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PESTICIDES EVALUATION REPORT AND SAFER USE ACTION PLAN

(PERSUAP)

For the Local Business Development Program

(Programa de Desarrollo de Empresas Locales, PRODEL)

ACDI/VOCA Ecuador

Prepared by:

Prepared by: Elisa Arteaga, Desiree Wagner, Daniel Calderón, Mike Seager, Scott Solberg,

Sun Mountain International and Jairo Andrade, ACDI/VOCA

19 Octubre 2010

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to express our gratitude to several people whose assistance and guidance was of

great value in the preparation of this PERSUAP. In particular, we wish to thank the ACDI/VOCA PRODEL

field staff: Ramón Estupiñán, Carlos Mayanquer, Edmundo Barena, Karina Cevallos, Ariel Ruiz and

Robinson Muñóz, for sharing their field knowledge with us. We also thank the demo plot farmers who

were kind enough to receive us and answer our questions during field visits and throughout the

PERSUAP data collection, analysis and writing process.

We would like to highlight the admirable work that ACDI/VOCA PRODEL is undertaking along the

northern and southern borders of Ecuador to strengthen local and private producer groups and

associations, to create employment, and improve the quality of life in these regions.

Sun Mountain International wishes to thank ACDI/VOCA PRODEL and USAID for the opportunity to carry

out this assessment and is confident that the findings and recommendations will benefit the staff and the

farmers in PRODEL projects around Ecuador.

Elisa Arteaga L. Scott Solberg Environmental & Risk Management Associate Director Sun Mountain International Sun Mountain International

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page

I. List of Acronyms 4

II. Background a. Introduction to the ACDI-VOCA Ecuador program b. Project components and activities proposing technical assistance for IPM and

pesticide use c. Current pesticide use in project areas

5 5 6 11

III. Assessment Methodology 12

IV. Pesticides Evaluation Report 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide 2. Basis for selection of the pesticide 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide 11. Provision for training of users and applicators 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides

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V. Safer Use Action Plan 1. General impacts and mitigation and monitoring measures for pesticide use

36

VI. Environmental best practices for small-scale fisheries activities 40

VII. Treatment options to control African Snail as pest 43

Annexes: Annex 1:IPM plan for each crop Annex 2: Field Tools Annex 3: Photos Annex 4: References

45 97 101 105

PERSUAP Prodel October 19th 2010

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LIST OF ACRONYMS: Bt Bacillus thuringiensis CBB Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) FFS Farmer Field Schools GR Granular IPM Integrated Pest Management MAGAP Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Aquaculture and Fisheries PERSUAP Pesticides Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan PPE Personal Protective Equipment GUP General Use Pesticide RUP Restricted Use Pesticide USAID United States Agency for International Development USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency


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II. Background

a. Introduction

ACDI / VOCA is a private development organization based in the U.S. that promotes progress in countries with developing and emerging democracies. The organization offers a wide variety of services and technical cooperation strategies to small and medium companies (in the agriculture sector in particular), public and private associations, government agencies, and others. ACDI/VOCA Ecuador is providing targeted rural economic development through the two-year, USAID-funded Local Business Development program (known locally as PRODEL, Programa de Desarrollo de Empresas Locales). The program is implemented under AED’s Financial Integration, Economic Leveraging, Broad-Based Dissemination (FIELD-Support). PRODEL aims to increase incomes and create employment for families along the northern and southern border areas by expanding private enterprises and strengthening local private producer groups and associations.

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To achieve the program objectives, ACDI/VOCA uses a value chain approach, identifying and addressing major opportunities and constraints to growth while ensuring sustainable impact at the household level. Specifically, the program targets 20 lead firms (or “anchor firms”) and the linkages within each anchor firm’s business system, reaching more than 8,000 microenterprises and their families. Program interventions address the whole value chain, reducing constraints on the anchor firm’s ability to grow while facilitating the growth of its suppliers and buyers. ACDI/VOCA provides market-driven technical assistance and financing packages to anchor firms as well as to suppliers and ancillary firms. In February 2009, the PRODEL team added the complementary Certification of Agricultural Best Practices component to the program. This component builds on the program’s current activities to promote the conservation of biodiversity and tropical forests while increasing yields, market access and incomes. To do this, PRODEL trains beneficiaries in technical skills and environmentally safe agricultural practices and promotes the adoption of those practices. PRODEL’s enterprise development strategy aims to have broad, sustainable impact among the target municipalities and populations, generating new and more lucrative opportunities for families to develop their own businesses or obtain jobs within the legal sectors of the economy. Ultimately, PRODEL strives to develop a competitive private sector in Ecuador that can stimulate and promote employment and income growth in the northern and southern border regions to combat the effects of the country’s expanding drug economy. It is an important need for PRODEL to include integrated pest management (IPM) options for the program, to promote cultural and reduced-risk biological controls. Field officers will recommend locally-accessible formulations which are lowest-risk in the local context, but also effective.

b. Project components and activities proposing technical assistance for IPM and pesticide use

PRODEL has supported the establishment of a laboratory for producing beneficial pest control agents, located at the Rio Intag Association of Coffee Growers (AACRI), in Apuela, province of Imbabura. This laboratory possesses a large capacity for producing various microorganisms that will be used by producers working with PRODEL-supported anchor firms to combat detrimental pests. Sample collections, isolation of strains, and pathogenicity testing have been carried out at the AACRI laboratory. The bacterial strains with the greatest efficiency have been reproduced, and the verification process at the field level is currently being concluded.

2 Most of the products being produced at AACRI are available

1 http://www.acdivoca.org/acdivoca/PortalHub.nsf/ID/ecuadorLBD

2 Five studies have been conducted with full scientific rigor, and the technology is available to offer a biological alternative for

controlling pests


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on the market, but are hard to find and are prohibitively expensive for most small-scale farmers. Through support to AACRI and the Farmer Field School (FFS) methodology, scientific reasoning and best practices are being prioritized to promote the use of reduced-risk pest controls. The techniques do not require any special training or technique; the key lies in convincing the technicians and producers of the validity of biological control as an effective mechanism that does not contaminate and is profitable. The capacity of the AACRI Rio Intag laboratory is sufficient to meet the demand from producers associated with PRODEL and the anchor firms. AACRI Rio Intag is not selling products, but will market pest control services, and at the same time will train interested company technicians and producer groups in the technology. In addition, with PRODEL resources, various events will be organized to train the stakeholders involved in the production and application process of the beneficial control agents. This PERSUAP addresses pest management needs for PRODEL activities and interventions in the following value chains:

Cacao (Theobroma cacao)

Coffee (Coffea sp.)

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Blackberry (Rubus glaucus.)

Coconut (Cocos nucífera)

Passion fruit (Pasiflora edulis)

Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

Herbs

Pasture Crops

In addition, a section on best environmental management practices for small-scale fisheries activities promoted by PRODEL is included within this document. The table below describes the proposed biological pest control products proposed by the program according crop and pest: Table 1. Insecticide/Fungicide, Pest and Crop proposed by PRODEL Pesticides to be recommended under the ACDI/VOCA PRODEL (all products are general use pesticides and have active USEPA registrations):

Insecticide or Fungicide

Pests Crops Rainforest Alliance Certification Approved

BCS ÖKO Garantie Certification Approved

Trichoderma sp Witches broom disease (Crinipellis sp.) Rosellina sp. Ceratocystis wilt Pink Disease Moniliophthora sp.

Cacao Yes Yes

Iron Stain (Cercospora sp.) Coffee leaf Fungus (Ojo de gallo) Roya Leaf Disease Anthracnose

Coffee

Putrefaction of rhizome , aqueous fruit stain (Phytophthora sp.) Heart Rot Stem Bleeding Leaf Spots Blight or rash on the leaves

Coconut


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Black and Yellow sigatoka (leaf spot disease) Putrefaction of the crown (Fusarium sp. Botrydiplodia sp.) Canker or Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.)

Banana and Plantain

Canker or Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) Rhizoctonia (Rhizoctonia sp.)

Pasture

Red Root (Fusarium sp.) Root Putrefaction (Phytum sp.) Green Fly

Herbs

Ants Damping off (fungus-ailments, Rhizoctonia sp., Verticillium sp.) Fluffy Mildew Botrytis Bunch Rot Powdery Mildew Blight Root Putrefaction (Rosellina sp.)

Blackberry

Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.) Withering (Fusarium sp.) Scabbing on the fruit and death (Colletotricum sp.) Scabbing on the fruit (Cladosporium sp.)

Passion Fruit

Withering (Fusarium sp.) Strawberry

Trichogramma sp. Muntura worm Coffee Yes Yes

Moths and Army worms Foliage Feeding Pests

Pasture

Shoot Worm Coconut

Gliocladium sp Monoliasis, Moniliophthora sp. Rosellina sp. Ceratocystis wilt Pink Disease

Cacao Yes Yes

Iron Stain (Cercospora sp.) Coffee leaf Fungus (Ojo de gallo) Roya Leaf Disease Anthracnose

Coffee

Putrefaction of rhizome, aqueous fruit stain (Phytophthora sp.) 3Heart Rot Stem Bleeding Leaf Spots Blight or rash on the leaves

Coconut


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Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.) Withering (Fusarium sp.) Scabbing on the fruit and death (Colletotricum sp.) Scabbing on the fruit (Cladosporium sp.).

Passion Fruit

Putrefaction of the crown (Fusarium sp. Botrydiplodia sp.) Canker or Anthracnose

Banana and Plantain

Canker or Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) Rhizoctonia sp.

Pastures

Red Root (Fusarium sp.) Herbs

Beauveria sp. Chiza Black Chinches Yellow Chinche Red Chinche Cacao Pod Borer Moth of Stored Cacao Cacao grain weevil Leaf Cutter Ants

Cacao Yes Yes

Grain moth of the root Wireworms Brown Coffee Twig Beetle Branch Coffee leaf miner Muntura worm Coffee Berry Borer Mealybugs Loopers Leaf Cutter Ants

Coffee

Leaf Cutter Ants Shoot Worm Coconut Scale Pale Plant hopper Putrefaction of Catkins Red Palm Weevil of coconut

Coconut

Black Weevil (Cosmopolites sp.) Bag Worm (Oiketicus sp.) Striped and Yellow Weevil -(Metamasius sp.) Acharia Apicalis (montura worm)

Banana and Plantain

Moths and Army Worms Foliage Feeding Pests Chinches (True bugs)

Pasture

Fruit Fly (Anastrepha sp.) Weevil Black Stick Bug Stem or root neck borer Plant Tissue Borer Thrips or fireflies

Blackberry


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Quinoa Moths Armyworms (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp., Copitarsia sp.)

Quinoa

Fruit Fly (Anastrepha sp.) Ovum Fly (dasiops sp, lochea sp.) Foliage Chewer

Passion Fruit

Metarrhizium sp. Yellow Chinche Red Chinche Leaf Cutter Ants Thrips Chiza Black Chinches Cacao Pod Borer Moth of Stored Cacao Cacao grain weevil Ovum Fly (dasiops sp, lochea sp.) Foliage Chewer

Cacao Yes Yes

Leaf Cutter Ants Grain moth of the root Wireworms Brown Coffee Twig Beetle Coffee leaf miner Branch Mealybugs Loopers Muntura worm Coffee Berry Borer

Coffee

Leaf Cutter Ants Shoot Worm Coconut Scale Pale Plant hopper Putrefaction of Catkins

Coconut

Black Weevil (Cosmopolites sp.) Bag Worm (Oiketicus sp.) Striped and yellow weevil – (Metamasius sp.) Acharia Apicalis (montura worms)

Banana and Plantain

Moths and Army worms Foliage Feeding Pests Chinches (True Bugs)

Pasture

Leaf Cutter Ants Green Fly

Herbs

Stem or root neck borer Fruit Fly (Anastrepha sp.) Weevil Black Stick Bug Plant Tissue Borer Thrips or fireflies

Blackberry

Quinoa Moths Armyworms (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp., Copitarsia

Quinoa


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sp.)

Fruit Fly (Anastrepha sp.) Ovum Fly (dasiops sp, lochea sp.) Foliage Chewer

Passion Fruit

Paecelomyces sp. Stem or root neck borer Blackberry Yes Yes

Burrowing Nematode (Radopholus sp.) Nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.)

Banana and Plantain

Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) Nematode of the Rickets – (Tylencorrynchus sp.) Borer Nematode (R. similis)

Herbs

Foliage Chewer Passion Fruit

Fruit Fly Ground Pearl

Blackberry

Nematodes Cacao

Root Knot Coffee

Red ring Disease Coconut

Bacillus thuringiensis

Yellow Chinche Red Chinche

Cacao Yes Yes

Loopers Muntura worm

Coffee

Screw Worm (Castnia sp.) Small Red Spider (Tetranichus sp.)

Banana and Plantain

Moths and Army worms Foliage Feeding Pests

Pastures

Quinoa Moths Armyworms (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp., Copitarsia sp.)

Quinoa

Foliage Chewer Defoliators (Diabrótica sp.) Cochero worm (Agraulis sp.) Thrips Chinche Patón (Leptoglossus spp)

Passion Fruit

Metalaxyl Phytophtora sp Cacao Yes No

Copper Oxychloride

Ceratocystis wilt Leaf Cutter Ants

Cacao No

Yes

Blood Disease (Tachisphaera sp.)

Banana and Plantain

Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.) Withering (Fusarium sp.) Scabbing on the fruit and death (Colletotricum sp.) Scabbing on the fruit (Cladosporium s.)

Passion Fruit


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c. Current pesticide use in project areas

Though pesticide use is not widespread at any of the PRODEL sites, it is not new to producers in the areas and most are familiar with the risks associated with pesticides. Most of the agro supply stores visited have protective equipment for sale, and farmers are generally aware of the importance of this personal protective equipment (PPE), but either do not buy PPE because of the price, or do not use it because it is uncomfortable. During field interviews, producers named several precautions taken when utilizing pesticides. Most use boots, pants and long sleeve shirts, but do not cover the eyes and mouth or wear gloves. In areas where the weather is hot and humid, like Sucumbíos, farmers are less likely to use full PPE because it is uncomfortable to work in, so they wear only boots. All farmers interviewed also reported that they avoid wearing work clothing home, and usually apply products when there is no wind and early in the morning. The pesticide containers and equipment are kept mostly in a separate room in the house. After they are used, some farmers re-used them to put gasoline to carry around in their motorcycles. Others do not re-use the containers but burn them.

Bordeaux Mixture

Anthracnose(coffee berry disease) Thread Blight(Pellicularia koleroga)

Coffee No

No

Red Ring Disease Putrefaction of rhizome, aqueous fruit stain (Phytophthora sp.)

Coconut

Fluffy Mildew Botrytis Bunch Rot Blight

Blackberry

Mildew (Peronospora sp.) Quinoa

Bordeaux Paste (copper sulfate and hydrated lime)

Bleeding on the trunk Stem Bleeding Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.)

Coconut No No

Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum sp.) Various Fungi: Alternaria sp. Septoria sp. Sclerotium sp. Rhizoctonia sp. Sclerotiniumsp. Botrytis sp. Cercospora sp.

Herbs

Withering (Fusarium sp.) Colletotricum sp. Cladosporium sp. Putrefaction of neck roots (Fusarium sp., Phytophthora sp.) Damping off (Rhyzoctonia sp., Sclerotium sp.)

Passion Fruit

Skyper (Iprodione) Botrytis Bunch Rot Strawberry, Blackberry

Yes Yes

Abamectin Thrips Strawberry Yes Yes

Thiabendazol Putrefaction of the crown Banana and Plantain

Yes Yes


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Table 2: Current pesticide use by crop The following table shows the current use of pesticides reported by producers during field visits.

Crop Pest/Fungi Pesticide / Control Method

Passion Fruit Withering (Fusarium sp.) Africa Snail Thrips

Mancozeb Traps Ridomil

Coconut Weevil Furadan Traps

Strawberry Botrytis Skyper

Coffee Coffee Berry Borer Iron Stain Thread Blight(Pellicularia koleroga)

Cypermethrin Bordeaux mixture

As shown above, farmers are currently applying General Use Pesticides (GUPs); information on application and dose rates is usually given by agro supply store workers with limited agricultural training. Under PRODEL Phase II, as part of the FFS/demo plot methodology, extension officers will provide technical assistance on integrated pest management, promoting cultural and reduced-risk biological controls. To the extent possible, field officers will recommend locally-accessible formulations which are lowest-risk in the local context, but also effective (see section IV. Pesticides Evaluation Report and section V. Safer Use Action Plan for more detail). PRODEL field officers and staff will monitor pesticide use on demo plots and will make adjustments as necessary. III. Assessment Methodology

Some of the information presented in this PERSUAP was based on a previous PERSUAP draft presented

by PRODEL with comments from USAID. The document was reviewed and strengthened, and information

was added from field visits, interviews with PRODEL staff and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock,

Aquaculture and Fisheries (MAGAP).

A field assessment team visited PRODEL project sites in the provinces of Esmeraldas, Imbabura,

Sucumbíos and Loja. Meetings were held with key regional staff, and demonstration plots were visited.

Field tools were developed to ensure the gathering of necessary information, including a partner staff

survey, farm visit guide, agro supply store visit guide and a ministry interview guide (see Annex 2). On-

site field interviews were held with farmers and extension officers to collect information on current pest

issues, perceptions of pesticides and safety, and pesticide use practices. Field visits to demo plots

were conducted to observe crop health, pest issues, and any signs of inappropriate pesticide use in the

area. Some agricultural supply stores in project areas were visited to inspect labeling procedures, state of

products and safety information.

Interviews with PRODEL staff added valuable information on the current situation of the project, and with

the identification of key farmers and associations.

Agrocalidad under the direction of MAGAP is responsible for the registration, importation and control of

pesticides in Ecuador. Key MAGAP staff members were interviewed to obtain information on pesticide

regulations. A desktop review of pesticides and IPM options was conducted using existing IPM sources

(see Bibliography). All IPM plans, training, mitigation and monitoring recommendations were validated

with PRODEL staff and field officers to ensure feasibility.


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This document will include in part VII an analysis on the current situation of fisheries activities inside PRODEL´s project in the province of Esmeraldas. On site field interviews were held with fisherman associations and anchor firms, to help understand the value chain of artisanal fisheries and the management of the product. IV. Pesticides Evaluation Report A. Trichoderma sp manufactured locally at AACRI (sold as Rootshield WP Biological Fungicide in the USA: 1.15% Trichoderma harzianum rifai strain KRL-AG2 wettable powder biological fungicide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 68539-7 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Trichoderma sp. is a genus of naturally occurring fungi that protects roots from many pathogens, including Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Thielaviopsis and Cylindrocladium. The biocontrol agent generally grows on the root surface and controls root disease in particular, but can also be effective against foliar diseases. An advantage Trichoderma products have is that within a short time after application (about 24 hours) it blocks and actively attacks pathogens by phagocytizing them: ensuring uninterrupted plant growth. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Trichoderma:

Manage host weeds around field edges;

Ensure plant health by using nursery grown seedlings, resistant varieties, and by managing irrigation and fertilization.

Please see Annex 1, IPM Plans by Crop, for more information. 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment The product will be mixed with water and applied through low pressure watering nozzles, or sprinklers, or other drench watering systems. The suggested use rate is 4 ounces of product per 100 gallons of water. Constant agitation in a stock tank is required to maintain the product in suspension. Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, waterproof gloves, and shoes plus socks. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards The active ingredient is practically non-toxic, non-allergenic and non-pathogenic to mammals. Dust may cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Applicators should wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. No toxicological effects have been recorded for fish or mammals. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled which requires handlers to not contaminate irrigation or drinking water or aquatic habitats. Trichoderma is not toxic to mammals or birds. There is not enough available data on its toxicity to honey bee, aquatic invertebrates and certain crops, but no adverse effects are expected based on the mechanism of action and primary pest targets.


