmacy informatics in U.S. hospitals—2007
C5. Telepharmacy technology, to enable remote supervision, should be available for use in
pharmacy departments.
2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 20120%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
30.1 32.3 33.8 35.9 34.538.7 37
3.1 2.55.0
4.9 8.8
11.1 15.9
5.37.5
6.5 6.29.8
11.712.9
1.93.6
3.1 2.2
3.6
1.92.3
59.654.0 51.6 50.9
43.436.7
32
No reviewOn callAffiliated HospitalCompany24 hour service
C6. Telepharmacy technology that allows pharmacists to interact with patients from a remote location
should be available for use in pharmacy departments.
http://www.ndsu.edu/telepharmacy/
C7. Electronic medical records must be designed to align pharmacists’ documentation outlining care provided as well
as a method to trace and ensure the quality of care provided.
• Examples– NHSN Reporting– Antimicrobial Stewardshi
p– Healthcare-associated In
fections– Increasing Interventions– Pharmacy/Infection Prev
ention Collaboration– Surgical Site Infections– Controlling Costs
*Not a complete list
C8. Human factors engineering principles should be employed to design and optimize safety, efficiency,
and effectiveness of technology.
http://pqaalliance-org.cranstonassoc.com/files/ForumArchives/PQA%20MAY%2027%202010%20Lecture_Advancing%20Pharmacy%20Practice....pdf
Health IT and Patient Safety: Building Safer Systems for Better Care
• Highlights– Critical Knowledge Gaps and
Barriers – Fostering a Systems Approach
• enhance workflow, perhaps by automating mundane tasks or streamlining work, without increasing physical or cognitive workloads;
• allow easy transfer of information to and from other organizations and providers; and
• cause no unanticipated downtime.
http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2011/Health-IT-and-Patient-Safety-Building-Safer-Systems-for-Better-Care.aspx
C9. Technology in medication-use systems should be designed to demonstrate the impact of pharmacy
services on patient outcomes.
A Hospital Med Use System Architecture?2nd
Distrib
ution
Dispen
sing
Mon
itorin
g
Order
ing
Verif
ying
AutomatedProduct
SelectionCDS
DOSE, TIMING
SMARTIV PUMPS
ADESURVEILLANCERULES ENGINE
CPOE PHARMACYSYSTEM LABELS
AUTOMATEDDISPENSINGCABINETS
(ADCs)
eMAR LABSHX, DX
EHR
AUTOMATEDDOSE PICKING
SYSTEMS
AUTOMATEDADC PICK-N- REPLENISH
ORDERSETS
CDSBUG-DRUG,
CORE MEASURES,P-KINETICS
CDSINDICATION,
DOSE, DDI, DFI,UTILIZATION
BAR CODESCANNING
AT COMPOUND& DISPENSE
BCMA
EHR FOUNDATION
LAYER I
LAYER II
LAYER III
INHERENTORDERING
SAFETY
AUTOMATEDTREATMENT
FAILUREIDENTIFICATION
PHARMACISTPATIENT TRIAGESYSTEM
AUTOMATEDCOMPOUNDING
ROBOTS
CDSCOMPATIBILITY,
ADMINISTRATION
LAYER IV
P P P
Adm
inist
ratio
n
DISPENSEDPRODUCTLOCATIONTRACKING
CProduct Supply Chain
Clinical Focus
C
BEG
IN
EN
D
Supply Chain Integration into Medication-Use Cycle
C
EHR
C
AUTOMATEDPRESCRIBING
OUTCOMETRACKING
AUTOMATEDORDER
VERIFICATION
PROACTIVEIV DRIPREFILLS
LAYER V
PATIENT-SIDEDELIVERYSYSTEMS
CDSDDI/ALLERGY
COMPUTERASSISTEDIV FLUID ANALYSIS
EHR EHR
Key Pharmacist Longitudinal Workflows2nd
Distrib
ution
Dispen
sing
Mon
itorin
g
Order
ing
Verif
ying
EHREHR FOUNDATION
LAYER I
LAYER II
LAYER III
LAYER IV
Adm
inist
ratio
n
BEG
IN
EN
D
EHR
LAYER V
EHR EHR
Pharmacist Charting / Certain medications have pharmacist notations
Keep Medication List / All meds documented w/Medication Reconciliation
Indication Management / Every med has documented indication(s)
Plan Pharmaceutical Care / Outcome objectives listed for all meds
Medication Therapy Management / RPh-led disease management
Clinical Decision Support & Inherent Safety2nd
Distrib
ution
Dispen
sing
Mon
itorin
g
Order
ing
Verif
ying
CDSDOSE, TIMING
CDSBUG-DRUG,
CORE MEASURES,P-KINETICS
CDSINDICATION,
DOSE, DDI, DFI,UTILIZATION
CDSCOMPATIBILITY,
ADMINISTRATION
Adm
inist
ratio
n
CDSDDI/ALLERGY
Why “fall in” to “climb out”?
