Pharmacy HistoryPharmacy History222 PHCL222 PHCL

Muneera Alwhaibi MscMuneera Alwhaibi Msc

Pharmacy history Pharmacy history lab 1lab 1

Objectives:Objectives: Brief overview of profession roots.Brief overview of profession roots. Study history from its origin in ancient Babylonia Study history from its origin in ancient Babylonia

through the middle of the twentieth century.through the middle of the twentieth century.

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

For as long as the human species has encountered For as long as the human species has encountered disease, injury, and illness, people have sought relief. disease, injury, and illness, people have sought relief.

Empirically based trial and error.Empirically based trial and error.

Knowledge based facts , comprehension.Knowledge based facts , comprehension.

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Pharmacy in ancient timesPharmacy in ancient times It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water, It was practiced in prehistoric times as people used the water,

plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on plants and earth around them for soothing compresses on wounds and ailments.wounds and ailments.

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Babylon often called the cradle of civilization, Babylon often called the cradle of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice of the art provides the earliest known record of practice of the art of the apothecary.of the apothecary.

Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) Practitioners of healing of this era (about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician.were priest, pharmacist and physician.

Sumerian clay cuneiform tabletsSumerian clay cuneiform tablets

Some oldest pharmacy records are found in Sumerian clay cuneiform tablets that date about 2000 B.C. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding.

Sumerian clay cuneiform tabletsSumerian clay cuneiform tablets

Symbols that appear in the 'world's oldest prescription'

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Pharmacy in ancient timesPharmacy in ancient times An ancient china (2000 B.C), emperor Shen Nung An ancient china (2000 B.C), emperor Shen Nung

investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs.investigated the medical properties of hundreds of herbs.

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Pharmacy in ancient China: The emperor Shen Nung:Pharmacy in ancient China: The emperor Shen Nung: He recorded and documented 365 native herbal in a book He recorded and documented 365 native herbal in a book

called called Shen Nung Pen Ts'ao ChingShen Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching . .

Shen Nung Pen Tsao Ching

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Pharmacy in ancient timesPharmacy in ancient times Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. Egyptian priest, prepared medicines. The Ebers papyrus, which dates from The Ebers papyrus, which dates from

1900-1100 B.C, is the best known 1900-1100 B.C, is the best known

pharmaceutical record from ancient history. pharmaceutical record from ancient history. It contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs.It contains 800 prescriptions using 700 drugs. Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers Many modern dosage forms are referred to in the Ebers

papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..)papyrus (gargles, snuffs, inhalations, suppositories…..)

Ebers papyrusEbers papyrus

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Pharmacy in ancient timesPharmacy in ancient times Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C)Ancient Greece lived the father of botany, Theophrastus (300 B.C)

has observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs.has observations about the medicinal qualities of herbs.

Pharmacy events before the middle agesPharmacy events before the middle ages

Pharmacy in ancient timesPharmacy in ancient times Hippocrates formulated the theory of the four humors that parallel Hippocrates formulated the theory of the four humors that parallel

the four elements: the four elements: (air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile).(air- blood, water- phlegm, earth-black bile, fire- yellow bile).

He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad He surmised that disease was caused by an imbalance of these bad humorshumors

Pharmacy differentiate during middle agesPharmacy differentiate during middle ages

Pharmaceutical knowledge- and the number Pharmaceutical knowledge- and the number

of drugs available- grew considerably.of drugs available- grew considerably.

Thanks primarily to the Arab world.Thanks primarily to the Arab world.

Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately Pharmacy as a separate activity began to develop and privately

owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands.owned pharmacies were established in Islamic lands.

First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 8First known apothecary shop was opened in Baghdad in the 8thth century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during century, and the Muslims carried this concept into Europe during wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France.wars and other excursions into Africa, Spain, southern France.

Pharmacy differentiate during middle agesPharmacy differentiate during middle ages

Pharmacy events during middle agesPharmacy events during middle ages

Pharmacy differentiate during middle agesPharmacy differentiate during middle ages Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a Ibn Sina (circa 980-1037)- Avicenna- intellectual giant, he was a

physician, poet, philosopher, diplomat, companion of Persian physician, poet, philosopher, diplomat, companion of Persian princes and rulers.princes and rulers.

His Canon Medicine brought together the best knowledge of the His Canon Medicine brought together the best knowledge of the Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text.Greeks and Arabs into a single medical text.