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6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Trichoderma is an effective control against root fungal diseases mainly caused by Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Cylindrocladium and Thielaviopsis. It is effective in any kind of soil since it is a ubiquitous fungus. For better results, a re-application is needed 10-12 weeks after initial application. It is also compatible with most insecticides and fungicides. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Trichoderma is a fungus that is present in all soils and does not harm ecosystems. The proposed chemical and biological pesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Trichoderma can be used under most environmental conditions. Although it will not be applied near surface waters and runoff and drift will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non-chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (See Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) Another recommended fungicide to combat Pythium, Rhizoctonia is Gliocladium (see below). 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. The Government of Ecuador has established a solid framework regarding the manufacture, importation, storage, sale, and use of chemical pesticides. Agrocalidad, under the direction of MAGAP, is responsible for the registration, importation and control of pesticides in Ecuador. The law of sales and pesticide use (Ley de Comercialización y Empleo de Plaguicidas, Registro Oficial Suplemento 315) states that a person wishing to distribute and market imported pesticides must be registered with the Ministry of Agriculture and the registration will last five years. For the registration of pesticides, they should be tested for efficiency and economy, under the supervision of Ministry of Agriculture, and the results of the tests should include residual levels in plant, soil and water. Transportation of pesticides is forbidden in vehicles designed to transport people, animals and food. The loading and unloading operations should be taking precautions to avoid spills. Its storage is prohibited near food, beverages and animal products for human use, clothing or utensils, storage premises must be approved by the Ministry of Public Health. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. ACDI-VOCA field officers will provide training and technical assistance to farmers on integrated pest management of plots and safer use of pesticides when their application is warranted. The following is a summary of pesticide safer use training topics to be addressed:

- Chemical knowledge: registration, correct use, application procedures and label specifications. This training includes an in-depth review of label information (resources in Spanish and/or

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi


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with photos will be provided wherever possible), as well as a discussion of dosage rates, application rates, equipment calibration and maintenance, application intervals, re-entry and pre-harvest intervals and demonstrations of proper equipment use.

- Storage: proper storage of chemicals in relation to other structures on the property. The need for a separate, clearly marked and locked facility will be emphasized for exclusive storage of farm chemicals. Pesticides should be kept away from food for human or animal consumption or sources of drinking water. Pesticides should always be stored in their original containers.

- Transport: safe transport of pesticides will be discussed (i.e. not using public transportation if possible, keeping chemicals in a closed environment, how to avoid punctures and torn bags, etc).

- Worker protection: Types of personal protective equipment (PPE), when they should be worn and why, and how they should be cared for. The basic PPE recommended for all pesticide applications includes long-sleeved shirts, long pants and boots. Participants will be encouraged to wash PPE separate from everyday clothing and to keep their PPE in good condition.

- Safety practices: proper mixing techniques, the importance of using clean water for mixing, and the importance of not contaminating water sources. The types of containers used in chemical preparation, their proper use, cleaning and storage will be addressed. Applicators are taught not to eat, drink or smoke while applying pesticides.

- First aid and medical facilities: first aid materials must be made available (soap, clean water and a towel) in case of spills. Participants will be taught to identify the primary symptoms of chemical exposure and what do to in an emergency.

- Waste Management: how to clean up and safely dispose of any chemical not used. For liquids, empty containers should be rinsed 3 times, and emptied into the spray tank as part of the application mixture. When the product is used completely, chemical containers should be triple rinsed and punctured before being buried. Containers should NEVER be reused.

- Protection of drinking water: Training will emphasize the importance of protecting potable water sources and avoiding contamination of ground and surface waters. Participants will be trained to identify their drinking water source and to keep all pesticides away from that source. Characteristics of the water source and mitigation measures to avoid contamination will be addressed.

Environmental safety: the importance of protecting natural resources and the proper use of pesticides to avoid environmental contamination and impacts on non-target organisms will be addressed. 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. ACDI-VOCA’s agronomists and field staff spend the majority of their time in the field and on farms, monitoring cultural practices, plant nutrition, crop health and pest control, and providing technical assistance to farmers when problems arise. Pesticide safer use will be monitored as part of these field visits. Farmers and field staff must keep records of any pest problems and pesticide applications. See Section V: Safer Use Action Plan for more details. B. Trichogramma, used as biological control, not registered in USEPA 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide EPA Classification: not applicable as USEPA does not classify Trichogramma spp, parasitic wasps and other beneficial insects, as pesticides. 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Wasps of the genus Trichogramma are widely known for their ability to control hundreds of species of biological pests. These wasps do not have the ability to sting but they instead parasitize the eggs of nearby pests. Trichogramma wasps typically inject their own eggs into the larvae of other pests. They are very effective against worm species that feed on coffee and coconut. Trichogramma are extremely small, measuring approximately 1/100 inch in length.


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3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Trichogramma:

Prepare fields with good drainage.

Avoid sprinkler irrigation and over-irrigation, and discontinue completely if disease develops.

Ensure plant health by using nursery grown seedlings, resistant varieties, and by managing irrigation and fertilization;

Rotate the field with non-host crops if possible. 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment Trichogramma are sold in the pupal stage parasitized inside of moth eggs. These eggs are glued onto pieces of paper known as cards that can be broken up into many tabs for even distribution throughout the field. Trichogramma cards should be kept in the shade and at temperatures between 80 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. In order to increase mating among hatched eggs, the tabs can be place in closed containers such as paper bags or folded paper cups. When wasps begin swarming, holes can be made in the container to allow adults to exit while maintaining protection for the eggs. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards Trichogramma wasps pose no risk to humans, or risks to the environment. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Trichogramma have very short life cycles (7-10 days) and reproduce very quickly. In order to ensure maximum population size and effectiveness, the wasps should be released early in the season. Within the Trichogramma genus, the pretiosum species is the best adapted to warm weather. The species bactrae may also be among the most effective, especially for fruit trees. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Trichogramma wasps pose no risks to the environment 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Trichogramma should be used early in the season to control certain egg laying pests. Pyrethroid or organo-phosphate-based pesticides and their residues can have detrimental effects on Trichogramma. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11


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12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. C. Gliocladium sp manufactured locally at AACRI (sold as Prestop WP in the USA: 32.0 % Gliocladium catenulatum strain J1446 wettable powder fungicide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 64137-11 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Gliocladium sp is a naturally occurring saprophyte that can be used as a biological fungicide to suppress a variety of plant pathogens by producing enzymes that disrupt the cell walls of pathogens and by depriving pathogenic fungi of space and food. It is used for the protection of vegetable, herb and ornamental plants from Botrytis grey mold as well as damping-off and root diseases caused by fungal pathogens, such as Pythium, Phytophthora and Rhizoctonia and various other seedling diseases on a wide variety of host plants. It is also an approved product for organic horticulture. It is a safe product for humans, the environment and beneficiaries. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Gliocladium:

Prepare fields with good drainage.



Rotate the field with non-host crops if possible. 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment The product should be used in the form of an aqueous suspension and can be applied by foliar spray, drip irrigation, or as a growing media treatment for seedlings. The recommended application rate for spray application is 0.5% aqueous suspension, and for drip irrigation, 100 g to treat 400-500 plants. Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, waterproof gloves, and shoes plus socks. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards The active ingredient is practically non-toxic, non-allergenic and non-pathogenic to mammals. Dust may cause eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Applicators should wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. No toxicological effects have been recorded on fish or mammals. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled which requires handlers to not contaminate irrigation or drinking water or aquatic habitats. The biological fungicide is not toxic to mammals or birds. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. This product is mostly effective when it is used preventively. It is an effective alternative for pathogenic fungi that have developed resistance to chemical fungicides and its fast root colonization ability


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guarantees an effective pathogenic control. It is also safe for the plants, compatible with most chemical insecticides and fungicides and can be used in integrated pest management programs. It also promotes plant growth, has a long-lasting impact on the entire plant. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. The proposed chemical and biological pesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Gliocladium can be used under most environmental conditions; however, it will not be applied near surface waters and runoff and drift will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non-chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture (see Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) Another recommended fungicide to combat Pythium, Rhizoctonia is Trichoderma which is similarly low-risk while effective for the proposed use. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. D. Beauveria sp manufactured locally at AACRI (sold as Naturalis I WP in the USA: 7.16 % Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040 wettable powder insecticide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 53871-9 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Beauveria bassiana is a entomopathogenic fungus that grows naturally in soils and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease. It is used as a nonselective biological insecticide to control a number of pests such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids and different beetles. The fungus rarely infects humans or other animals, so it is generally considered safe as an insecticide.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_insecticide



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrips

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitefly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetles


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3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following controls will be recommended before applications of Beauveria bassiana:

If possible, use aphid/thrips/whiteflies-tolerant crop varieties;

Destroy weeds that are hosting aphid/thrips/whiteflies along field edges;

Coordinate planting calendar with other farmers in the area to disrupt insect life cycles;

Knock aphid/thrips/whiteflies off plants with a strong stream of water;

Garlic and chili spray: 10-12 large cloves of garlic, 4-6 hot chili peppers, 2 cups water, 1 tablespoon liquid soap, and 10 drops vetiver oil (optional). Allow mixture to stand overnight; strain and store concentrate in plastic or glass bottle (not metal). To apply, dilute 2 tablespoons concentrate to every liter of water. Concentrate can be stored up to 2 months in a dry, dark place.

Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. The product should be applied with backpack sprayers, ensuring complete coverage of the plant. The recommended application concentration is 0.3% (i.e. 3 liters in 1000 L water). It is recommended to apply the product during the morning or in the evening since adults fly less, and relative humidity is higher. It is important to repeat the applications at intervals of no less than 5 days, up to a maximum of 5 treatments. The product should be applied immediately once the first appearance of the insect is observed on the crop. Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, waterproof gloves, cover eyes and nose, and shoes/boots plus socks. It is important not to apply the product through spray nozzle filters that are less than 50 mesh, not to use irrigation equipment and to wait least 48 hours after the application to apply another product. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards The fungus is not toxic to mammals and the effects of its exposure to the public and the environment is minimal. The active ingredient is neither toxic nor virulent and the fungus grows only at temperatures lower than human body temperature, so no infection is expected. Avoid contact with skin, eyes or clothing. Applicators should wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. No toxicological effects have been recorded on fish or mammals. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled which requires handlers to not contaminate irrigation or drinking water or aquatic habitats. The biological fungicide is not toxic to mammals or birds. (See Part V: Safer Use Action Plan) When Beauveria bassiana was evaluated to determine the pathogenicity to honey bees hives, resulted in very low mortality. These results suggest that B. bassiana can be applied for pest control in fields where honey bees are used for pollination. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. The product is most effective when the temperature is between 20°C and 30°C, and the relative humidity is over 60%. It is a non-specific biological insecticide, thus rendering it effective for many insect pests. It is also compatible with most insecticides and fungicides after 48 hours of application. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Low humidity, moderate temperature favor efficacy of Beauveria bassiana, so it is recommended for use when these conditions are present in the environment. When Beauveria bassiana was evaluated to determine the pathogenicity to caged adult honey bees, they suffered high mortalities dependant on the dose. Although honey bees suffered high mortalities when exposed to B. bassiana in cages, exposure of the whole honey bee hive under field conditions resulted in low mortality that was not different from the control regardless of the isolate tested. It was concluded that confining honey bees causes a stressful


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situation that renders the bees more vulnerable to the fungus, especially at sub-optimum temperature and humidity for the bees. Another factor that supports this discrepancy is that B. bassiana when applied to the hive under field conditions, compared to caged bees is the temperature of the brood chamber in hives. Records of daily temperature and relative humidity during the course of the whole hive experiment showed that temperature and relative humidity in the brood chamber ranged between 32.1 - 32.6 C and 33.6% - 71.2%. Even though the results suggest that B. bassiana can be applied for pest control in fields where honey bees are used for pollination, as a precaution producers will avoid the use of B. bassiana at the times of day or days during the season when bees are actively foraging. The proposed chemical and biological pesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Beauveria bassiana will not be applied near surface waters and runoff and drift will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms. Also should not be sprayed if rain is imminent, and in breezy or windy conditions and should not take place in the morning or evening to minimize drift. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff and drift can happen easily. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation and management of irrigation and soil moisture (See Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop). Another recommended fungicide to combat pests such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids is Paecelomyces fumosoroseus. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. E. Metarrhizium anisopliae, manufactured locally at AACRI as (no product registered in USEPA) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide Not classified by the EPA (No consensus across products or no products available) 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Metarrhizium anisopliae is a natural biopesticide based on the naturally occurring fungus. It is effective against a variety of pests including chinches, weevils, worms and aphids. The biopesticide can be applied to a diverse range of crops such as sugarcane, cacao, coffee, quinoa and passion fruit. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following controls will be recommended before applications of Metarrhizium anisopliae:

If possible, use weevil/aphid-tolerant crop varieties;






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Destroy weeds that are hosting aphid/weevils along field edges;


Knock aphids off plants with a strong stream of water;


Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment Metarrhizium anisopliae is sold in 300 gram bags of wettable powder. With every package of 300 grams should be mixed 20 liters of water. The mixture can be applied to the ground as a drench of as a foliar spray and should not exceed a concentration of 300 grams/hectare. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards Metarhizium anisopliae is naturally occurring in nature and therefore has no known acute environmental effects. There are no acute human health risks, but it can possible be eye and respiratory irritant 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. In order to ensure maximum effectiveness, Metarhizium anisopliae should be applied when the temperature is between 18-28°C/65-82°F and the relative humidity is approximately 80% for several days after application. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Metarhizium anisopliae is naturally occurring fungus and poses no major threats to non-target ecosystems. The proposed biopesticides was chosen based on its compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Metarhizium anisopliae should not be mixed with chemical products, and can be used under most environmental conditions. It will not be applied near surface waters and runoff. Drift will also be minimized. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non chemical control methods include crop rotation, post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10.


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11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. F. Paecelomyces sp manufactured locally at AACRI (sold as Pfr-97 WDG in the USA: 20.0% Paecelomyces fumosoroseus Apopka strain 97 Water dispersible granule insecticide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 70051-19 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Paecelomyces fumosoroseus is a naturally occurring soil fungus that infects several insect pests, including whitefly, aphid, thrips and spider mites. It is compatible with other Integrated Pest Management practices and other insecticides. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Paecelomyces

If possible, use aphid/thrips/whiteflies-tolerant crop varieties;



Knock aphid/thrips/whiteflies off with a strong stream of water; Garlic and chili spray: 10-12 large cloves of garlic, 4-6 hot chili peppers, 2 cups water, 1 tablespoon liquid soap, and 10 drops vetiver oil (optional). Allow mixture to stand overnight; strain and store concentrate in plastic or glass bottle (not metal). To apply, dilute 2 tablespoons concentrate to every liter of water. Concentrate can be stored up to 2 months in a dry, dark place. Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn.

4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment The product should be applied with backpack sprayers, ensuring complete coverage of the plant. The recommended application rate is 14-20 oz per 5 to 10 gallons of water. It is important to agitate continuously to completely dissolve the product into a suspension and to continue agitating the mix while applying. It is recommended to apply the product during the late evening or early morning when insects are more sedentary, temperatures are moderate and humidity is high. Cloudy days are optimal times to apply the product. The product should be applied before or immediately once the first appearance of the insect is observed on the crop. Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, waterproof gloves, mist filtering respirators, and shoes plus socks. It is important not to apply the product through spray nozzle filters that are less than 50 mesh, not to use irrigation equipment and to leave at least 48 hours after the application to apply another product.


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5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards It is harmful for humans or animals if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. It causes moderate eye irritation. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Applicators should wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet. No toxicological effects have been recorded on fish or mammals. The product is toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. It is important not to contaminate irrigation systems, drinking water or aquatic habitats and to limit runoff from fields treated with this product from entering lakes, streams, ponds or other water bodies. It might be toxic for pollinating insects and should not be applied while honeybees are visiting the treatment area. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. The biological control is more effective when it is applied before or at the first sign of insect presence since it takes several days for it to become effective. It is important to initiate applications before the pest populations reach a crisis level. For best results, do not use any type of fungicides for five days after the application and apply at least once per week, for two to three consecutive weeks. The product works best in a temperature range of 70 - 90˚F (22-30˚C). Do not apply at temperatures above 30˚C. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Paecelomyces fumosoroseus is distributed world-wide in a large range of climates from tropical, subtropical to temperate, all differing significantly in their temperature, and humidity conditions. Although climatic conditions are critical to the selection of the most adapted strains under particular target environments; temperature tolerance is the trait which has been the most considered. The proposed chemical and biopesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Paecelomyces sp can be used under most environmental conditions; however, it will not be applied near surface waters and runoff and drift will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) Another recommended fungicide to combat pests such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, and aphids is Beauveria bassiana. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11






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12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. G. Dipel ® 2X bioinsecticide (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki,strain ABTS-351) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide. U.S.EPA Product Registration # 73049-8 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution 2. Basis for selection of the pesticide. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a highly selective biopesticide for use on various caterpillar pests which damage crops by consuming leaves. It stops feeding almost immediately and kills caterpillars in several days. It poses almost no risks to humans or wildlife (see below). 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Bt: Cultural controls

Coordinate planting calendars and crops with other farmers in the area to disrupt insect life cycles when possible;



Dig deep trenches with the steep side facing the crop to discourage armyworm migration into the field;

Hand-pick caterpillar larvae and kill by placing in a bucket of soapy water. If the above measures are not effective in controlling caterpillar pests, Bt will be recommended. Because of its highly selective nature (i.e., it must be ingested to work), Bt is well-suited to IPM programs. Preservation of natural enemies is one of the most effective IPM measures against caterpillar pests, and since Bt must be ingested to work, it has little or no effects on beneficial insects. See Annex 1 for more information on IPM plans specific to each crop. 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. Bt is sold as a wettable powder or slurry and is then sprayed onto foliage of crops using a knapsack sprayer. Knapsack sprayers are used widely by smallholder farmers all over the world and are not likely to have high risks if used properly. Demo plot farmers will be trained on proper mixing, application, storage, and disposal of pesticides. The farmers should use PPE: this includes long sleeves, long pants, shoes or boots plus socks, and waterproof gloves. See numbers 5 and 11 below for additional information.


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5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards. Bt poses very few health risks to humans or wildlife. It may be harmful if swallowed or inhaled and causes moderate eye irritation. High levels of exposure may cause allergic sensitization. Properly worn PPE should minimize these risks – users should also take care not to inhale dust. Bt is non-toxic to birds, fish, bees, or beneficial insects. Bt should not be applied directly to water. Drift will be minimized by applying only when winds are low. Bt breaks down quickly in the environment. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Caterpillars which have ingested Bt stop feeding almost immediately and continue to not feed. They generally die from starvation several days later. Farmers should be made aware that presence of live caterpillars after treatment does not mean that Bt did not work – when feeding stops, damage stops, even if caterpillars are still present. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Bt is a naturally-occurring soil bacterium and does not harm non-target organisms. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Bt can be used under most environmental conditions. It is not highly persistent in direct sunlight, thus additional applications may be needed, but do not pose higher environmental risks than a single application. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods. The most effective cultural control method is to preserve natural enemies or create trenches to deter caterpillar migration into fields. Bt is highly compatible with these methods. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. H. Metalaxyl (Sold in Ecuador as Preveil, Metarranch, Rutel. Sold as Ridomil Gold EC in the USA: 28.4 % Mefenoxam emulsifiable concentrate fungicide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide. U.S.EPA Product Registration # 42750-208 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class II Warning


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2. Basis for selection of the pesticide. Ridomil Gold is a systemic fungicide effective against fungal diseases of a number of vegetable crops. It provides multi-site activity and is versatile enough to be used for fungal diseases affecting different plant parts and at different times during the growing season. This product will be used when preventive measures and biological controls are not enough to control fungal diseases. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program. Most fungal plant pathogens are already present in soils and cause disease when environmental conditions are optimal for growth; thus, few effective IPM options to combat fungal disease currently exist. Nevertheless, the following cultural practices will be followed to minimize the need for fungicides: Cultural Controls:

Use of resistant varieties and non-damaged, non-infested seed;

Adhere to planting schedules according to crop forecasts (delaying if conditions are optimum for fungal disease development);

Good drainage and air circulation of greenhouses, fields, and storage facilities;

Maintenance of plant vigor through appropriate and consistent irrigation and fertilization;

Removal and disposal of any crop residues or infected plants throughout the growing season and post-harvest.