ALLERGIES> Dynamic order catalogs
Clinical Decision Support Design2nd
Distrib
ution
Dispen
sing
Mon
itorin
g
Order
ing
Verif
ying
CDSDOSE, TIMING
CDSBUG-DRUG,
CORE MEASURES,P-KINETICS
CDSINDICATION,
DOSE, DDI, DFI,UTILIZATION
CDSCOMPATIBILITY,
ADMINISTRATION
Adm
inist
ratio
n
CDSDDI/ALLERGY
DOSING IBUPROFEN TABLETS> On-screen ranges
0
1600
800
1200
Dose:
C10. Technology in medication-use systems should be designed to support pharmacy processes to improve patient outcomes.
• Clinical Documentation– Coding– Data mining– Outcomes– Communications
• Medication Reconciliation
Overview
53
Collaborative Members
•9 Professional Pharmacy Associations
•Represents over 250K members in all practice settings
Founding Organizations
•AACP-ACCP-ACPE-AMCP-APhA-ASCP-ASHP-NASPA-NCPA
Members
54
Collaborative’s HIT Focus
55
•Facilitate the provision and enhance the quality of patient care services provided by pharmacists
Facilitate Quality of Care
•Address the profession’s HIT needs and functionality to provide, document and bill for pharmacist-provided patient care services in all care settings.
Address HIT Needs
•Influence HIT policy through unified, consistent communications to the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) and other HIT organizations about pharmacist-provided patient care services and pharmacists’ contributions to the ONC defined meaningful use (MU) of EHR
Influence Policy
•Ensure that resources, technical standards, and provider knowledge are aligned with the nation’s growing need for pharmacists’ services
Ensure Resources are
Aligned
Objectives
•Through the consensus work of expert panelists define the minimum data set and functional Pharmacist/Pharmacy Provider electronic health record (PP-EHR) capabilities. Facilitate actions to entrench the PP-EHR into the national HIT initiatives in order to deliver, document, and bill services provided by pharmacists in all patient care settings through the meaningful use of HIT
PP-EHR & MTM
•Form a structured group consisting of organizations and individuals interested in creating a consensus-based Roadmap. Disseminate the Roadmap to policymakers and the healthcare industry. The Roadmap should ensure medication related technology is meaningfully used in an efficient and effective manner for pharmacists to affect improved medication use
Roadmap
•Ensure the PP-EHR becomes a model through the technology standards development organizational process; criteria for certification are defined; and becomes certified and adopted by the pharmacy community
Certification
•Facilitate a unified voice of pharmacy representation on key HIT‐related committees and workgroups to influence the recognition of pharmacists and the services they provide. As pharmacy practitioners are more engaged with HIT policymakers, the influence of other health professionals defining HIT platforms that impact pharmacy HIT will be lessened
One Voice
56
The Roadmap for Pharmacy Health Information Technology Integration in U.S. Health Care
Pharmacy e-Health Information Technology Collaborative
About the Roadmap
• Goals are numbered by process and not by priority
• The Collaborative will contribute to aspects within the Roadmap that are aligned with the scope, goals, objectives, and strategies of the Collaborative
• Areas outside the scope of the Collaborative will be addressed by pharmacy organizations
C11. Colleges of pharmacy should be required to provide informatics training for all pharmacy students to ensure
graduates’ success in optimal pharmacy practice models.• Knowledge, Skills, and Resources for Pharmacy Informatics
Education – AJPE
http://www.ajpe.org/doi/pdf/10.5688/ajpe75593
C12. Hospitals and health systems and colleges of pharmacy should collaborate to ensure that appropriate pharmacy informatics principles are embedded in the curriculum.
http://www.ashp.org/Import/MEMBERCENTER/Sections/SectionofPharmacyInformaticsandTechnology/CareerDevelop/ResidenciesRotations.aspx
C13. Pharmacy residency programs should provide informatics training to ensure residents’ success in
optimal practice models.
• Informatics and Medication Safety Survey – ASHP Section of Pharmacy Informatics and Technology Survey – 2010 (n=227/770, 29%)
C14. Advanced training in pharmacy informatics with residencies and postgraduate education
should be expanded.• PGY-2 Pharmacy Informatics Residencies – 15 programs• PGY-2/PGY-1 Combined Pharmacy Informatics – 1 program• Fellow Ship Training – 2 programs•Unaccredited Training Programs – 2-3 programs•Medication Use Systems & Operations – 1-2 programs
Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative and the PPMI National Dashboard
64
Pharmacy Practice Model InitiativeOverview
Imperative for a better defined practice model identified by members.
Planning commences for summit: assumptions developed, ASHP members, thought leaders, and participants queried, briefing papers developed.
Demonstration and resident research
grants issued
Consensus summit held resulting in 147 recommendations to better define characteristics of the optimal practice model for the future.
National dashboard developed to measure
progress
Briefing document webinar series conducted
Hospital Self-Assessment (HSA) developed,
launched
Presentations at MCM, SM, Residency Conferences
PPMI Website with resources, links
launched
Summit Proceedings published in AJHP
Complexity tool developed
Policy issues from summit addressed
Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative
SummitRecommendations
Hospital Self-Assessment (HSA)
National Dashboard
National Dashboard Goals and Measures
147
105
26
5
Goal 1
Pharmacist roles, practices, and activities will improve medication use and optimize medication related outcomes.
Goal 2
Pharmacy technicians will prepare and distribute medications and perform other functions that do not require a pharmacist's professional judgment.
Goal 3
Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians will have appropriate training and credentials for the activites performed within their scope of practice.
Goal 4 Goal 5
Pharmacists will demonstrate leadership in exercising their responsibility for medication use systems and will be accountable for medication-related patient outcomes.
PPMI National Dashboard
Pharmacy departments utilize available automation and technology to improve patient safety and improve efficiency.
67
GOAL 4: Pharmacy departments utilize available automation and technology to improve patient safety and improve efficiency.
Measure 2012 Change
4.1. Percentage of hospitals/health systems using a computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) system with clinical decision support for inpatient medication orders (e.g., rules that integrate order information, patient information, and clinical practice guidelines into computer system logic that provide feedback to prescribers). [C2b, C2d]
54.4%
4.2. Percentage of hospitals/health systems that routinely use machine readable coding (e.g., bar coding technology with or without a robot) in the inpatient pharmacy to verify doses during dispensing. [C2j] 47.3%
4.3. Percentage of hospitals/health systems that use automated dispensing technologies (e.g., automated dispensing cabinets, robotics). [C2k] 89.1%*
4.4. Percentage of hospitals/health systems who have smart infusion pumps that are integrated into a closed loop medication-use process (i.e., where CPOE/pharmacy information system is integrated with pumps, and administration is documented on eMAR). [C2m]
7.0%
4.5. Percentage of hospitals/health systems that use machine-readable coding (e.g., Bar-Code Medication Administration [BCMA] system) to verify the identity of the patient and the accuracy of medication administration at the point-of-care. [C2l]
65.5%
Composite Score: 52.7% (from 43.9% in 2011)
Goal 1
Pharmacist roles, practices, and activities will improve medication use and optimize medication related outcomes.
Goal 2
Pharmacy technicians will prepare and distribute medications and perform other functions that do not require a pharmacist's professional judgment.
Goal 3
Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians will have appropriate training and credentials for the activites performed within their scope of practice.
Goal 4 Goal 5
Pharmacists will demonstrate leadership in exercising their responsibility for medication use systems and will be accountable for medication-related patient outcomes.
XX%
PPMI National Dashboard
Pharmacy departments utilize available automation and technology to improve patient safety and improve efficiency.
4060
20
1000
80
60.0%
40
40 40 4060 60 60
60
10
3050
70
90
20
1000
80
18.6%
20
1000
80
25.9%
20
1000
80
52.7%
20
1000
80
46.7%
10 10 10 10
303050 50 50 50
7070 70 70
9090 90 90
606060 604040 40 403030
http://www.ashp.org/informatics
Virtual Participation
Questions, Answers, Discussion