Ridomil is compatible with IPM programs because it can be used as a preventative treatment or a control measure if fungal disease develops during the growing season on a variety of crops. In the event that biological control of fungal pests is not effective, Ridomil can be used as a preventative or as a treatment at the onset of fungal crop disease. 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. Ridomil Gold EC is diluted with water to create a suspension and applied to soil or plants with a knapsack sprayer. Demo plot farmers will be trained on proper mixing, application, storage, and disposal of pesticides. The farmers should use PPE and for Ridomil, this includes long sleeves, long pants, shoes or boots plus socks, and gloves. See numbers 5 and 11 below for additional information. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards. Ridomil is harmful if swallowed, absorbed through skin, or inhaled and may cause moderate eye irritation. PPE for Ridomil which is properly worn and maintained should prevent any problems. Users should wash with soap and water after use and before eating, drinking or chewing gum. PPE should be washed after each use with soap and water, separate from other clothing, and should not be used for any purpose other than spraying. Ridomil is slightly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and fish, and should not be applied near surface waters. Ridomil will not be applied in windy conditions. Runoff will be minimized by trenching or planting of vegetation barriers around fields. Ridomil’s active ingredient, mefenoxam, is slightly persistent in soils (half-life 60 days in aerobic soil conditions). Mefenoxam is not water soluble but has potential mobility in very sandy or otherwise permeable soils. Ridomil will not be applied to sandy, gravelly or otherwise highly porous soils and/or where water tables are high (see V. Safer Use Action Plan)


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6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Ridomil Gold is a formulation that has been optimized to achieve the same results with half the dose. Often one preventative treatment at planting is enough to control fungal disease in most crops. Extremely wet conditions may require additional applications to achieve control. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Ridomil is only slightly toxic to aquatic organisms and risks can be mitigated by minimizing drift and runoff. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Ridomil will not be applied near surface waters and runoff and drift will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily. Ridomil has little to no negative effects on other wildlife. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods. Nonchemical control methods include growing season and post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture.

10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. I. Copper Oxychloride (sold as COC WP in the USA: 86.2% Copper oxychloride (Cu

2Cl(OH)

3) wettable

powder fungicide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 45002-17 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class II Warning 2. Basis for selection of the pesticide. Copper Oxychloride is a fixed copper fungicide effective against fungal diseases of a number of vegetable crops such as fire blight, leaf curl, shot hole, downy and powdery mildew and black spot. It is an easy fungicide to prepare; it doesn’t stain surfaces, and the best choice to use in spring after trees begin to show new growth. It is also compatible with many pesticides and is cost-efficient. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Copper Oxychloride

Use disease-free seeds. Heat treating seeds is also effective


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Ensure that field is well irrigated and rich in nutrients

Provide adequate distance between plants and prune branches to provide good air circulation.

Clean all farming equipment 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. The product is mixed with water to create a suspension and applied to crops as a dilute or concentrate solution with backpack sprayers. Only protected handlers may be in the area of treatment during the application. On crops that are sensitive to copper fungicides, it is important to use the more dilute suspension; on mature trees and/or when the disease pressure is stronger, the concentrated suspension should be used. Applicators and other handlers must wear long sleeves, long pants, chemical resistant shoes plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical resistant headgear, gloves and an apron when cleaning equipment, mixing or loading. It is important to wash PPE separately from other laundry and with hot water and detergent. If it has been heavily contaminated with the product, PPE has to be discarded. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards. Copper oxychloride is harmful if swallowed, absorbed through skin, or inhaled and may cause substantial but temporary eye irritation. It may cause skin sensitization reactions in certain individuals. Users should wash with soap and water after use and before eating, drinking or chewing gum. PPE should be washed after each use with soap and water, separate from other clothing, and should not be used for any purpose other than spraying. This product is toxic to aquatic invertebrates and fish, and should not be applied near surface waters. Runoff will be minimized by trenching or planting of vegetation barriers around fields. It should not be applied to directly to bodies of water or any type of highly porous soils. It can contaminate surface and groundwater. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. It is an effective protectant fungicide widely used in many crop production systems from vegetables to tree crops. It is also used in ornamental production systems. Common diseases effectively controlled with copper oxychloride include anthracnose, rust, leaf spot as well as early and late blight. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. The proposed chemical and biopesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Intensive use of copper-based fungicides in agriculture can cause surface and groundwater contamination, so it will not be applied near surface waters, and runoff and drift will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms and populations utilizing wells for drinking water. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily.


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9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods. Nonchemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. For fungal diseases of cacao: increase aeration and light on lots and prune and burn branches which show disease symptoms. It is also compatible with pesticides like Metalaxyl and Skyper. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. J. Bordeaux Mixture, (sold as Acme Bordeaux Mixture in the USA: 13.3% basic cooper sulfate, wettable powder fungicide 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration 35484-2 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class I Danger 2. Basis of selection of the pesticide. Bordeaux mixture is a complex fungicide made from a mixture of copper sulfate and hydrated lime. It is effective against fungi such as anthracnose, blight, downy mildew and red ring disease. The fungicide can be applied to a variety of crops such as blackberries, coffee, coconut, quinoa, squash and tomatoes. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program.

Coordinate planting calendars and crops with other farmers in the area to disrupt insect life cycles when possible;



Dig deep trenches with the steep side facing the crop to discourage armyworm migration into the field;

Adhere to planting schedules according to crop forecasts (delaying if conditions are optimum for fungal disease development);

Good drainage and air circulation of greenhouses, fields, and storage facilities;

Maintenance of plant vigor through appropriate and consistent irrigation and fertilization; 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment When mixing Bordeaux mixture, a 10-10-100 ratio is followed of copper sulfate, lime ad water. The copper and lime should be diluted in separate smaller containers of water before mixing them together with the majority of the spray water. The copper should always be added to the spray water before the


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lime. The mixture can be sprayed with a backpack sprayer and should be applied immediately after mixture. Personal Protection Equipment should be worn while handling and mixing the fungicide 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards It is corrosive to both eyes and skin and may cause permanent damage. Also it is harmful if inhaled or swallowed, so proper use of PPE is very important. Users should wash with soap and water after use and before eating, drinking or chewing gum. PPE should be washed after each use with soap and water, separate from other clothing, and should not be used for any purpose other than spraying. Bordeaux mixture toxic to aquatic invertebrates and fish, and should not be applied near surface waters. Bordeaux mixture will not be applied in windy conditions. Runoff will be minimized by trenching or planting of vegetation barriers around fields. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Bordeaux mixture significantly reduces the ability of fungus to germinate. Therefore, the mixture is most effective when applied before fungal populations reach high levels. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. Bordeaux mixture is extremely toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates and should therefore be applied in very controlled conditions. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Bordeaux mixture will not be applied near surface waters and runoff. Drift will be minimized to protect aquatic life. Special consideration must be taken in rainy areas like Sucumbíos and Esmeraldas were runoff can happen easily. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non chemical control methods include crop rotation, post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. K. Iprodione (sold as Rovral 50wp ag in the USA: 50.00 % Iprodione wettable powder fungicide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 264-453


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Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class III Caution 2. Basis for selection of the pesticide. Iprodione is a contact and/or locally systemic fungicide registered for use on a variety of field, fruit, and vegetable crops. Trade names for some of the commercial products containing iprodione include Star 50 WP, Rovral 50 PM, and Prominent 50 WP. It is registered to control a variety of pests such as: Alternaria, black stem, phoma, blight, damping off, molds, spots, wilt, and others. It has a 10-14-day residual activity that is important for long protection when wet conditions make it difficult to apply fungicides. Iprodione inhibits the germination of spores and the growth of the fungal mat (mycelium). 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Iprodione:

Resistant or tolerant plant varieties to reduce disease incidence;

Any practice which promotes the rapid drying of foliage and soils will help minimize disease incidence. Start by choosing a planting site with good air and soil drainage;

When planting, orient rows in the direction of prevailing winds for better circulation of air through the foliage;

Cleaning, pruning and recollection of affected seed buds and fruits;

Weed control. 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. Applications include backpack sprayer, and irrigation system. To create the suspension, the spray tank should be partially filled with clean water and the required amount of the product should be added. To ensure the thorough mixing of the suspension it is important to agitate the mixture while filling the tank with the remaining water and during application as well. The spray mixture should not stand overnight or for prolonged periods, as some chemical breakdown may occur. After application, field irrigation over the treated area should be avoided for 24 hours to prevent washing the chemical off the crop. Reduced effectiveness, crop injury, or high pesticide residues in the crop may be caused by non-uniform application of the product. Only protected handlers may be in the area of treatment during the application. Applicators and other handlers must wear long sleeves, long pants, chemical resistant shoes plus socks, protective eyewear, gloves and an apron when cleaning equipment, mixing or loading. It is important to wash PPE separately from other laundry and with hot water and detergent. If it has been heavily contaminated with the product, PPE has to be discarded. Treated areas should not be reentered until the spray is dry, which takes a minimum of twelve hours. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards. In studies using laboratory animals, iprodione generally has been shown to be of low acute toxicity. It is slightly toxic by the eye, dermal and oral routes and has been placed in Toxicity Category III for these effects. It carries the signal word caution on the label. In acute inhalation and as a dermal sensitizer, iprodione is practically non-toxic (Category IV). Iprodione was not mutagenic in several studies. Iprodione has been classified as a likely human carcinogen, but risks are minimized with proper application and use of PPE. Iprodione is only slightly toxic to avian species, moderately toxic to freshwater fish, moderately to highly toxic to estuarine and marine fish and invertebrates, and relatively non-toxic to bees. Therefore, it should not pose an environmental risk when used as directed. Iprodione has low to intermediate persistence in the environment. Despite the fact that iprodione is mobile to highly mobile in some soils, it is unlikely that it will leach to ground water because of its rapid


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degradation in the environment. In addition, because iprodione is typically applied as a foliar treatment, degradation/metabolism on the plant surface and/or absorption by plants will further mitigate the potential for ground water contamination. There is potential for runoff into surface water in places where poorly draining or wet soils with readily visible slopes are present, flooded areas, or areas with canals or ditches. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Iprodione is an effective fungicide since it attacks the pathogen at several phases of development (spore germination, mycelia growth and spore production), which provides reliable disease control and reduces the risk of resistance development in future growing seasons. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. The proposed chemical and biopesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. Iprodione is slightly soluble and moderately to well sorbed by most soils. These properties, combined with its short field half-life, indicate a low potential to contaminate groundwater. The compound is rapidly broken down in the plant after is taken up by the roots and translocated. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Iprodione is not toxic to bees and predatory insects by contact or ingestion; therefore it can be used during flowering times. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods. Non chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) No problem of incompatibility exists with fungicides and insecticides commonly used on crops for which they are recommended. However, it is advisable to make a premix before use. Avoid mixing of iprodione with products with very alkaline or very acidic, as the active material (Iprodione) is hydrolyzed. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. L. Abamectin (sold as Abamectin 0.15ec in the USA: 1.90 % Avermectin emulsifiable concentrate insecticide) 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration # 73220-10


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Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, Class II Warning 2. Basis for selection of the pesticide. Abamecticin is a biopesticide that comes from the soil bacterium Streptomycesavermitilis. It controls insects, mites, leaf miners and suppresses thrips, aphids and white flies. It can be used for fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops, and it is used by homeowners for control of fire ants. It can enter plant tissue to provide residual control. 3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Abamectin:

If possible, use aphid/thrips/whiteflies-tolerant varieties;


Coordinate planting calendar with other farmers in the area to disrupt insect life cycles if possible;

Clean all farming equipment.

4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment. The product should not be applied through irrigation systems or by air. It should be applied as a foliar spray. Only protected handlers may be in the area of treatment during the application. It is important to apply the product when the pest initially appears and then repeat as needed to control once a week for 2-3 weeks. Reapplications should not be done sooner than 7 days after previous application. It is important not to apply during periods of excessively warm or cold temperatures. Abamectin should not be applied in quantities less than 8 fl. oz per acre or more than 16 fl. oz per acre per application. For optimum control, the product should be applied when the leaves are young to allow better absorption into the leaf and to extend the residual control period. Applicators and other handlers must wear long sleeves, long pants, chemical resistant shoes plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical resistant headgear, gloves and an apron when cleaning equipment mixing or loading. It is important to wash PPE separately from other laundry and with hot water and detergent. If it has been heavily contaminated with the product, PPE has to be discarded. Treated areas should not be reentered until the spray is dry which takes a minimum of twelve hours. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards. Pure abamectin may be fatal if swallowed, but most formulated products present low risks. It can be harmful if absorbed through skin or inhaled and may cause substantial but temporary eye irritation. Users should wash with soap and water after use and before eating, drinking or chewing gum and should avoid breathing spray mist. PPE should be washed after each use with soap and water, separate from other clothing, and should not be used for any purpose other than spraying. This product is toxic to wildlife, aquatic invertebrates and fish, and should not be applied near surface waters. It should not be applied to directly to bodies of water or any type of highly porous soils. It can contaminate surface and groundwater. It is highly toxic to bees that are exposed directly to the treatment. It is a risk for endangered species of amphibians, crustaceans, fish and insects. 6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. Abamectin attacks the nerve system of insects and mites, causing paralysis within hours that cannot be reversed. Abamectin is more effective once eaten, although there are also results with contact activity alone. Maximum mortality occurs in 3-4 days. For the product to be effective, it has to come in direct contact with the pests.


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7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems. The proposed chemical and biopesticides were chosen based on their compatibility with the selected crops. Adherence to the IPM Plan and Safer Use Action Plan will result in no to minimal negative impacts to humans, adjacent crops, or natural ecosystems. No harmful effects to the environment are expected if the pesticide is used as labeled. Because abamectin is nearly insoluble in water and has a strong tendency to bind to soil particles, it is immobile in soil and unlikely to leach or contaminate groundwater. 8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Abamectin is rapidly degraded in soil. At the soil surface, it is subject to rapid photo degradation. While highly toxic to aquatic organisms, actual concentrations of abamectin in surface waters adjacent to treated areas are expected to be low. Products containing abamectin are of low toxicity to mammals and birds. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods. Non chemical control methods include post-harvest field sanitation, and management of irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) Another recommended fungicide to combat pests such as termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids is Beauveria bassiana. 10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12. M. Thiabendazole 1. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticide U.S. EPA Product Registration: # 060101 Product Registration Status: Active General Use Pesticide, III Slightly Toxic 2. Basis for selection of the pesticide. Thiabendazole is a fungicide sold as a colorless to white powder and as a soluble liquid. It is effective against several types of fungus that affect bananas and plantains including fusarium rot. The product is very versatile and can be applied before, during and after harvest to the crop and related equipment.






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3. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of the IPM program. The following cultural controls will be recommended before applications of Thiabendazole

Use only clean suckers

Prepare fields with good drainage


Manage host weeds around field edges

Ensure plant health by using nursery grown seedlings, resistant varieties, and by managing irrigation and fertilization

Remove and destroy all infected plant material 4. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment This product should be used in the form of an aqueous suspension and can be applied by foliar spray or drip irrigation. Thiabendazole can also be used as a root dip and treatment for storage bins. Applicators and other handlers must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, waterproof gloves, and shoes plus socks. 5. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards Human Risks:

- Harmful if swallowed - Skin and eye irritant - Possible kidney and liver toxicant

Environmental Risks:

- Moderately toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates. - Very persistent in soil but with low level of leachability

6. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use. This product is mostly effective when it is used preventively. It is an effective alternative for pathogenic fungi that have developed resistance to chemical fungicides. It is also safe for the plants, compatible with most chemical insecticides and fungicides and can be used in integrated pest management programs. 7. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems.

- Thiabendazole should not be allowed to come into contact with aquatic environments. - The product should not be applied in areas that honeybees are expected to populate.

8. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, flora, fauna, geography, hydrology, and soils. Thiabendazole can be used under most environmental conditions. It will be applied early in the morning or in the evening, to reduce the possibility of drift. It will not be applied near surface waters and runoff will be minimized to protect aquatic organisms. 9. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods Non chemical control methods include crop rotation, post-harvest field sanitation, and management of Irrigation and soil moisture. (Annex 1: IPM Plans by Crop) Other recommended fungicides to combat Fusarium sp. in banana and plantain include: Trichoderma sp., and Gliocladium sp.


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10. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide. See page 14, section 10. 11. Provision for training of users and applicators. See page 15, section 11 12. Methodology for monitoring use and efficacy of pesticides. See page 15, section 12.

V. Safer Use Action Plan ACDI/VOCA and the PRODEL program will implement the following practices to minimize risks to producers, families, local residents and ecosystems, while maximizing crop productivity: 1. The IPM Plans in Annex 1 will be utilized during producer trainings, with cultural controls recommended as the first intervention to control pests. Farmers will be trained to a) monitor and recognize damaging pest levels and b) to properly apply bio-pesticides at the correct time, in order to reduce their need. Field extension officers will provide technical assistance in pest monitoring, as well as proper pesticide use. 2. Early control of pests when less toxic alternatives are more effective. 3. Preservation of natural enemies through more selective or reduced-risk alternatives. 4. Coordination of planting calendars among all farmers in a region to offset pest life cycles and reduce probability of severe infestations. 5. Use of sticky traps to monitor and control flying insect pests. 6. Promotion of reduced-risk or botanical insecticides. 7. Promotion of reduced-risk formulations available locally. Training on pest management and proper pesticide use, storage and disposal will be implemented on demo plots as part of the FFS, including the topics mentioned previously. The importance of PPE use and maintenance will be emphasized during the FFS and will be constantly monitored by field extension officers. Some non-demo plot farmers may not have access to PPE because it is too expensive. This problem will be addressed in working with farmer associations, which could assume responsibility for providing and maintaining PPE for members based on a small fee system or other mechanism. Used pesticide containers must NOT be reused – farmers will be taught to rinse 3 times and add rinsate to tank mix, puncture, and bury. The table below summarizes key pesticide impacts, mitigation measures and monitoring indicators to be reported on by field officers:

General impacts and mitigation and monitoring measures for pesticides use

Issue Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Monitoring and Indicators

Spray drift

Contamination of nearby water bodies or potable water sources

Exposure of nearby residents

Spray in the early morning or late afternoon when winds are low

Apply largest droplets (> 150-200 microns) which provide sufficient coverage and control

Use high flow rate nozzles to apply the highest practical spray volume

Use the lower spray pressures recommended for the nozzle

Train sprayers on proper spray techniques using fluorescent dye

For chemicals with high aquatic toxicity: do not spray on farms with nearby streams or other natural water bodies

Field officer observations report no incorrect spray applications: No spraying near water bodies No spraying in afternoon No drift observed during spraying

Runoff

Contamination of nearby streams and groundwater (especially where water table is shallow)

Contamination of potable water sources (wells, streams)

Do not apply known or potential groundwater contaminants where water table is shallow, or adjust soil pH accordingly to enhance adhesion/reduce leaching.

Do not apply chemicals with high aquatic toxicity on farms adjacent to streams, rivers, ponds, etc.

Establish trenches or vegetative barriers to minimize runoff

Recommend granular formulations when available and effective

Field officer observations report no incorrect spray applications: No spraying near water bodies or

potable water sources No spraying in afternoon No drift observed during spraying Trenches and/or vegetative barriers established on all demo plots

Wet and dry season

applications

Repetitive sprays during the rainy season (increased chemical exposure to spraymen)

Heat exposure effects on spraymen in association with pesticides (skin, eye, or respiratory tract irritation)

Spray in the early morning when rains are not likely. Never spray when foliage is wet. Avoid applying spray products in temperatures that

exceed 36 degrees C.

Field officer observations report no incorrect spray applications: No spraying in afternoon or in hot

weather No spraying when leaves are wet PPE used properly to prevent

exposure

Non-target organisms

Negative impacts on beneficial insects such as honeybees

Negative impacts on

Recommend more selective, less toxic alternatives when available and effective

Do not spray when and where honeybees are actively foraging. Spray in early morning.

Field officer observations report no incorrect spray applications: No spraying during bloom

periods/when bees are actively


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birds Negative impacts on

aquatic organisms

Do not spray chemicals that are toxic to birds in foraging areas or on crops that attract birds

Minimize spray drift and runoff using measures described above

foraging No spraying near water bodies or

potable water sources No drift observed during spraying No dead fauna observed in the area Trenches and/or vegetative barriers established on all demo plots

Acute human health risks

Exposure effects on spraymen and farm staff (skin, eye, or respiratory tract irritation)

Systemic effects Exposure effects on

nearby residents

Recommend less toxic alternatives when available and effective

Train farm staff in pesticide safety practices (use of personal protective equipment, proper handling, mixing, storage and disposal according to labels)

Ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment is available at all times

Obey restricted entry intervals and post clearly-marked signs in Spanish and with drawings around fields that have been recently sprayed

Ensure that clean water, soap and towels are available in case of spills/accidents and for general clean-up.

Train farm staff in exposure symptoms and first aid Discourage re-use of pesticide containers; training on

triple-rinse, puncture and burying of containers

Field officers observe: Lowest application rates being

applied Less toxic alternatives being used Established pesticide storage

facility with clear signs No evidence of pesticide containers

littered in fields, or reuse as water containers etc.

Proper use of PPE No women or children applying or

handling pesticides or PPE, or entering fields during REI

Chronic human health risks

Carcinogenic and organ toxic effects

Developmental toxicity

Recommend less toxic alternatives when available and effective

Rotate spraymen when using chemicals with known chronic toxicity

Do not permit women or children to apply pesticides. Train local resident women and children to stay away

from pesticide storage areas, fields that have been sprayed, etc.

Prevent potable water source contamination by minimizing spray drift and runoff

Field officers observe: Lowest application rates being

applied Less toxic alternatives being used Established pesticide storage

facility with clear signs on demo plots

No evidence of pesticide containers littered in fields, or reuse as water containers etc.




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Disposal of chemicals and

containers; PPE washing

Spills leading to contamination of water sources or exposure

Inappropriate use or reuse of pesticide containers

Train farm staff in appropriate chemical and container disposal practices

Discourage re-use of pesticide containers; training on triple-rinse, puncture and burying of containers

Establish washing stations if necessary

Field officers observe: No washing of containers, PPE or

tanks, no disposal of rinsate in water bodies

No evidence of pesticide containers littered in fields, or reuse as water containers etc.



Washing stations in use


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VII. Fisheries

a. Background PRODEL is currently supporting fishing activities in the province of Esmeraldas. Under the anchor firms approach, PRODEL has identified two anchor firms: Universal Seafood and Deprodemar. These two firms are being strengthened and will include 500 beneficiary communities in a period of two years, to improve the quality of life of those who depend upon the artisanal fisheries sector. It was determined that the artisanal fisheries production cooperatives best incorporated at the provincial level are Cooperative San Pablo de Esmeraldas, 21 de Enero de Tonchigue and Calamar Association, which will establish trading links with DEPRODEMAR. The Union of Artisanal Fishing Cooperatives in northern Esmeraldas (UCOOPANE) which brings together seven cooperatives of San Lorenzo will establish trade links with UNIVERSAL SEAFOOD. During field assessments, the team visited Cooperativa 21 de Enero, UCOOPANE and Universal Seafood facility; below is a description of the activities observed. 1. Cooperativa 21 de Enero is a fishermen’s association that owns a processing/storage facility in Tonchigue. The associates practice artisanal fishing and bring their catch to the facility where they weigh the catch and store it in the cold room, before being collected by anchor firm packing plant DEPRODEMAR. The facility produces its own ice with potable water. Like many artisanal fishermen, they use nets and hooks, and sell the unwanted catch for local restaurants and families. DEPRODEMAR is in charge of the training of fisherman, in themes like cold chain requirements and catch quality, which will improve the quality of the current process of the value chain, since the anchor firms depend on a reliable supply of high quality product. 2. Universal Sea Food anchor firm, located in the Esmeraldas port works with UCCOPANE, an artisanal fisherman association located in the north of the province in San Lorenzo. The Universal Seafood installations have facilities for product packaging, and meet stringent quality standards. The main fish captured for Universal Seafood are shrimp, tuna and dolphin fish. They use nets and hooks to fish within 8 miles of the coast, which is considered artisanal fishing. The unwanted catch is for household consumption and sale at the local level and across the border.

b. Identification of impacts After analyzing the situation of the reality of the fisherman and anchor firms, there are some activities in the process that are suitable for environmental considerations. In the two year project, within the proposed investment, the construction and rehabilitation of storage facilities is included, which can cause environmental impacts if not managed correctly. It is important to choose sites that are safe and not prone to flooding which may cause damage to infrastructure, building deterioration and human safety concerns. PRODEL will support the acquisition of equipment like fishing gear, refrigeration units and electric generators and it is recommended that the project takes into account the environmental impacts of this equipment acquisition. For example, improper fishing gear can contribute to generate unnecessary unwanted catch. Refrigeration units are known for the quantity of energy they consume, and refrigeration leaks produce impacts on ozone depletion and climate change. Another impact found was the disposal of fish innards at shore. The current situation is that the vultures eat the fish waste, but if production increases it may become a water quality hazard and/or increase vulture nuisances.


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c. Best Practice Recommendations

According to the impacts seen, the following best practice recommendations should be taken into account.

When referring to construction and rehabilitation of facilities, PRODEL should ensure that no new construction will be located on hillsides, riverbanks, or unstable soils. It is recommended to use material appropriate to the climate as well as local materials when available. Also user responsibilities should be clearly assigned to ensure that no tasks in the maintenance process are overlooked.

When selecting refrigeration units, preference should be given to those that are energy efficient; i.e., high-efficiency refrigeration compressors that use more efficient electric motors and have lower compressor losses, and which minimize emission of greenhouse gases.

When acquiring fishing gear it is important to provide mesh sizes that allow small and juvenile fish to escape, and avoid unwanted catch, and use square mesh instead of diamond mesh to avoid constriction during towing. When referring to fish lines, it is recommended to install weights to sink the fishing lines quickly.

Fish innards should be properly disposed of (buried), or may be gathered and used for compost using rice hulls or other organic material to minimize odors.

Activity/Impact/Mitigation Table

Activity Description of Impact Mitigation measures

Construction/Rehabilitation of processing/storage facility

1. Region and site are potentially prone to flooding, which may cause damage to infrastructure, human safety concerns and/or disruption of activities

a. Ensure that no new construction will be located on hillsides, riverbanks, or otherwise unstable soils. If unfeasible, ensure soil protection through dead and live soil protection structures

b. Incorporate typical temperature variations and events such as seasonal rains or natural disasters into the design and site selection of the facility to ensure accessibility. Also, take advantage of natural beneficial features that allow for easier drainage and shade cover.

c. Use material appropriate to the climate as well as local materials when available

d. Incorporate protective design features (drainage structures and plant vegetation on slopes)

2. Health and safety hazards to construction workers

a. Provide potable water, adequate protective gear, appropriate sanitary and solid waste disposal facilities for use by construction workers

3. Building deterioration can lead to the failure of the project to serve its utility, potential human health hazards and/or negative socio-economic effects

a. Finalize maintenance agreements with facility users before beginning construction to monitor upkeep of buildings and perform necessary maintenance and repairs

b. Protect and trim any new planted vegetation

c. User responsibilities should be clearly assigned to ensure that no tasks in the maintenance process are overlooked


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Equipment: Implementation of commercial refrigeration units and electric generators

1. Refrigeration equipment consumes a substantial amount of electricity

a. When selecting refrigeration units preference should be given to those that are energy efficient and that fit some of the following criteria: b. Use of high-efficiency refrigeration compressors that use more-efficient electric motors and have lower compressor losses c. Use high-efficiency motors that release less heat into the refrigerated room than conventional induction motors d. High-efficiency lighting can reduce energy use and reduce the cooling load on the compressor

2. Refrigerant leak produces impacts on ozone depletion and climate change

a. Utilize refrigeration units with low emissions/energy efficiency certifications

Equipment: acquisition of fishing gear

1. The choice of improper fish gear (nets, fishing hooks, longline fishing) may contribute to unwanted catch

a. Use mesh sizes that allow small and juvenile fish to escape

b. Use square mesh instead of diamond mesh (this one constricts during towing)

c. “Bycatch reduction device" (BRD) are net modifications that help fish escape from nets

d. Install weights to sink fishing lines quickly

e. Provide streamer lines to scare birds away from baited hooks while deploying the lines

Fish innards disposal

1. The amount of innards waste can lead to environmental impact on shores

a. Gather fish wastes in suitable facilities, to then be turned into compost

b. Gather fish innard to be transported back into the sea. Innards should not be dumped in surface waters but where the currents are stronger and there is higher level of ocean movement. The wastes are broken up and become food for other fish.


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VII. Treatment options to control African Snail as pest The Giant African Snail Achatina fulica (“Caracol Africano”) is a tropical and subtropical terrestrial mollusk. Although it typically resides in warm, dry areas, it can adapt to almost any type of habitat, from densely vegetated rural areas to urban areas where there is little vegetation. Reaching almost 8 inches (20 cm) in length and 5 inches (13 cm) in maximum diameter, A. fulica is one of the world’s largest land snails. The Giant African Snail is believed to originally be from East Africa, and has established itself as a serious agricultural pest in various countries throughout the world. Furthermore, this species poses potential human health risks resulting from handling or digestion. The snail has been introduced, purposefully and accidentally, to many parts of the world outside of its endemic location for medicinal and research purposes and for food. In many instances, the snail has escaped controlled cultivation and established reproductive populations in the wild.

The snail can attack or feed on over 500 plant types including ornamentals and commonly consumed fruits and vegetables, including cucurbits, legumes, citrus and papaya resulting in reduced yield and a decrease in the quality of the produce. Snails can also be damaging to native plants. When fully grown, the snail’s shell consists of seven to nine whorls, with a long and greatly swollen body whorl. The brownish shell with dark brown lengthwise stripes covers at least half the length of the snail. Each snail has both female and male reproductive organs. After a single mating, each snail can produce 100 to 500 eggs. They can generate clutches of eggs every 2 to 3 months meaning they have a rapid reproductive rate, allowing them to colonize new areas very quickly.

3 They are usually active at night, emerging at dusk to feed in the open,

returning to shelter at dawn. On wet days they remain active during daylight. They are commonly found under leaf litter, old roofing iron and timber, compost heaps, ornamental shrubs and between rocks and tree roots. At night they are often found on barriers such as fences and house walls. They also have the ability to enter a dormancy period, enabling them to survive for long periods without food. In Ecuador, since 2005 records indicate the snail as an agricultural pest and exotic, invasive species in the coastal provinces of the country. Especially high rates of Giant African Snail encounters were reported in Esmeraldas. Throughout the field visits made to various farms associated with PRODEL, it was observed that the damage that the Giant African Snail (“Caracol Africano”) does to various crops in the regions has become an important issue. Some farmers were using the product “matababosa” to fight the pest, without having much success. Others were collecting them by hand and storing them in buckets. The main affected crops were cacao and passion fruit. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MAGAP) and the University of Esmeraldas have been carrying out research on effective control of the African snail as a pest. This research results propose six different substrates to attract and capture the Giant African Snail (“Caracol Africano”). PRODEL has been an active supporter of the research and have disseminated results of investigations to farmers facing snail pests.

3 (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/pa_phgas.pdf)


44

In this and other studies, the most commonly recommended treatment options are trap systems. During the MAGAP field experiments, the team designed a trap that includes plastic buckets of 20 liters cut length-wise and buried so they are level with the ground. Inside this buckets the attractant substrate is placed in its own plastic recycled bucket. The separation between each trap was 13 plants (about 60 m). The traps are easy to prepare and accessible by farmers as these containers are recycled and used generally for carrying and storing water.

The study presents six different attractants substrates including papaya, plantain, molasses, yogurt and beer among others ingredients. The most successful substrate during the study was 1kg of papaya and plantain attracting more than double the amount of individuals than any other trap.

4 Traps are collected by farmers before

dawn when snails return to their shelter. After the capture, the snails were disposed through physical damage to the shell and creature or by drowning them in a bucket with water and detergent. Dead snails are then buried. Two elements seem essential to achieving a high number of captures: a food source or an attractive fruit or vegetable that decomposes and / or ferments over time,

and the design of a trap so as to retain the mollusk. Through a sustained program of trapping, the capture of Giant African Snail (“Caracol Africano”) can effectively reduce the resident populations and immigrants, potentially reducing economic losses to the agricultural sector of the province and the country. When handling the Giant African Snail latex gloves must be used, as this animal is a vector of the nematode parasite Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which produces eosinophilic meningitis "very common in Southeast Asia and Oceania, which mostly affects children." There is also an American variety called Angiostrongylus costarricensis, which causes intestinal problems and death. Lastly, it is important to mention that the trap design and type of attractant used is open to adaptation in order to allow for greater capture and better control in each case specific situation. Experimentation to asses and validate effective control methods that don’t include chemical products is recommended in order to establish which attractants and trap designs are best suited to a particular locale.

4 Evaluación de 6 atrayentes y 1 sistema de trampa para el control del caracol gigante africano Achatina fúlica, MAGAP, Univ.

Esmeraldas


45

Annex 1: IPM plan for each crop

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR HERBS

A. Principal pests 1. Red Root (Fusarium sp.) 2. Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum sp.) 3. Nematodes B. IPM plan for Red root (Fusarium sp.): 1. Identification: Fusarium red root rot is characterized by brick red lesions of variable size, with diffuse margins that develop on belowground stems and tap roots. The red color gradually turns brown with age. Longitudinal fissures develop in the cortical tissue of affected areas. In severe infections, the entire root system may be attacked and destroyed. If the surface of the lesion is scraped away, small red flecks can be seen in affected tissue; this is a good diagnostic characteristic. In some plants, roots are initiated above the lesion. 2. Pre-planting:

Avoid introducing the pathogen to clean fields.

3. Planting and growth:

Provide optimal growing conditions, avoiding stress caused by excess water, prolonged drought, soil compaction, etc.

4. Post-harvest:

Once present, this fungus survives indefinitely in the soil. The pathogen may be introduced to uninfected locations by the movement of infected plant residues and infested soil adhering to farm equipment.

Keep the fungus out of fields and gardens by preventing the spread of infested soil carried on equipment, tools, feet, and running water. Do not put crop debris in compost or manure piles.

5. Crop rotation:

o Use non-susceptible crops.

6. Monitoring and treatment decision:

Promote the aeration of the crop with timely pruning, removal of affected seed buds, and weed control periodically.

7. Control Options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow the label directions):

Cultural: use resistant varieties. Do not use drainage water from infested areas.

Biological: Trichoderma sp.


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C. IPM plan for Leaf Spot (Colletotrichum sp.) 1. Identification: Growth distortions may be followed by shoot dieback, stem splitting, and the failure of young leaves to expand. Small, brown lesions may be seen on petioles and pedicels. It causes small, round, brown leaf spots, stunting, deformity, and necrosis of immature petioles and pedicels at the center of the plant. Vascular discoloration is evident in the infected petioles and corm. On other hosts, Colletotrichum occurs mainly as small, round spots on leaves and petals which coalesce to form large areas of necrotic tissue. Leaves and petals may become completely blighted. Leaf spot disease can be spread on infected seed or rhizomes, as a saprophyte in injured tissue, or originate from infected native plants. Spores are easily spread by splashing water, wind-driven rain, insects, and on worker's hands. 2. Pre-planting:

Select fields with lowest or no recent incidence of Colletotrichum.


Provide optimal growing conditions, avoid over-irrigation during growth, prolonged drought, soil compaction, etc.

4. Post-harvest:

Keep the fungus out of fields and gardens by preventing the spread of infested soil carried on equipment, tools, feet, and running water. Do not put crop debris in compost or manure piles.

5. Crop rotation:

o Use non-susceptible crops


The decision to apply product should be based in the following factors:

High Humidity Zones

High incidence of Colletotrichum in the area

Prolonged periods of rain forecasted


Cultural: it is necessary to remove and burn affected parts

Biological: Bacillus megaterium, B. Mycoides.

Chemical: preventative spraying with Bordeaux mixture in order to control the disease.

D. IPM Plan for Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp. Tylencorrynchus sp. R. similis)

1. Identification: One of the most common nematodes found is Meloidogyne arenaria, the root-knot nematode.


47

Nematodes are small, worm-like members of the animal kingdom from 0.5-1.0 mm in length. They are found in

almost every habitat, in fresh or salt water, and in soil. There are several hundred known species that attack

plants. Plant-parasitic nematodes have stylets, spear-like mouthparts that pierce cells and allow nematodes to

feed on their contents.

2. Pre-planting:

Elimination of nematodes from infested fields prior to planting is near to impossible but numbers can be reduced by having a fallow period greater than a year.

Field should be tilled approximately one month before planting to destroy plant residue and weeds and allow them enough time to decompose before planting.


In some cases the incorporation of chitin-containing materials (such as crushed crab and prawn shells) into the soil has been known to reduce nematode levels.

Covering the soil with banana leaves and other plant material helps moderate soil temperatures, prevent erosion, and gradually add organic matter to soil.

When roots have been destroyed by feeding nematodes, plants are more likely to fall over.

Post-harvest:

Remove all weeds and excess plant matter.

Crop rotation:

Crop rotation can be very effective in reducing plant-parasitic nematodes.

Monitoring and treatment decision:

When sampling nematode populations it is best to take root and soil samples.

Samples should not be taken when the soil is very dry or very wet.

Control Options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow the label directions):

Rutinal - Apply 0.25 to 0.5 liters of Rutinal in 36 m2. Mix with 100lt of water before planting and repeat the same dose in week four.


o Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn. Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)

Cultural: anticipate soil preparation Nematode of the Rickets (Tylencorrynchus sp.)

Cultural: disinfect the soil before planting. Use plants with repellent effect: Tagetes and calendula.

Physical: solarization. Dig up and remove affected plants.


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Borer Nematode (R. similis)

Cultural: Use repellent plants E. IPM plan for Leaf Cutter Ants (Atta sp.) 1. Identification:

Leaf-cutter ants are relatively large ants. They are a rusty red or brown color and have a spiny body and

long legs. There are three main castes within a nest: the queen, worker and soldier. Only the queens

have wings and these ants are also known as 'reproductives' or 'swarmers'. Although most of the ants in

the nest are female, only the queens produce eggs. Queens are very large - usually well over 50mm long.

Photograph: Gail Shumway/Getty Images

2. Pre-planting:


o This will increase soil quality and plant vigor.


Increase the number of seeds planted and then thin out the crop later if necessary. o While this may cost more it will be cheaper than applying pesticide.

The reduction of aphids and whiteflies will discourage ants, who are attracted by the excretion of honeydew.

It is especially important to get rid of aphids as they are used by ants to gain access to nutrients in the plant.

4. Post-harvest:

Remove all plant remains and weeds.

Flooding of the field will destroy ant colonies.

Tilling can destroy ant larvae by exposing it to predators and direct sunlight.



49

You must identify the nests of these ants through continuous monitoring.

To apply the monitoring methods should be based on the following: o Damage done to the crop and crop losses. o Coordinate with other farmers in the area to conduct a synchronized control.


Cultural: Alter the pH of the anthill by periodically applying lime to the entrance sites. Capture the queens during the nuptial flight stage. Repellent plants: Menta spicata, Eucalyptus globulus.

Biological: protection of the pests natural enemies: ant bear, armadillos, and partridges. Metarhizium anisopliae.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PASTURE CROPS

A. Principal pests 1. Armyworms (Agrotis sp. Spodoptera sp. Feltia sp. and Foliage Feeding Pests) 2. Anthills (Acromyrmex sp. Atta sp.) 3. Leafhopper varieties 4. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) B. IPM plan for Armyworms (Agrotis spp., Spodoptera spp., Copitarsia spp. and Foliage Feeding Pests ) 1. Identification: Armyworms and Caterpillars are 1.5 to 2.0 inches in length and black with yellowish stripes on the body. The damage is caused by fourth stage larvae that drop to the ground and feed on roots, bulbs, tubers and neck of the plant, in the latter case depends on the development of the plant and the larvae so the damage will have economic importance.

Agrotis spp. Armyworms

(http://www.bayercropscience.cl/soluciones/fichaproblema.asp?id=76) 2. Pre Planting:

Destroy weeds along field borders which may host armyworms before planting.

Use resistant varieties if possible

Dig deep trenches with the steep side towards crop to discourage armyworms migration into fields.


50


Begin monitoring for Armyworms (see 5. Monitoring and treatment decision)

Hand pick larvae and kill by dropping into a container with soap and water or a salt solution.

4. Post-harvest:

Bury any remaining plant matter to destroy any eggs and larvae that may remain.

If a tractor is available, discing fields immediately following harvest kills larvae and pupae. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision: Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for eggs and young larvae in surrounding weeds - if large populations are found, seedlings should be monitored carefully for the presence of young larvae. Once seedlings emerge, check twice per week for egg masses and young larvae. If many eggs are present, wait for hatching before treating since most treatments are more effective against larvae than eggs. Note: All treatments for these pests are less effective as the larvae grow; therefore, it is important to monitor and control at the smaller larval stages. 6. Control options (To be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions):

Biological: Use of poisoned bait impregnated with Bacillus thuringiensis

Cultural : o Over pasturing, irrigation and preparation of the irrigation. o Good soil preparation to destroy weeds, larva and eggs, as well as conserve the soil

humidity. o Hand-pick and kill larvae in soap and water or saltwater. o Garlic and chili spray: 10-12 large cloves of garlic, 4-6 hot chili peppers, 2 cups water, 1

tablespoons liquid soap, and 10 drops vetiver oil (optional). Allow mixture to stand overnight; strain and store concentrate in plastic or glass bottle (not metal). To apply, dilute 2 tablespoons concentrate to every liter of water. Concentrate can be stored up to 2 months in dry, dark place. o Spray during early morning or evening to avoid leaf burn.

C. IPM plan for Ant hills (Acromyrmex sp. Atta sp.) 1. Identification:

Acromyrmex is a genus of agricultural ants. These distinctive spiny insects cut fresh vegetation and feed

on a specialized fungus that grows only in ant nests. The fungus serves as the ants' food source and in

return is cultivated and dispersed by the ants.

Atta sp. Leaf-cutter ants are relatively large ants. They are a rusty red or brown color and have a spiny

body and long legs. There are three main castes within a nest: the queen, worker and soldier. Only the

queens have wings and these ants are also known as 'reproductives' or 'swarmers'. Although most of the

ants in the nest are female, only the queens produce eggs. Queens are very large - usually well over

50mm long.


51

Acromyrmex sp. Atta sp. Photograph © Alex Wild 2007 Photograph: Gail Shumway/Getty Images

2. Pre-planting:




Increase the number of seeds planted and then thin out the crop later if necessary. o While this may cost more it will be cheaper than applying pesticide.

4. Post-harvest:

Remove all plant remains and weeds.

Flooding of the field will destroy ant colonies.

Tilling can destroy ant larvae by exposing it to predators and direct sunlight.


You must identify the nests of these ants through continuous monitoring.

Monitoring methods should be based on the following: o Damage done to the crop and crops looses o Coordinate with other farmers in the area to conduct a synchronized control.


Cultural: Alter the pH of the anthill by periodically applying lime to the entrance sites. Capture the queens during the nuptial flight stage. Repellent plants: Menta spicata, Eucalyptus globulus.

Biological: protection of the pests natural enemies: ant bear, armadillos, and partridges. Metarhizium anisopliae.


52

D. IPM plan for Leafhoppers varieties

1. Identification: Adult leafhoppers are light green in color and a wedge-shaped body measuring about 3mm in

length. Larvae are about 1mm long and white in color.

Adult Leafhopper

http://ipcm.wisc.edu/Portals/0/Blog/Files/19/307/potato%20leafhopper%20adult.jpg

2. Pre-planting:




Remove garbage and debris from the field.

Floating row covers can be effective if population is not too large.

4. Post-harvest:

Destroy all weeds and plant remains.


Leafhoppers can be found primarily on the underside of leaves.

Plants affected by the leafhopper often become curled in one direction and covered with a yellowish rash.


Natural: Fungi like Entomophthora and predators like spiders and chinches from the Nebidae and Reduviidae families.

Cultural: fertilization without excessive nitrogen and irrigation


53

E. IPM plan for Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.) 1. Identification: Anthracnose is a prevalent fungal disease that mainly causes problems in foggy or rainy conditions. Unhealthy or dead leaves are the most obvious symptom of the disease.

Typical symptoms of anthracnose

2. Pre-planting:

Select fields with lowest or no recent incidence of Anthracnose. 3. Planting and growth:

Avoid over-irrigation during growth. 4. Post-harvest: Not apply 5. Monitoring and treatment decision: The decision to apply product should be based in the following factors:

High Humidity Zones

High incidence of Anthracnose in the area

Prolonged periods of rain forecasted 6. Control options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions):

Choose resistant plant varieties when possible

Biological: Trichoderma sp. Gliocladium sp.

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BANANA AND PLANTAIN

A. Principal Pests: 1. Nematodes (Radopholus sp.) 2. Root Borer 3. Black and yellow sigatoka 4. Anthracnose


54

5. Damping-off/ Root Rot 6. Fusarium sp. (Panama disease/ Crown rot) 7. Banana streak virus 8. Blood disease (Psedomas sp.) 9. Black and yellow weevils 10.Bagworm 11. Red spider mite (Tetranichus urticae)

B. IPM plan for Nematodes 1. Identification: Nematodes are very small, worm-like pests ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 mm in length. They can survive in many different types of habitat and feed on a wide variety of crops. Nematodes have spear-like mouthparts that allow them to feed on cells of a plant. High nematode populations can cause significant root damage resulting in stunted growth and low yield. Top-heavy plants may also fall over due to the lack of supporting roots.

1) Roots of plant toppled by burrowing nematode. 2) Reddish discoloration caused by Nematodes. - 1) http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/adap/ASCC_LandGrant/Dr_Brooks/BrochureNo9.pdf - 2) http://www.spc.int/PPS/PDF%20PALs/PAL%2005%20Banana%20Burrowing%20Nematode.pdf

2. Pre-planting:

Elimination of nematodes from infested fields prior to planting is near to impossible but numbers can be reduced by having a fallow period greater than a year.

Select suckers which will weigh at least 3/4 kg after trimming. Trim the corm tissue until all black or discolored spots have been removed, leaving only clean white tissues. Remove at least one ring of leaves. Wash corms in running water, then put in hot water (125°F) for 20 minutes. Allow them to dry before planting.


In some cases the incorporation of chitin-containing materials (such as crushed crab and prawn shells) into the soil has been known to reduce nematode levels.

Covering the soil with banana leaves and other plant material helps moderate soil temperatures, prevent erosion, and gradually add organic matter to soil.

When roots have been destroyed by feeding nematodes, plants are more likely to fall over. Fruiting plants should be propped to prevent toppling due to the weight of the bunch or strong winds.


55

4. Post-harvest:



When sampling nematode populations it is best to take root and soil samples.



Cultural: use healthy seed, adequate fertilization with organic material.

Biological: entomopathogen fungi; Paecelomyces sp.


o Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn.

C. IPM plan for Black Weevil (Cosmopolites sp.)

1. Identification:

The adult weevil is dark brown and grey in color with a body length of about 11mm. Its legs have hook-like appendages allowing it to grab onto plant material. The adult weevil feeds and breeds at night.

Adult Banana Root Borer Larvae http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in706 http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/borers /banana_root_borer06.jpg

http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/fruit/borers


56

2. Pre-planting:

Field sanitation and hot water treatments of corms have been used to manage root borers. Peeling the rhizomes free of lesions and immersing in a hot water bath at 54

oC for 10 minutes is practical and

effective in controlling this pest.

Plant-clumps or mats should be cleaned of plant debris.


At planting, rhizomes or corms should be completely covered with soil to prevent eggs from being laid on their exposed surface.

Transportation of planting material from infested fields to uninfested ones should be avoided to prevent rapid dispersal of this pest to uninfested areas.

4. Post-harvest:

Harvested plants should be removed from the field weekly to eliminate hiding places for adults. Stumps should be removed and the corms cut into 4 to 8 pieces and allowed to dry. This practice prevents larval development in the harvested plants.


Plants should be monitored occasionally especially at low altitudes.

Root borer populations are slow to increase and are unlikely to cause significant damage in early stages as long as plants are kept healthy.

Adults are attracted to freshly cut corms, and population estimates can easily be made using traps consisting of these plant parts.


Cultural: Transportation of planting material from infested fields to uninfested ones should be avoided to prevent rapid dispersal of this pest to uninfested areas. Removal of crop residues post-harvest. Cleaning, good quality seed, adequate fertilization, weed control.

Mechanical: Traps made with waste products from harvest, permanent monitoring.

Biological: Beuveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Steinerena carpocapsae.

D. IPM plan for Black and Yelow Sigatoka Disease (Mycosphaerella musicola and Mycosphaerella fijiensis) 1. Identification: The first symptom of yellow sigatoka are characterized by a small yellowish green spot that appears on the third or fourth leaf from the top. Such spots or flecks will continue to grow and change in color to brown or dark red surrounded by a band of yellow. Black sigatoka is more aggressive than yellow sigatoka and is characterized by similar spots that appear on the underside of leaves. The spots also develop into dark spots but are largely limited to the leaf veins.


57

http://www.pri.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/D3D901AE-572A-4A46-B165-B20400B30EF4/64352/DSC00739602.jpg

2. Pre-planting:

Use clean and disease-free suckers.


Plant density is important in reducing the spread of sigatoka. No more than 700 banana plants should be planted per acre.

Diseased leaf tissue (source of spores) should be removed regularly throughout the year.

Pruning to increase airflow around leaves

Maintain sufficient water supply to promote new leaf emergence

Effective weed control is necessary to eliminate the microclimate that promotes the development of the disease.

4. Post-harvest:

Destroy excess plant material and weeds.

Clean all receptacles and equipment used during harvest.


When 50% of the leaf is affected it should be trimmed to remove all infection.

When over 75% of the leaf is infected it should be entirely removed


Cultural: monthly sanitary defoliation, burning of affected plants and timely drainage, good fertilization, use of ash with water, weed control and establish agro forestry as a physical barrier to the pathogen.

Genetic: Use genetic materials available

Biological: Trichoderma sp. E. IPM plan for Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp.):

1. Identification: Anthracnose is a prevalent fungal disease in Banana. It mainly causes problems in foggy or rainy conditions. Unhealthy or dead leaves are the most obvious symptom of the disease. Brown to black lesions develop on the infected fruit but do not enlarge until fruit ripens. After harvest, lesions become darker and larger, and in time spread over the entire fruit surface and throughout the pulp.


58

Bananas infected with Anthracnose

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~banana/1_anthracnose_banana_fruits_2.JPG

2. Pre-planting:

Select fields with lowest or no recent incidence of Anthracnose. 3. Planting and growth:

Prune out dead limbs and twigs with visible infections.

Avoid over-irrigation during growth.

Prune low branches 60 cm off the ground to reduce humidity.

Prune and harvest preferably during dry conditions

Inter-crop with fruit-bearing shrubs and annual vegetables to help conserve biodiversity and reduce pest population.

4. Post-harvest:

Keep fruit dry and cool until sold.

Cool fruit to approximately 41°F as soon as possible after harvest.

Market fruit rapidly.

5. Monitoring and treatment decision: The decision to apply product should be based in the following factors:

High Humidity Zones


Prolonged periods of rain forecasted


Cultural: fitosanitary practices like eliminating diseased plants, planting of healthy seedlings, control of weeds, drainage, disinfect tools.

Biological: Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp. F. IPM plan for Root Rot/ Damping-Off 1. Identification: Damping-off refers to fungal disease that attacks germinating seeds, sprouts and roots. Infected seeds may fail to germinate due to rot. Darkened watery lesions may be visible towards the base of sprouts. These lesions can grow very rapidly, resulting in the death of the plant. Roots and stems of plants that have already fully emerged can also be attacked resulting in death or fall over.


59

Banana sucker affected by root rot

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/banana/1_ bacterial_soft_rot_banana_basal_pseudostem_

necrosis_1.jpg

2. Pre-planting:

Plant banana only on well-drained soils or try to improve drainage. This can be done by improving soil structure and/or installing drain tiles. Sub soiling to a depth below the plowed layer will reduce soil compaction, and improve drainage.


Suspected plants should be carefully dug and washed, because pulling plants may leave tissues with characteristic symptoms in the soil.

Avoid planting crops in fields known to be heavily infested with root-rot fungi.

Delay planting until the soil is warm (above 65 F) and seed shallow to insure rapid emergence. Avoid planting seeds too close together-follow instructions on the seed container. Do not over-fertilize, especially with nitrogen.

4.Post-harvest:

Deep plowing of the previous years' crop residues will reduce root rot.


The base and stalk of each crop should be routinely checked, especially in areas with poor water drainage.


Cultural: Suspected plants should be carefully dug and washed, because pulling plants may leave tissues with characteristic symptoms in the soil.

Improve soil irrigation.

Use healthy seed

Use Agriculture Lime

http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/banana/1_


60

G. IPM plan for Putrefaction of the crown (Fusarium sp.) 1. Identification: Symptoms consist of yellowing of the lower leaves, often on one side of the plant, due to restricted water flow in the plants vessels. These leaves later turn brown and drop off. A brown discoloration of the water-conducting tissues (xylem) is characteristic of this disease. With time the entire plant may yellow, wilt, and collapse due to extensive internal rotting.

A banana plant thoroughly affected by Fusarium

http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0018 /114408/fusariumwiltyellowleaves.jpg

2. Pre-planting:


Plant only clean suckers.


In areas where the fungus is known to occur, plant crops in spring or winter.

Grow transplants in soil that has been disinfested by steam or a soil fumigant.

Affected plants should be destroyed before spores spread and affected soil should be quarantined.

4. Post-harvest:

Once present, this fungus survives indefinitely in the soil. The pathogen may be introduced to un-infested locations by the movement of infected plant residues and infested soil adhering to farm equipment

Keep the fungus out of yellows-free fields and gardens by preventing the spread of infested soil carried on equipment, tools, feet, and running water. Do not put crop debris in compost or manure piles.


Promote the aeration of the crop with timely pruning, recollection of affected seed buds and fruits, and weed control periodically.


Cultural: Adequate fertilization, avoid potassium deficiencies.

Biological: Trichoderma sp., Gliocladium sp.,

Chemical: Thiabendazol

http://www.daff.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0018


61

H. IPM plan for Banana streak disease 1. Identification: Syptoms of banana streak disease typically begin as chlorotic streaks on the banana or plantain leaf. These streaks later begin to rot, resulting in the tearing of the leaf. Infection may cause a delay and stunt in growth as well as improper formation of the spiral leaf structure. Severe cases are characterized by extensive internal rot and eventual fall-over. 2. Pre-planting:


Plant only clean suckers.


In areas where the fungus is known to occur, plant crops in spring or winter.


Affected plants should be destroyed before spores spread

Affected soil should be quarantined and tools should be cleaned regularly. 4. Post-harvest:

The pathogen may be introduced to un-infested locations by the movement of infected plant residues and infested soil adhering to farm equipment

Do not put crop debris in compost or manure piles. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision:



Cultural: use healthy plants, control of weeds

Clean all farm equipment regularly to reduce the risk of spreading the fungus.

Biological: I. IPM plan for Banana blood disease 1. Identification: Banana blood disease is a bacteria that is transported by insects from plant to plant. It enters exposed vessels created after flowers fall from the plant and proceeds to infect the plant rhizome where it spreads to other vessels resulting in leaf sheaths and leaf yellowing.


62

Leaf yellowing caused by banana blood disease

2. Pre-planting:


Some bud-less cultivars are available.


Banana plants can be de-budded before the virus is able to enter.


Affected plants should be destroyed before spores spread and affected soil should be quarantined.

Treated sacks can be used to cover the fruit and flower.

4. Post-harvest:

The pathogen may be introduced to un-infested locations by the movement of infected plant residues and infested soil adhering to farm equipment

Keep the fungus out of bacteria-free fields and gardens by preventing the spread of infested soil carried on equipment, tools, feet, and running water. Do not put crop debris in compost or manure piles.


o Plants should be monitored often in the beginning of the season 6. Control Options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow the label directions):

Cultural: eliminate floral parts after the bunch has formed

Chemical - Physical: treated sacks to cover the plant

Cooper based product

J. IPM for Black and Yellow Weevils (Metamasius sp. And Cosmopolites sp.) 1. Identification: Weevils pose a significant threat to bananas and plantains. They are typically 10-15 mm in length and are commonly found between leaf sheaths or in the soil at the base of the plant. Weevils that affect bananas and


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plantains in Ecuador are typically either yellow or striped with black and white (Metamasius sp.) or solid black (Cosmopolites sp.). Weevils are most active at night and spread through the dissemination of plant material.

Weevil larvae feeding on exposed banana rhizome. http://bananas.bioversityinternational.org/files/files/pdf/publications/pest4.pdf 2. Pre-planting:

Population of weevils from infested fields prior to planting can be reduced by having a fallow period greater than a year.

Weevils are particularly attracted to cut rhizomes, making it very important to closely monitor recently planted suckers.

Suckers should be given a hot water treatment to reduce larvae (52-55 degrees Celsius for 15-25 minutes).


Traps can be made using pieces of freshly cut rhizome.

When roots have been destroyed by feeding pests, plants are more likely to fall over. Fruiting plants should be propped to prevent toppling due to the weight of the bunch or strong winds.

Tissue can be placed over exposed plant rhizomes.

4. Post-harvest:


Destroy infected stalks and leaves.




Cultural: cleaning, good quality seed, fertilization, weed control.

Mechanical: Traps made with waste products from harvest, permanent monitoring.

Biological controls: Beauvaria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae.

Chemical: Bait traps.


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K. IPM plan for Bagworm (Oiketicus sp.)

1. Identification:

The bagworm is a caterpillar known for creating spindle shaped silk pouches that hang from crops. They are typically 1 to 2 ½ inches long and camouflage with plant debris. Bagworms spend the entire larval stage inside of the bag until their transformation into adults. Female bagworms cannot fly and thus are not very mobile but allow for concentrated populations.

2. Pre-planting:

Field sanitation and hot water treatments of corms should be practiced.

Plant-clumps or mats should be cleaned of plant debris.


Bags can be removed by hand. Be sure to remove the silk attachment band so that future bags are more difficult to establish.

Transportation of planting material from infested fields to uninfested ones should be avoided to prevent rapid dispersal of this pest to uninfested areas.

4. Post-harvest:

Harvested plants should be removed from the field weekly to eliminate hiding places for adults. Stumps should be removed and the corms cut into 4 to 8 pieces and allowed to dry. This practice prevents larval development in the harvested plants.


Plants should be monitored often in the beginning of the season. Bags are usually well camouflaged and difficult so notice.


Removal of crop residues post-harvest

Biological Controls: Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauvaria bassiana, Metharhizium lecanni, Lecanicillium sp.

L. IPM plan Red spider mites (Tetranichus sp.) 1. Identification: Spider mites are tiny pests with eight legs, measuring ½ mm in length. There are many different species of mites. The red spider might is red in color while the banana might is light brown. Another common type of mite found on bananas and plantains is the two-spotted mite which is light green with two black spots.


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Red spider mites Two-spotted mite

2. Pre-planting:

Wash corms in running water, then put in hot water (125°F) for 20 minutes. Allow them to dry before planting.

Reduce dust in the planting area.


Reduce weeds in the surrounding area, especially broad leafed weeds.

Proper irrigation will increase plant vigor and resistance to mites.

Proper de-suckering, and plant trimming with ensure proper plant density and effectiveness of controls.

4. Post-harvest:





Reduce dust in the surrounding area.

Ensure proper irrigation and plant density management.

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BLACKBERRY A. Principal pests in Sucumbíos, Loja and Imbabura Provinces: 1. Aphids 2. Powdery Mildew 3. Botrytis Bunch Rot 4. Damping off 5. Fruit Fly 6. Thrips B. IPM plan for aphids:


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1. Identification: Note: There are many different species of aphids that affect fruit crops. For identification purposes, a description of the aphid species specific to each crop can be found in the specific pest section. IPM and control methods for all species however are the same and can be found below:

Black sooty mold left behind by aphids Aphids

2. Pre-planting:

If possible, use aphid-tolerant varieties

Destroy weeds that are hosting aphids along field edges.

Coordinate planting calendar with other farmers planting blackberry in the area.

If feasible, grow seedlings under protective covers or in a closed greenhouse before transplanting to the field; this allows the plant to grow to a size that is more resistant to aphids.

3. Planting and growth (see also 6. Monitoring and treatment decision):

Monitor plants frequently (2-3 times per week) for presence of aphids. Check undersides of leaves as well as other plant parts. When populations are found:

o Knock aphids off with a strong stream of water (most won’t climb back on to the plant). o When populations are localized, prune and dispose of infested leaves.

Avoid over-fertilizing with nitrogen as this favors aphid reproduction. 4. Post-harvest:

Destroy crop remnants immediately after harvest. 5. Nearby crops:

Avoid planting chili peppers, eggplant, potato and other host crops near project crops which suffer from high aphid infestation.

6. Monitoring and treatment decision: Monitor plants from bloom to early fruit set by picking the highest open flower on 20-30 plants selected at random throughout the field. Inspect leaves for live aphids, as well as mummies. Treatment is necessary if roughly half of the leaves are infested. During late fruit set, pick the leaf below the highest open flower on 20-30 randomly selected plants. Monitoring is critical during the period 6-8 weeks before harvest – if 50% of leaves are infested during this time, treatment is necessary to avoid yield losses. Check fields at least twice a week. Sample upwind field borders and edges next to other crucifers first. Sample the field in a zig-zag pattern, making sure to check all quadrants since aphids tend to clump. Check undersides of leaves in addition to other plant parts.


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7. Control options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions):

Knock aphids off with a strong stream of water.

If populations are localized, prune and dispose of infested areas.

Wood ash (dust plants with ash when leaves are not too dry nor too wet)


o Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn. C. IPM plan for Powdery Mildew 1. Identification:

Leaves on infected blackberry plants develop irregular, bright yellow blotches; severely affected leaves

die but seldom drop. Spots of dead tissue, sometimes surrounded by a yellow halo, eventually appear in

the blotches. There are no lesions on stems or fruit. Severe infections kill leaves and results in sunburn

fruit and weakened plants.

Powdery mildew

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/L/D-TO-LTAU-FO.001.html

The powdery mildew fungus can reproduce under relatively dry conditions. Increased humidity can increase the

severity of the disease, and infection is worse during periods of heavy dew.

2. Pre-planting:

Fields that contain rich soil will help to reduce the prevalence of the fungus.

Rows should run the direction of the prevailing wind to increase air circulation and promote leaf drying.


Plant in sunny areas as much as possible, and avoid applying excess fertilizer.

Overhead sprinkling may help reduce powdery mildew because spores are washed off the plant.

Avoid over-crowding and keep plantings free of weeds as long as is practical.


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4. Post-harvest:

Disc fields after harvest.


Fungicides are not needed for control unless the disease becomes extensive or appears very early in the season. If you see early symptoms, check weekly to monitor the progression of the disease.


Cultural: prune all the stems that display symptoms and then destroy them (buried)

Chemical: Ridomil Gold – follow REI = 48 hours, PHI = 14 days

Biological: Trichoderma sp. D: IPM plan for Botrytis Bunch Rot 1. Identification: Opened flowers may become infected, and the fungus will sporulate on the blighted flowers. On infected druplets, a watery rot may precede the development of grayish brown conidia and hyphae. The conidia and hyphae eventually cover the fruit. Infected berries left on the vines become mummified. If the weather is moist after harvest, the receptacles can be colonized by the fungus and sclerotia can develop. In postharvest storage, white mycelia can cover infected berries. 2. Pre-planting:

Promote air circulation and quicken drying of plant tissue, prune and trellis the plants to open the canopy.

A narrow row can be maintained by pruning, minimizing nitrogen fertilizer application, and controlling weeds


Training systems help to maintain an open canopy. The use of macro tunnels greatly limits the amount of gray mold infestation because of the dry conditions they create for the plants.

4. Post-harvest:

Pick fruit when it is in the red ripe stage of development (before reaching full maturity). Avoid fruit injury when picking. Pack fruit directly into containers, and use shallow containers to avoid crushing. Pick fruit often, and pick early in the day when temperatures are cool; cool fruit to 32°F as soon as possible after harvest. Store fruit at 32°F to maintain firmness and to prevent condensation inside the closed basket or clamshell.

5. Monitoring and Treatment:

Botrytis fruit rot occurs under cool, wet conditions. The pathogen requires free water for sclerotial germination, spore germination, and infection. Physical damage to the fruit increases disease incidence, especially during the rainy season. The pathogen overwinters as sclerotia on infected canes and as mycelium in infected leaves and canes on the ground. The main sources of primary inoculum are conidia from overwintering sclerotia and dead leaves, and conidia from mummified berries. Conidia are dispersed by wind, rain, and overhead irrigation. Flowers are not susceptible to infection until they are open. Infections generally remain dormant until fruit is nearly ripe or


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after harvest. Infections can recur throughout the season by sporulation of the fungus on unpicked, leaky, overripe fruit left on the vine.

6. Control options

Cultural: eliminate and destroy affected fruits. Harvest ripe fruits on time, avoiding collecting fruit from the ground and not harvesting wet fruit. Establish wind breaks, eliminate the excess of unproductive material. Adequate pruning so that the plantation has good aeration.

E. IPM plan for Damping off 1. Identification:

Damping-off before emergence results from fungal attack of germinating seeds and/or young seedlings while they

are still in the ground. Infected seeds may fail to germinate, become soft and mushy, and finally disintegrate.

Slightly darkened water-soaked lesions may be visible on stems of young seedlings. Infected areas enlarge quite

rapidly, and seedlings may die shortly after infection, prior to emergence from soil. Roots or stems of seedlings

that have already emerged also can be attacked at or below the soil line resulting in damping-off. Infected roots

are usually discolored or rotted and sometimes reddish-brown lesions develop on the tap root. Infected stem

tissues are soft and colorless to dark-brown. Basal portions of invaded stems may be much thinner than the areas

above the lesion, a condition called "wire stem." As a result, the seedling may fall over and die. Older plants can

also be attacked by these fungi. Later infections are usually confined to roots, which may result in stunting, wilting,

or plant death.

2. Pre-planting:

Plant blackberry only on well-drained soils or try to improve drainage. This could be done by improving soil structure and/or installing drain tiles. Subsoiling to a depth below the plowed layer will reduce soil compaction, and improve drainage.




4. Post-harvest:

Deep plowing of the previous years' crop residues will reduce Damping off.


The base and stalk of the plant should be routinely checked, especially in areas with poor irrigation.


Cultural: solarization of substrate in order to fill bags. Eliminate harvest waste materials.

Biological: hostile fungui Trichoderma sp.



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F. IPM plan for Fruit Fly

1. Identification:

Body and wing color yellowish; sides and posterior of thorax prominently ringed with black spots, dorsum yellowish except for two tiny black spots centrally and two larger black spots near scutellum; scutellum with three wide, black stripes separated by narrow yellow stripes; wing length 4 to 6 mm, costal band and discal crossband joined. Adults are similar in size, coloration.

http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in563

2. Pre-planting:

Keep field free of weeds.


Remove any fruit that has dimples or rot.

Lightweight material such as mosquito netting can ask as a physical barrier to fruit flies.

Bags can be placed over the fruit to prevent exposure to pests.

4. Post-harvest:

Fruit fly populations can be reduced by dipping the crop in hot water or keeping the fruit at or below 7.5°C for prolonged periods of time.

Destroy all infested fruit.


Use traps to determine population levels and need for treatment

If possible remove from tree and destroy any berry unsuitable for the market to kill any remaining eggs or larvae

Permanently eliminates the weeds at the base if the blackberry plant.


Cultural: Destruction of affected fruits. Harvesting of ripe fruit two times a week, set traps with pheromones. It is not recommendable to plant blackberry at altitudes lower than 1800 m.a.s.l.



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Eucalyptus extract, basil.

Biological: Paecilomyces G. IPM plan for Thrips 1. Identification: Thrips are very small and slender, measuring about 1.3mm in diameter. They are distinguished by the fact that they have two pairs of wings bordered by long hairs. They are light brown to pale yellow in color.

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/F/I-TS-FOCC-AD.010.html

2. Pre-planting:

Tilling fields and removal of all weeds prior to planting can reduce thrip populations. 3. Planting and growth:

Do not plant blackberry near grain fields since thrips typically build their populations among this type of crop.

Overhead irrigation can reduce thrip populations but may also encourage diseases such as pythium root rot.

4. Post-harvest:

Remove remaining plant matter. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision:

Keep the crop free of flowering horsetails (arvenses)

Maintenance pruning, good fertilization and good soil humidity 6. Control Options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow the label directions):

Garlic and chili spray: 10-12 large cloves of garlic, 4-6 hot chili peppers, 2 cups water, 1 tablespoon liquid soap and 10 drops vetiver oil (optional). Allow mixture to stand overnight; strain and store concentrate in plastic or glass bottle (not metal). To apply, dilute 2 tablespoons concentrate to every liter of water. Concentrate can be stored up to 2 months in a dry, dark place.

Spray in the early morning or late evening to avoid leaf burn.



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Biological: Beauveria sp., Metarhizium sp.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR CACAO

A. Principal Pests

1. Monilla (Moniliophthora roreri) 2. Witches Broom disease (Crinipellis sp.) 3. Fitoftora or rotting of part of the pod and cancer of the trunk (Phytophthora sp.)

B. IPM Plan for Monilla (Moniliophthora roreri)

1. Identification:

Monilla Pod Rot is not difficult to scout since it is easily observed by conspicuous bumpy swellings on the pod

surfaces. Within 12 days after noting the pod swellings, sporulation begins over the pod causing a tan

discoloration; pods must be removed prior to spore formation and dispersal.

http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/cocoa/images/monilia.jpg

2. Pre-planting:

The crop field should be free of weeds and well drained.


Harvesting often and regularly can help reduce monilla.

Trees should be kept short so it is easier to recognize and remove rotting pods.

4. Post-harvest:

All infected material should be destroyed.



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Sweeps of the crop field should be conducted every 7-10 days.

Pods are especially susceptible to rot during the first 90 days after fruit set and should be monitored carefully during this period.


Cultural: reduce internal humidity, control of shade and weeds, good pruning and fertilizing.

Physical: sanitary pruning of diseased pods at 8 day intervals when the rains/flowering begin and later, in drier periods every 15 days.

Genetic: Use of varieties with high pest and disease resistance.

Biological: application of biocontrollers, T. harzarium. C. IPM plan for Witches Broom disease (Crinipellis sp.) 1. Identification: The fungus affects every organ growth active, especially the new buds, cushions floral, flowers and fruit, which produces hypertrophy and abnormal growths. Basidiospores, the only infective propagule of C. perniciosa, are produced in small mushroom-like basidiocarps that develop on brooms and diseased pods during rainy periods. Basidiospores are spread by wind and must land in water to germinate and infect susceptible tissues of cacao. Vegetative brooms develop following infection of terminal and axillary buds; cushion brooms that resemble vegetative brooms develop from infected flower cushions, as well as star blooms (diseased flowers) and chirimoya-like (diseased) pods. Seeds in developing pods infected up to about 12 weeks of age are usually destroyed so that cocoa beans cannot be produced. Infection of older pods results in no or only minimal damage to pod contents.

Witches' broom cushion gall Classic witches' broom

2. Pre Planting:



Practicing shade reduction, regular harvesting and frequent weed control may reduce infection.

Trees must be kept short, under 4 meters, in order for field crews to effectively locate and prune the infective brooms.

Reducing humidity by improving air circulation.


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4. Post-harvest:

Remove all husks and plant debris.


Make frequent pruning cycles to remove brooms and other infected material. Continue these sanitation

surveys until the areas are clean.


Cultural: pruning and regulation of shade, weed control.

Physical: remove “brooms” (17 weeks into cycle)

Genetic: use of tolerant clones

Biological: application of biocontrollers; T harzarium D. IPM plan for Black Pod (Phytophthora)

1. Identification:

The initial symptoms of black pod are the appearance of a small translucent spot on the pod surface. This spot

then turns to a brown color, then continues to darken and expands with a slightly irregular margin. This darkened

margin can spread at an average pace of 12 mm in 24 hours.

http://www.tava.com.au/res/processing_20black_pod.jpg

2. Pre Planting:



The reduction of insect vectors such as ants can reduce the spread of the disease.

Practicing shade reduction, regular harvesting and frequent weed control may reduce infection.

Trees should be kept short so it is easier to recognize and remove rotting pods.

Reducing humidity by improving air circulation can reduce the spread of black pod.

http://www.tava.com.au/res/processing_20black_pod.jpg


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4. Post-harvest:

Remove all husks and plant debris.


Sweeps of the crop field should be conducted every 7-10 days.

Pods are especially susceptible to pod during the first 90 days after fruit set and should be monitored carefully during this period.


Cultural: reduce internal humidity; control of the shade, or weeds, good fertilizing and pruning. Removal of diseased pods.

Physical: The same as Monilla. Difficult to differentiate the symptoms between the two.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR COFFEE A. Principal pests in Sucumbíos, Loja and Imbabura Provinces: 1. Coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei 2. Anthracnose 3. Iron Stain (Cercospora sp.) 4. Thread Blight (Pellicularia koleroga) 5. Loopers 6. Cock´s eye (Mycena citricolor) B. IPM plan for the coffee berry borer (CBB) 1. Identification: The CBB is a tiny beetle pest of coffee. The larva is white, with a brown head and a length of 0.7–2.2 mm and a width of 0.2–0.6 mm. Females have two larvae stages and males only one. The pupae are yellowish, with a length of 0.5–1.9 mm. CBB causes damage to coffee by boring into berries and beans and laying eggs in beans. Eggs then hatch and feed on the bean, reducing its quality substantially. CBB also causes premature drop of berries; those that do not drop still suffer reduced bean quality.

CBB adult on damaged bean. Holes in berries where CBB entered.

2. Pre-planting:

Install, repair and/or refresh ethanol/methanol traps

Ensure that post-harvest sanitation practices are carried out as soon as possible after harvest.


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3. Planting and growth

• Collect and bury any berries that have dropped. • Do not allow any berries or coffee bags from other farms onto the farm.

4. Post-harvest:

• Collect and bury any remaining berries on the ground as well as old berries left on trees. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision: Dropped berries are indicators of CBB infestation. Funnel traps are effective in controlling CBB and can be made inexpensively from soda bottles. An ethanol/ methanol 1:1 mixture attracts CBB to the trap where they fall into a liquid and drown. A trap consists of 1) a capture container, open at the top to let insects in; 2) a diffuser placed in the middle of the container containing ethanol/methanol attractant, and 3) a capture liquid, usually water and a few drops of liquid soap. 6. Control options:

• Cultural: based on good harvesting techniques that avoid the falling of fruits to the ground and which do not allow the outbreak of the Borer during the fruit development phase.

• Biological: spraying with the fungi Beauveria bassiana to infect the borer adults that penetrate the coffee fruit.

C. IPM plan for Anthracnose 1. Identification: Anthracnose is a prevalent fungal disease that mainly causes problems in foggy or rainy conditions. Unhealthy or dead leaves are the most obvious symptom of the disease. Brown to black lesions develop on the infected fruit but do not enlarge until fruit ripens. After harvest, lesions become blacker, larger and in time spread over the entire fruit surface and throughout the pulp.

Coffee berries infected by anthracnose

2. Pre-planting:

Select fields with lowest or no recent incidence of Anthracnose.


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Prune out dead limbs and twigs with visible infections.

Avoid over-irrigation during growth.

Prune low branches 60 cm off the ground to reduce humidity.

Prune and harvest preferably during dry conditions

Inter-crop with fruit-bearing shrubs and annual vegetables to help conserve biodiversity and reduce pest population.

4. Post-harvest:

Keep fruit dry and cool until sold.

Cool fruit to approximately 41°F as soon as possible after harvest.

Market fruit rapidly. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision: The decision to apply product should be based in the following factors:

High Humidity Zones


Prolonged periods of rain forecasted 6. Control options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions):

Cultural: all practices that reduce humidity on the lot, for example increase the planting distances, reduce shade.

Choose resistant plant varieties when possible

Do not compost infected leaves, fruit, or stems. D. IPM plan for Cercospora 1. Identification: Leaves infected with Cercospora have small yellow eye-like spots that gradually expand to 5mm in size. Later, the outer portion of the spot becomes brown while the center turns gray-white. The infected berry turns dried, blackened, and has circular scars on the pulp which makes de-pulping difficult.

Cercospora on leaf Cercospora on berries.


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2. Pre-planting:

Use disease-free seeds. Heat treating seeds is also effective.

Ensure that field is well irrigated and rich in nutrients.

Adequate drainage is also very important. 3. Planting and growth:

Avoid working when plants are wet.


Remove infected material. 4. Post-harvest:


Destroy infected material and fallen berries. 5. Monitoring and treatment

Monitoring for the Initial Detection of Cercospora leaf spot in a field. 6. Control options (to be recommended in the order listed, follow label directions)

Cultural: management of factors that influence the nutrition of the plants (adequate, balanced and timely fertilization of the plantation based on soil analysis)

E. IPM plan for Thread Blight (Pellicularia koleroga) 1. Identification: Symptoms consist of grayish white, thread-like fungal growth on the underside of the leaves and on berries. This coating later becomes brown, then the leaves yellow and die, becoming black. Dead leaves often remain attached to the branch by the fungal web and the fungus survives the dry season. Its favored by cool, wet weather and high humidity, so is more common at higher altitudes. It is most prevalent under humid, heavily shaded, dense coffee, where surfaces remain wet for long periods.

2. Pre-planting:



Adequate drainage is also very important.


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Remove infected material. 4. Post-harvest


Destroy infected material and fallen berries.


The removal and destruction of affected stems is important, and open planting, adequate pruning and lightening of heavy shade help to prevent the disease.

6. Control options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions)

Cultural: increase aeration and light on the lots. Prune and burn branches with symptoms of the disease

F. IPM for Loopers (Trichoplusia sp., Pseudoplusia sp.)

1. Identification:

Various caterpillar pests exist and vary in color and size between different species and life stages of the same

species. Loopers are green and arch their backs to crawl.

Looper at different larval stages Looper eggs attached to leaf. 2. Pre-planting:

Destroy weeds along field borders which may host loopers before planting.

Dig deep trenches with the steep side towards crop to discourage loopers migration into fields.


Begin monitoring for loopers (see 5. Monitoring and treatment decision).

Hand-pick loopers larvae and kill by dropping into a container with soap and water or a salt solution.


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4. Post-harvest:

If a tractor is available, dicing fields immediately following harvest kills larvae and pupae. Otherwise, bury any remaining plant matter to destroy any eggs and larvae that may remain.


Inspections for loopers pests should begin during the vegetative growth period and should continue from flower bud to bloom and during pod fill. Plants should be inspected to observe early signs of damage to foliage and presence of caterpillars on plants when young pods are forming. To sample and hand-pick loopers, inspect underside of leaves for eggs and young larvae, use sweep netting techniques, or place a sheet or pan under plants and beat to catch small caterpillars that fall off.


Biological: the population of these leaf eaters reduces with spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis, also the

larvae die off in the presence of the Nomurea rileyi fungi and parasitism by Capidosoma truncatellum

(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

G. IMP plan for Cock´s eye (Mycena citricolor) 1. Identification: The disease caused by cock´s eye (Mycena citricolor) produces a heavy defoliation in plants, which in turn reduces coffee production, mainly in coffee plantations with a high relative humidity, stimulating the disease´s development. 2. Pre-planting:



Adequate drainage is also very important. 3. Planting and growth:



Remove infected material. 4. Post-harvest:


Destroy infected material and fallen berries.

5. Monitoring and treatment decision: The disease is more prevalent during cold wet periods at high elevations. The development of the fungus is favored by excess of shade, high humidity in the soil and air.

Take preventive measures during cold rainy periods.

Controlled by thinning the shade trees and pruning the coffee trees.


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Cultural: the recommended practices are guided towards obtaining better air flow and entrance of light in the coffee plantations and involve: regulation of shade, weeding, elimination of parasite plants, adequate and timely fertilization, and renovation of plantations with new varieties or seedlings. In zones prone to the development of the pathogen one can reduce the number of plants per hectare.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR COCONUT

A. Principal pests

1. Putrefaction of rhizome, aqueous fruit stain (Phytophthora sp.) 2. Hartroot (Phytomonas sp.) 3. Red Palm Weevil of coconut (Rhynchophorus sp.) 4. Red Ring Disease (Rhadinaphelenchus sp.) B. IPM plan for Putrefaction of rhizome, aqueous fruit stain (Phylophthora palmivora) 1. Identification: The first visible symptom of this disease is the wilting of the leaf without opening a tender, turning brown and bent. Some time later young leaves closest to the pin begins to show symptoms similar until the whole is affected. Proceeds from the bud rot of the main sheet can be easily removed occurring in the bud now a strong characteristic odor and unpleasant. The initial bud rot caused by these pathogens is firm and dry in the early stages, however diseased tissue is rapidly invaded by bacteria and other microorganisms becoming soft and wet at this time is quite difficult to isolate P. palmivora. Thee most susceptible trees are those between 15 and 45 years of age. Other factors that favor the development of infection by the fungus and disease development are high humidity on and the rain, because the fungus can remain in a state of dormancy at the base of the leaf during the dry period and blistered after the rains is washed into the yolk. 2. Pre-planting:

Prepare fields with good drainage. Plant crops on a ridge or on dome shape beds to provide better drainage.


If weather conditions have been favorable for late bright development, consider delaying planting.

Avoid sprinkler irrigation and over-irrigation, and discontinue completely if disease develops. Irrigate in the morning to allow foliage to dry completely during the day.

Apply fertilizing at planting 4. Post-harvest

Destroy any infected plants by removing and burying all remnants of plant matter from field.


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5. Monitoring and treatment decision: When severe symptoms appear it is often too late to treat. Treatment decisions should be based on the following factors:

History of Phytophthora palmivora in the field

Weather conditions favorable for Phytophthora palmivora development

A protective treatment should be applied before disease development begins; once an outbreak occurs it is necessary to apply additional applications at regular intervals. Resistance development is a concern; fungicides with different modes of action should be rotate to avoid resistance buildup.


Cultural: o Improvement of cultivation practices (weed control, adequate distancing, fertilization,

drainage) o Maintain the highest fitosanitary controls in the plantation. o All plants that display symptoms of the disease must be removed or burned. o Avoid high precipitation levels, flooding or water stagnation in the plantation for prolonged

periods.

Biological: Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp. C. IPM plan for Hartroot (Phytomonas sp.) 1. Identification: Insects belonging to the genus Lincus have been considered vectors, the genus is not yet well known, and most of its species were described only after 1983 (Howard 2001). These insects can colonize hosts such as the coconut tree, African oil palm, banana tree, and several species of plants with unknown economic value. On coconut trees, adults agglomerate on leaf axils, usually on the lower face of the petiole, and on the stipules, where they feed by sucking sap. Females normally lay eggs in line (Howard 2001). De Chenon (1984) recorded 16 to 18 eggs/mass for Lincus sp. in Ecuador, and Louise et al. (1986) observed 7-9 eggs/mass in Guiana. The nymphal period varies from two months in L. latifer to five in L. fumidifrons. Adults of L. latifer live for approximately one month (Howard 2001). L. lobuliger is active at night, adults and nymphs being found on the ground after sunset (J.I.L. Moura, unpubl.). The disease spreads in coconut trees after infected insects feed on healthy plants. Initially, the last two or three leaves turn brown and mid-sized fruits fall. As the disease progresses, partial or total fruit loss occurs; young leaves show yellowish and later brownish color; and necrosis of opened or closed inflorescences, and of immature leaves, take place. In the final stage, necrosis and rotting of the stem apices and sometimes of roots occur (Moura et al. 2002). First symptoms appear four months after infestation (Resende et al. 1968), and time interval between first symptoms and plant death varies (Waters 1978).


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http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1519-566X2005000400001&script=sci_arttext

2. Pre-planting:



If weather conditions have been favorable for late bright development, consider delaying planting.

Avoid sprinkler irrigation and over-irrigation, and discontinue completely if disease develops. Irrigate in the morning to allow foliage to dry completely during the day.

4. Post-harvest

Destroy any infected plants by removing and burying all remnants of plant matter from field. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision: A protective treatment should be applied before disease development begins; once an outbreak occurs it is necessary to apply additional applications at regular intervals. Resistance development is a concern; fungicides with different modes of action should be rotate to avoid resistance buildup. 6. Control options (to be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions)

Biological: Biological control agents should keep the population low and affect disease spread as the reduction of the maximum population density, where a reduction of the disease dissemination rate is directly proportional to the reduction of the maximum population density.

o Trichoderma sp. o Gliocladium sp.


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Cultural: improving of cultivation practices D. IPM plan Red Palm Weevil of coconut plantations (Rhynchophorus sp.) 1. Identification: Adults are large weevils (40-55 mm in long), with a long snout and reddish brown in colour, and generally with two reddish bands on the thorax. Females lay eggs on wounds of various origins, on the mature stem as well as in the crown. Upon hatching the larvae (grubs) penetrate into the living tissues of the palm, feeding on the shoot and young leaves, where the insect completes its development in about 3 months. The damaged tissues turn necrotic and decay. Sometimes the grubs feed on the growing point killing the palm. Grubs are whitish-yellow, legless, and oval in shape; their head is reddish brown, and is armed with strong mandibles. Fully-grown grubs are 50 to 60 mm long. The pupal stage is passed within a cocoon of vegetal debris made by the grub at the end of its development. The Red palm weevil usually damages young palms, yet may also, in exceptional cases, cause damage to mature crops. 2. Pre-planting:



Avoid wounds during plantation management. Adults are attracted to the odour of feeding sites and to injured palms, in which they lay their eggs.

4. Post-harvest:

Remove all heavily attacked and wounded palms, along with those showing distinct growth disorders.


The primary means of control for Red palm weevil is preventative, using cultural and sanitary methods.


Cultural: use of traps (basket traps) with substance (pheromone) to attract the insects.

Biological: using the fungus Beauveria bassiana E. IPM plan for Red Ring Disease (Rhadinaphelenchus sp.) 1. Identification: In coconut palms, red ring nematodes most often attack trees between three and seven years old. These young trees usually die six to eight weeks after the appearance of symptoms. Older trees can live up to 20 weeks (Esser and Meredith 1987). External symptoms can take up to two months to appear. The major internal symptom of red ring infection is the telltale red ring for which the disease was named. A crosswise cut through the trunk of an infected palm one to seven feet above the soil line usually will reveal a circular, colored band approximately 3 to 5 cm wide, variable with the size of the tree. The surface of the cut in a healthy tree appears a solid, creamy white. The most common color of the band is


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bright red, although the shade can vary from light pink or cream to dark brown in infected African oil palms.

Photograph by: Society of Nematologists slide collection

2. Pre-planting:



Avoid wounds during plantation management. The red ring nematode parasitizes the palm weevil Rhynchophorus palmarum L., which is attracted to fresh trunk wounds and acts as a vector for R. cocophilus to uninfected trees

4. Post-harvest:

Remove and destroy of red-ring wounded palms, along with those showing distinct growth disorders.


The primary means of control for Red ring disease is preventative, using cultural and sanitary methods.


Cultural: control of beetles (traps). Cut and burn affected palms. Correct plantation management, carrying out all the cultivation tasks effectively and at the right time (fertilization, weed control, irrigation, without unnecessary damage to the plant.

Genetic: use varieties that are tolerant.

Chemical: clean and eliminate the affected material that is found in the crown and apply copper sulfate and lime paste or other fungicide. Palm branches that have been dusted with insecticides, can be used as traps to eliminate vectors.

Biological: Paecelomyces sp.

Rutinal - Apply 0.25 to 0.5 liters of Rutinal in 36 m2 drench with 100lt of water before planting and repeat the same dose in week four.


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INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR PASSION FRUIT

A. Principal pests

1. Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.) 2. Withering (Fusarium sp.) 3. Thrips 4. Fruit Fly 5. Damping Off (Rhyzoctonia sp., Sclerotium sp.) B. Leaf Spot (Alternaria sp.)

1. Identification:

The two Alternaria species, A. brassicae and A. brassicicola, cause similar symptoms; small, dark specks first develop on leaves and later enlarge into circular, tan spots (0.25-0.5 inch in diameter). The spots caused by A. brassicicola tend to be darker than those caused by A. brassicae. If conditions are favorable, dark green spores of the pathogen will grow on the spots. Such growth causes the spots to have concentric rings in them. Old leaf spots become papery in texture and may tear. When the dry tissue falls out, a shot hole effect results.

Alternaria leaf spot 2. Pre-planting:

Plant resistant or tolerant varieties to reduce disease incidence.

All crucifer seeds should be treated to reduce or eliminate these pathogens. Seeds should be placed in water at 122

oF for 20 minutes, dried and coated with a fungicide Hot water treatment

reduces seed viability, but is still one of the best means available to prevent disease spread.

Any practice which promotes the rapid drying of foliage and soils will help minimize disease incidence. Start by choosing a planting site with good air and soil drainage.


When planting, orient rows in the direction of prevailing winds for better circulation of air through the foliage. Avoid over-planting or crowding plants as this increases the drying time. In order to reduce disease spread by hand or machine, avoid working in fields while the plants are wet.

Incorporating crop residues and cover crops into the soil helps maintain organic matter levels, good soil structure and drainage.

All diseases have the potential of being transported to a farm on infected transplants. The best alternative is to grow your own transplants from clean seed in soilless mixes or in sterilized seed beds.


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4. Post-harvest:

Plowing immediately after harvest helps eliminate the sources of airborn Alternaria spores and encourages the rapid decomposition of crop residues.


Alternaria fungi require living plant reservoirs, such as seeds, crop debris or a susceptible weed species,

to winter over. To control this disease, growers should skip two or three years between crucifer plantings


Cultural: avoid flooding. In clay soils or rainy areas plant in furrowed form. Do not cut the plants with tools. Promote the aeration of the crop with timely pruning.

Cleaning pruning, recollection of affected seed buds and fruits, and weed control.

Chemical: copper based fungicides. C. IPM plan for Withering (Fusarium sp.) 1. Identification:

Symptoms consist of yellowing of the lower leaves, often on one side of the plant. These leaves later turn brown

and drop off. A brown discoloration of the water-conducting tissues (xylem) is characteristic of this disease. With

time the entire plant may yellow, wilt, and collapse.

2. Pre-planting:

Avoid introducing the pathogen to clean fields. However, there are several races of the pathogen, some of which may render these cultivars susceptible and generally, resistance diminishes with increases in soil temperature.



4. Post-harvest:

Once present, this fungus survives indefinitely in the soil. The pathogen may be introduced to uninfested locations by the movement of infected plant residues and infested soil adhering to farm equipment






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Cultural: avoid flooding. In clay soils or rainy areas plant in furrowed form. Rotation crops for one or two harvests. Do not cut the plants with tools. Promote the aeration of the crop with timely pruning.

Cleaning pruning, recollection of affected seed buds and fruits, and weed control.

Chemical: copper based fungicides.

D. IPM plan for Thrips

1. Identification: Thrips are very small and slender, measuring about 1.3mm in diameter. They are distinguished by the fact that they have two pairs of wings bordered by long hairs. They are light brown to pale yellow in color.


2. Pre-planting:

Tilling fields and removal of all weeds prior to planting can reduce thrip populations.


Do not plant strawberries near grain fields since thrips typically build their populations among this type of crop.

Overhead irrigation can reduce thrip populations but may also encourage diseases such as pythium root rot.

4. Post-harvest:

Remove remaining plant matter. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision:


Maintenance pruning, good fertilization and good soil humidity



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Biological: Beauveria sp., Metarhizium sp. E. IPM plan for Fruit Fly

1. Identification:

Body and wing color yellowish; sides and posterior of thorax prominently ringed with black spots, dorsum yellowish except for two tiny black spots centrally and two larger black spots near scutellum; scutellum with three wide, black stripes separated by narrow yellow stripes; wing length 4 to 6 mm, costal band and discal crossband joined. Adults are similar in size, coloration, and wing markings to


2. Pre-planting:

Keep field free of weeds.


Remove any fruit that has dimples or rot.

Lightweight material such as mosquito netting can ask as a physical barrier to fruit flies.

Bags can be placed over the fruit to prevent exposure to pests.

4. Post-harvest:

Fruit fly populations can be reduced by dipping the crop in hot water or keeping the fruit at or below 7.5°C for prolonged periods of time.

Destroy all infested fruit.



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Use traps to determine population levels and need for treatment

If possible remove from tree and destroy any fruit unsuitable for the market to kill any remaining eggs or larvae

Permanently eliminates the weeds at the base of the passion fruit plant.


Cultural: Mc Phail traps. Hydrolyzed corn or soya protein (with 3%as poisoned bait). Collect attacked fruits and bury them.

Biological: Beauveria sp. Metarrhizium sp. E. IPM plan for Damping off 1. Identification:

Damping-off before emergence results from fungal attack of germinating seeds and/or young seedlings while they

are still in the ground. Infected seeds may fail to germinate, become soft and mushy, and finally disintegrate.

Slightly darkened water-soaked lesions may be visible on stems of young seedlings. Infected areas enlarge quite

rapidly, and seedlings may die shortly after infection, prior to emergence from soil. Roots or stems of seedlings

that have already emerged also can be attacked at or below the soil line resulting in damping-off. Infected roots

are usually discolored or rotted and sometimes reddish-brown lesions develop on the tap root. Infected stem

tissues are soft and colorless to dark-brown. Basal portions of invaded stems may be much thinner than the areas

above the lesion, a condition called "wire stem." As a result, the seedling may fall over and die. Older plants can

also be attacked by these fungi. Later infections are usually confined to roots, which may result in stunting, wilting,

or plant death.

2. Pre-planting:

Plant blackberry only on well-drained soils or try to improve drainage. This could be done by improving soil structure and/or installing drain tiles. Sub soiling to a depth below the plowed layer will reduce soil compaction, and improve drainage.




4. Post-harvest:

Deep plowing of the previous years' crop residues will reduce Damping off.


The base and stalk of the plant should be routinely checked, especially in areas with poor irrigation.


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Cultural: solarization of substrate in order to fill bags. Eliminate harvest waste materials.

Biological: hostile fungui Trichoderma sp.


INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR QUINUA

A. Principal Pests 1. Armyworms (Agrotis sp., Spodoptera sp., Copitarsia sp.) 2. Mildew (Peronospora farinosa) B. IPM plan for Armyworms (Agrotis spp., Spodoptera spp., Copitarsia spp. ) 1. Identification: Armyworms are 1.5 to 2.0 inches in length and black with yellowish stripes on the body. The damage is caused by fourth stage larvae that drop to the ground and feed on roots, bulbs, tubers and neck of the plant, in the latter case depends on the development of the plant and the larvae so the damage will have economic importance. (http://www.bayercropscience.cl/soluciones/fichaproblema.asp?id=76)

Agrotis spp. Armyworms 2. Pre Planting:

Destroy weeds along field borders which may host armyworms before planting.

To lessen the damage of birds to the sowing or germination of quinoa, it is recommended applications to the seed in soil or to the seedlings of strong-smelling products (repellent) and garlic extracts (2cc/liter of water)

Use resistant varieties if possible

Dig deep trenches with the steep side towards crop to discourage armyworms migration into fields.


Begin monitoring for Armyworms (see 6. Monitoring and treatment decision)

Hand pick larvae and kill by dropping into a container with soap and water or a salt solution.


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4. Post-harvest:

Bury any remaining plant matter to destroy any eggs and larvae that may remain.

If a tractor is available, dicing fields immediately following harvest kills larvae and pupae. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision: Start monitoring before seedlings emerge by checking for eggs and young larvae in surrounding weeds - if high population are found, seedlings should be monitored carefully for the presence of young larvae. Once seedlings emerge, check twice per week for egg masses and young larvae. If many eggs are present, wait for hatching before treating since most treatments are more effective against larvae than eggs. Note: All treatments for these pests are less effective as the larvae grow; therefore, it is important to monitor and control at the smaller larval stages. 6. Control options (To be recommended in the order listed; follow label directions):

Biological: Bacillus thuringiensis

Cultural : o Good soil preparation to destroy weeds, larva and eggs, as well as conserve the soil

humidity. o Hand-pick and kill larvae in soap and water or saltwater. o Garlic and chili spray: 10-12 large cloves of garlic, 4-6 hot chili peppers, 2 cups water, 1

tablespoons liquid soap, and 10 drops vetiver oil (optional). Allow mixture to stand overnight; strain and store concentrate in plastic or glass bottle (not metal). To apply, dilute 2 tablespoons concentrate to every liter of water. Concentrate can be stored up to 2 months in dry, dark place. o Spray during early morning or evening to avoid leaf burn.

C. IPM plan for Mildew (Peronospora farinosa) 1. Identification: Infections begin as irregular yellow patches on leaves; these chlorotic lesions later turn tan to light brown. If conditions are favorable, white fluffy growth of the fungus develops on the undersides of leaves. If disease development is extensive, leaves may take on a blighted effect as a result of numerous infection sites

(http://www.iniap-ecuador.gov.ec/archivos/variedades_publicaciones/17.pdf)


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Percentage of affected area:

(Danielsen y Ames, 2000)

2. Pre-plating:

Plant resistant or tolerant varieties to reduce disease incidence.

All crucifer seeds should be treated to reduce or eliminate these pathogens. Seeds should be placed in water at 122oF for 20 minutes, dried and coated with a fungicide Hot water treatment reduces seed viability, but is still one of the best means available to prevent disease spread.

Any practice which promotes the rapid drying of foliage and soils will help minimize disease incidence. Start by choosing a planting site with good air and soil drainage.


When planting, orient rows in the direction of prevailing winds for better circulation of air through the foliage. Avoid over-planting or crowding plants as this increases the drying time. In order to reduce disease spread by hand or machine, avoid working in fields while the plants are wet.

Incorporating crop residues and cover crops into the soil helps maintain organic matter levels, good soil structure and drainage.

All diseases have the potential of being transported to a farm on infected transplants. The best alternative is to grow your own transplants from clean seed in soilless mixes or in sterilized seed beds.

4. Post-harvest:

Plowing immediately after harvest helps eliminate the sources of air born mildew spores and encourages the rapid decomposition of crop residues.


Begin monitoring early in the season. Chemical treatment is not warranted unless infection occurs very early in the season.

Check leaf surfaces often especially among older plants and areas of the field with poor air circulation.

6. Control options: Management of mildew of quinoa is based on three components:


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a) cultural control, based on crop rotations, agronomic practices to reduce humidity in the field (distance of rows and plants, drainage, direction of rows to the wind ), an association or mixture of crops,

b) use of resistant varieties and / or tolerant and multi-line

c) chemical control o Bordeaux Mixture

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR STRAWBERRY

A. Principal Pests 1. Withering (Fusarium sp.) 2. Botrytis 3. Thrips B. IPM plan for Withering (Fusarium sp.) 1. Identification:

Symptoms consist of yellowing of the lower leaves, often on one side of the plant. These leaves later turn brown

and drop off. A brown discoloration of the water-conducting tissues (xylem) is characteristic of this disease. With

time the entire plant may yellow, wilt, and collapse.

2. Pre-planting:

Avoid introducing the pathogen to clean fields. Some resistant strawberry cultivars are available. However, there are several races of the pathogen, some of which may render these cultivars susceptible and generally, resistance diminishes with increases in soil temperature.


In areas where the fungus is known to occur, plant strawberry in winter.


4. Post-harvest:

Once present, this fungus survives indefinitely in the soil. The pathogen may be introduced to uninfested locations by the movement of infected plant residues and infested soil adhering to farm equipment






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Cultural: avoid flooding. In clay soils or rainy areas plant in furrowed form. Rotation of crops for one or two harvests. Do not cut the plant with tools.

Chemical copper based fungicides.

C. IPM plan for Botrytis

1. Identification: Opened flowers may become infected, and the fungus will sporulate on the blighted flowers. On infected druplets, a watery rot may precede the development of grayish brown conidia and hyphae. The conidia and hyphae eventually cover the fruit. Infected berries left on the vines become mummified. If the weather is moist after harvest, the receptacles can be colonized by the fungus and sclerotia can develop. In postharvest storage, white mycelia can cover infected berries. 2. Pre-planting:

Promote air circulation and quicken drying of plant tissue, prune and trellis the plants to open the canopy.

A narrow row can be maintained by pruning, minimizing nitrogen fertilizer application, and controlling weeds


Training systems help to maintain an open canopy. The use of macro tunnels greatly limits the amount of gray mold infestation because of the dry conditions they create for the plants.

4. Post-harvest:

Pick fruit when it is in the red ripe stage of development (before reaching full maturity). Avoid fruit injury when picking. Pack fruit directly into containers, and use shallow containers to avoid crushing. Pick fruit often, and pick early in the day when temperatures are cool; cool fruit to 32°F as soon as possible after harvest. Store fruit at 32°F to maintain firmness and to prevent condensation inside the closed basket or clamshell.

5. Monitoring and Treatment:

Botrytis fruit rot occurs under cool, wet conditions. The pathogen requires free water for sclerotial germination, spore germination, and infection. Physical damage to the fruit increases disease incidence, especially during the rainy season. The pathogen overwinters as sclerotia on infected canes and as mycelium in infected leaves and canes on the ground. The main sources of primary inoculum are conidia from overwintering sclerotia and dead leaves, and conidia from mummified berries. Conidia are dispersed by wind, rain, and overhead irrigation. Flowers are not susceptible to infection until they are open. Infections generally remain dormant until fruit is nearly ripe or after harvest. Infections can recur throughout the season by sporulation of the fungus on unpicked, leaky, overripe fruit left on the vine.

6. Control options

Cultural: eliminate and destroy affected fruits. Harvest ripe fruits on time, avoiding collecting fruit from the ground and not harvesting wet fruit. Establish wind breaks, eliminate the excess of unproductive material. Adequate pruning so that the plantation has good aeration.


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D. IPM plan for Thrips

1. Identification: Thrips are very small and slender, measuring about 1.3mm in diameter. They are distinguished by the fact that they have two pairs of wings bordered by long hairs. They are light brown to pale yellow in color.


2. Pre-planting:

o Tilling fields and removal of all weeds prior to planting can reduce thrip populations. 3. Planting and growth:

o Do not plant strawberries near grain fields since thrips typically build their populations among this type of crop.

o Overhead irrigation can reduce thrips populations but may also encourage diseases such as pythium root rot.

4. Post-harvest:

o Remove remaining plant matter. 5. Monitoring and treatment decision:


Maintenance pruning, good fertilization and good soil humidity




Biological: Beauveria sp., Metarhizium sp..



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Annex 2: Field Tools

PROGRAM DETAILS AND LOCAL CONTEXT

1. From your perspective, what are the main pest management issues of concern under the agricultural component of the program?

2. What level of damage have you seen from each pest (% of crop loss)? 3. What agro ecological zones are found in your project areas? 4. What types of extreme weather threaten crops in this region? 5. From your experience, what are the most common pest control methods currently being

implemented by farmers in the project areas? 6. Will the project work within or near sensitive or protected areas, such as national parks or buffer

zones? If so, where? 7. What are the main training components of the agricultural project activities? 8. Will the project aim to provide farmers with training in pesticide use or increase availability of

agro-chemicals for farmer’s to purchase? If so, what products will be promoted by the project? 9. Does your program currently have educational or training materials on best agricultural practices,

pest control and safer pesticide use? 10. What would be the most useful focus of a training or behavior change field tool that would be part

of this PERSUAP? (Focus on safety and pesticide use, IPM, pest identification and control, improved farming practices to reduce risk of pest crop losses?)

11. Will the program be able to make pesticide safety equipment available to farmers? Where is this equipment currently available for farmers to purchase?

12. Could the project potentially work with agro supply stores to include them in IPM and pesticide safety trainings, and to encourage importation of safer pest control alternatives?

13. What farmer associations are active in the project areas and what are their levels of organization and membership?

KEY INFORMATION/DOCUMENTATION (Ask for copies of all documents below that staff can provide)

1. Maps of the areas of influence (especially land use and topographical maps) 2. Description of agro ecological zones in the area of influence 3. Implementing partner (IP) project proposal, descriptions and detailed action plan 4. IP IEE and any EMPRs 5. Farmer training materials

PERSUAP DATA COLLECTION GUIDE IMPLEMENTING PARTNER FIELD

STAFF


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INTRODUCTION: We have been asked by [USAID Partner] to help them better understand farming

practices, local pest problems, use of chemical and natural pest controls and health and environmental

risks so that we can make recommendations to allow pest controls to be safer and more effective for

farmer and crop health.

AGRICULTURAL AND PEST CONTROL PRACTICES

1. What crops do you grow and what are the most important crops for you your family?

2. What insects or disease cause the most damage to your crops?

- What other insect or diseases damage your crops? *Make sure to include both in season and out

of season crops

- At what stage in you crop’s growth do these pests do the most damage (nursery, field or post-

harvest)?

3. How do you protect your crops from these insects and diseases? *Neem, hand-picking chili pepper or

other homemade remedies…

4. Do you use: a) Compost; b) Fertilizer – What type?; c) Prune fruit trees; d) Irrigation – How often?; e)

Seedling nursery

5. Are there any lakes, rivers or wetlands nearby?

6. Where does your family get your drinking water?

CHEMICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SAFETY ISSUES

7. How much chemicals do you mix in how much water?

8. Do you pay anyone to apply the chemical products or do you do it yourself?

9. How do you apply the chemicals? Backpack sprayers, water bottles, bucket and broom technique?

10. When (Preventative, reactive or scheduled applications, Do you spray after fruit set?) and how often

do you apply products?

11. What do you wear when you apply products? (i.e. Lightweight boots, surgical gloves, glasses,

mask/bandana, baseball cap, long shirt and pants.)

- Why don’t you use safety equipment?

- What type of equipment would you like to use?

12. Describe all the things you do before, during and after spraying? (Time of day, spraying downwind,

eating before spraying, showering afterwards, and washing clothes)

- Can you enter your fields immediately after spraying?

13. Where do you store your chemical products? (Good: In a garden shed, locked up from children,

separate from food, water storage/sources and away from living and sleeping quarters)

14. Can you give me some examples of ways you might use the product containers once they are

empty? How do you dispose of them?

15. Are some of the chemical products you use more dangerous than others?

- Has anyone you know gotten sick from use chemicals the wrong way?

16. Where do you get your chemicals and safety equipment?

17. What is the average size of field(s)/gardens in this area? *Hectare or carreau are common

units (1 carreau = 1.29 ha)

PERSUAP DATA COLLECTION GUIDE FARM VISIT


99

KEY OBSERVATIONS AND PHOTOS

Topography/agro-ecological zone (dry hillside, humid hillside, irrigated valley, non-irrigated valley,

etc.)

How close are household water source (i.e. well) to pesticide application or storage areas?

Photos of nearby areas of interest (ex. nearby stream, water sources (well, irrigation canals)

Evidence of pest damage to crops (i.e. holes in leaves, “burned” or discolored leaves, shriveled fruit,

etc.)

o “Burn” damage could be from leaf burn ask what/if any products have recently been applied

to crop

How are crops planted (inter-cropping, monoculture, agro-forestry, nursery or terracing)?

Evidence of recent application, especially after fruit set (for example, white residue on fruits or leaves)

Where pesticides are stored (Near human or animal food? Easily accessed by children? Potential for

exposure through spills, fumes or dust?)

Improper disposal of pesticide containers (i.e. containers littered around plot; re-use as water or food

storage containers)

Existence and condition of application and safety equipment (backpack sprayers, etc.)


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Annex 3: Photos

KEY INFO CHECKLIST

AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AND PACKAGING

1. What pesticides does the store sell?

2. What fungicides does the store sell?

3. What other chemical products does the store sell?

4. What organic or botanical products sold? (ex. Neem oil,

Dipel, soaps)

5. Are products in their original packaging, or have they

been divided up and placed in smaller containers (ex.

plastic bags)?

6. Do products have clearly designated toxicity levels (i.e.

a color or number system)?

7. Is product information, such as toxicity, first aid,

application and safety instructions, available in

Spanish?

8. What product(s) does the store sell most of?

NOTE: some products are sold roadside or in rural “corner

stores” – if possible, take note of any products sold or

obtained in this way.

AVAILABLE APPLICATION AND

SAFETY EQUIPMENT

9. What safety equipment does the store

sell?

10. Take an inventory of available

application equipment (backpack

sprayers), noting condition and price.

11. Are there any replacement parts

available for repairing backpack

sprayers?

12. How many people buy safety

equipment for use during pesticide

application (more than or less than half

of pesticide purchasers)?

13. What types of safety equipment are

most commonly purchased?

KEY QUESTIONS FOR STAFF

1. Gauge level of knowledge of store employees concerning the products they are selling. Ask what

kind of recommendations they make concerning mixing formulations, controls for specific local

pests, use of safety equipment, product storage and disposal procedures.

2. Ask about the risks of the product they recommend and how to protect yourself.

3. Ask if the store staff has ever received training on pest control and pesticide safety.

4. Ask the staff what national regulations they have to follow in order to import….

a) products currently in their store inventory.

b) a new product.

5. Ask what the store does with expired products, how they dispose of them and if there any national

regulations for disposal.

6. Ask if it would be possible to work with their staff to import new products or to distribute

informational guides concerning pesticide use safety, toxicity, mixing and application information in

Spanish?

PERSUAP DATA COLLECTION GUIDE AGRO STORE VISIT


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Annex 3. Photos

Farm Visits

Coffee Nursery Arabica Coffee

Coffee Marquesina

Strawberry Fields


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Storage facility

Quinoa Traceability

Quinoa

Passion Fruit


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Processing /Storage facility: Fisheries

Universal Sea Food Processing /Storage facility

Fisherman in Tonchigüe


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Agro Store Visits

Protective equipment Storage shelves

Agro store Product Labels


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Annex 4: References Agri Star, Labels, Copper Oxychloride online at http://www.cdms.net/LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx?pd=7176&t "Anthracnose Control." Garden Supply - Planet Natural. http://www.planetnatural.com/site/xdpy/kb/anthracnose.html. Bayer Crop Science, Labels, Iprodione, online at http://fs1.agrian.com/pdfs/Rovral_Brand_4_Flowable_Fungicide_Label3.pdf Bioworks Inc, Labels, Trichoderma sp. online at http://www.bioworksinc.com/products/rootshield-wp.php Certis, labels, Paecilomyces sp. online at http://www.certisusa.com/pest_management_products/bioinsecticide/pfr-97_microbial_insecticide.htm Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Tazmania,Australia. Trichogramma online at http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/CART-6TC7E3?open EXTOXNET Pesticide Information Profile, Abamectin, online at http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/abamectin-ext.html FOOTPRINT (2007, 2008). The FOOTPRINT Pesticide Properties DataBase. Database collated by the University of Hertfordshire as part of the EU-funded FOOTPRINT project (FP6-SSP-022704). http://www.eu-footprint.org/ppdb.html. Health Canada, Consumer Product Safety Gliocladium sp. online at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rd2009-04/index-eng.php

Koopert Biological Systems, MSDS, Verticillium sp online at http://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Overig/Koppert/Koppert.nl/MSD/EN/VERTALEC_DE_EN.pdf, http://www.koppert.com/pests/aphid/products-against-aphids/detail/vertalec-2/ Metabiol, Label, Metarhizium sp online at http://www.getamarket.com/en/Offers/18317/me116abiol_wp_me116arhizium_anisopliae.html Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Fisheries of British Columbia, Pesticide Info Factsheet, Abamectin, online at http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/infosheets/abamectin.pdf PBI/Gordon Corporation, MSDS, Bordeaux Mixture, online at http://www.pbigordon.com/pdfs/BordeauxMixture-MSDS.pdf Pesticides Action Network, online at http://www.pesticidesinfo.org Phyton Corporation, Labels, Phyton online at http://www.phytoncorp.com/EPA%20Label%20pdfs/043USSpecLab.pdf Ridomil Gold MSDS (Mefenoxam), online at http://www.greenbook.net/docs/MSDS/M40011.PDF Rincon-Vitova Insectaries Inc, Trichogramma, online at http://www.rinconvitova.com/bulletins_product_pdf/Trichogramma_BUL.pdf

http://www.cdms.net/LabelsMsds/LMDefault.aspx?pd=7176&t

http://www.planetnatural.com/site/xdpy/kb/anthracnose.html

http://fs1.agrian.com/pdfs/Rovral_Brand_4_Flowable_Fungicide_Label3.pdf

http://www.bioworksinc.com/products/rootshield-wp.php

http://www.certisusa.com/pest_management_products/bioinsecticide/pfr-97_microbial_insecticide.htm

http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/CART-6TC7E3?open

http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/24d-captan/abamectin-ext.html

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rd2009-04/index-eng.php

http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/pubs/pest/_decisions/rd2009-04/index-eng.php

http://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Overig/Koppert/Koppert.nl/MSD/EN/VERTALEC_DE_EN.pdf

http://www.koppert.com/fileadmin/user_upload/Overig/Koppert/Koppert.nl/MSD/EN/VERTALEC_DE_EN.pdf

http://www.koppert.com/pests/aphid/products-against-aphids/detail/vertalec-2/

http://www.getamarket.com/en/Offers/18317/me116abiol_wp_me116arhizium_anisopliae.html

http://www.agf.gov.bc.ca/pesticides/infosheets/abamectin.pdf

http://www.pbigordon.com/pdfs/BordeauxMixture-MSDS.pdf

http://www.pesticidesinfo.org/

http://www.phytoncorp.com/EPA%20Label%20pdfs/043USSpecLab.pdf

http://www.greenbook.net/docs/MSDS/M40011.PDF

http://www.rinconvitova.com/bulletins_product_pdf/Trichogramma_BUL.pdf


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Scorecard, The Pollution Information Site, Metarhizium sp online at http://scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/product.tcl?reg_nr=06429600004&prod_name=BIO-BLAST%20BIOLOGICAL%20TERMITICIDE Strawberry Plant Pests and Diseases." The Garden of Eaden. http://gardenofeaden.blogspot.com/2009/03/strawberry-plant-pests-and-diseases.html. Troy Bioscience Incorporated, Beauveria sp, online at http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/mnla/MNLAnewsletterApril08/index30march08_t/GreenHouseIncecticides_flies/naturalis.pdf University of California Davis, Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program, online at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Integrated Pest Management Program, online at http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/ Verdera, Labels, Gliocladium sp. online at http://www.verdera.fi/homeeng.html Rivadeneira, Amadeo. Evaluación de 6 atrayentes y 1 sistema de trampa para el control del caracol gigante africano Achatina fulica (Bowdich). Esmeraldas 28 Junio 2010, MAGAP.

http://scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/product.tcl?reg_nr=06429600004&prod_name=BIO-BLAST%20BIOLOGICAL%20TERMITICIDE

http://scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/product.tcl?reg_nr=06429600004&prod_name=BIO-BLAST%20BIOLOGICAL%20TERMITICIDE

http://gardenofeaden.blogspot.com/2009/03/strawberry-plant-pests-and-diseases.html

http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/mnla/MNLAnewsletterApril08/index30march08_t/GreenHouseIncecticides_flies/naturalis.pdf

http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/mnla/MNLAnewsletterApril08/index30march08_t/GreenHouseIncecticides_flies/naturalis.pdf

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/

http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/

http://www.verdera.fi/homeeng.html

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