SOURCES1 WWDR6 (2015)2 WWAP (2016)3 WWDR4 (2012)

WE HAVE A GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY PROBLEM

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE has a higher potential than RAINFED AGRICULTURE

WE NEED TO INCREASE AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT

by 2050 food demand will increase by100% due to: 1

This leaves us with two options:

WHY?

OR

population growth

use more land

irrigated land has 2.7 times higher productivity than rainfed agriculture 3

irrigated agriculture is less vulnerable to rainfed-shortages and climate variabliity

irrigation agriculture helps farmers gain more income due to larger harvest and lower risk of crop failure

improve productivity of available land

better markets and trade meaning plenty of accesable food

changing lifestyles with higher income: people eat more

you can produce more with less land

irrig

ated

rain

fed

irrigation agriculture is more resilient than rain-fed

agricultureof cultivated land from irrigation produces

! 20%

40% of global food 2

IRRIGATION IS THE

SOLUTION

1

SOURCES1 FAO (2012)2 Siebert et al. (2013)

Global Economy

over 1 billion people are employed in world agriculture

1 in 3 of all workers

Agriculture is very important for least developed countries

in Sub-saharan Africa over 60% of the entire workforce are involved in agriculture

Developing Countries

Least Developed CountriesCentral African Republic

ChadEthiopia

Kenya

AGRICULTURE IS IMPORTANT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT

While agriculture is not so significant for developed countries, it contributes a great deal to the economy of the least developed countries: 1

3%10%

60%53%

42%30%

!

200,000,000

150,000,000

100,000,000

50,000,000

AFRICA AMERICA ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA

AREAS EQUIPPED WITH AGRICULTURE BY CONTINENT 2

total area equipped for irrigation

with ground water

with surface water

area actually irrigated

2

WHERE AND HOW IS IRRIGATION IMPORTANT

The map below shows major river-based irrigation schemes around the world

NILE DELTA, Egypt3.4 million ha of cropped land85% is irrigatedWheat, rice, clover, maizeMain agricultural area of Egypt

EUPHRATES-TIGRIS, IraqCovers 879,790 km2

Wheat, Barley, other Feed Grains6.5–7 million ha equipped for irrigation

MISSISSIPPI, USACovers 3.225 million km2

Rice, Corn, Soybeans, Cotton, FishAbout 2% of cropped acres are irrigated in the Upper Mississipi River Basi

ACONCAGUA RIVER, Central ChileThe Basin covers 7.200 km2

Grapes, Avocado, Horticulture, PasturePrecipitation has decreased in the last century; rainfall is predicted to decline 25%-35% by 2040–2070

INDUS Irrigation System, Pakistan15 million ha Wheat, Cotton, Rice, FruitsContributes to a large portion of employment and export earnings

GANGES, India, Nepal, BangladeshCovers 1,087,300 km2 Sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds 34.1 million ha are irrigated

HUANG HE (Yellow River), China5,463 km long (2nd longest in China) Grains, Cotton, Oil4,5 million ha of irrigated annual crops5 million ha of irrigated land

MISSOURI, USACovers 820,700 km2 Corn, Soybeans, Wheat and other small Grain CropAbout 14 % of cropped acres are irrigated

PO RIVER, Italy652 km long1.1 million ha of irrigated area2.7 mil ha UAA Forage & arboreal cropsThe predominant irrigation system is surface irrigation (almost 50%)

YANGTZE RIVER, ChinaCover1.5 million km2 & 6,380 km long13,5 million ha of irrigated land

DANUBE RIVER BASIN, EuropeCovers 800,000 km2 & flows 2,850 kmAgricultural uses vary with the climate & different topology The main irrigated areas are in Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia, and Bulgaria

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

3

Based on FAO (1985)

WHAT IS AN IRRIGATION SCHEME?

WATER CONTROL

CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

DIVERSION AND DISTRIBUTION

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FIELD APPLICATION SYSTEM

Weir schemesPump schemesResevoir schemes

Dam

Major Canal

Minor Canal

Minor Canal

PERFORMANCE MONITORING IN IRRIGATION SCHEMES

INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS OUTPUTMaintainance, Status of structure and Control effectiveness

Cropping area,Water use, Scheme developement

Productivity,Yield

The three dimensions of performance monitoring in irrigation schemes are::

4

SOURCEGovernment statistics

THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME

0 100 km

Main crops include cotton, wheat, groundnuts, sorghun and vegtables

The scheme is managed by the Sudan Gezira Board Around 7000 government employees support the scheme

The scheme comsumes 35% of Nile‘s water in Sudan and produces half of the country‘s agricultural output

In 2005, participatory irrigation management was introduced by the Gezira Act, introducing Water User Associations and the freedom to choose crops

There are four different types of farmers: Landowners, sharecroppers, renters and croppers

144000 tennant families

0.5 - 1 million causal workers

With 1 million hectare, the Gezira Scheme is the largest irrigation scheme under one management in the world

!

Roseires Dam

Sennar Dam

White Nile

Rahad River

Gunaid Scheme

GEZIRA SCHEME

Rahad Scheme

Essuki Scheme

Dinder River

Blue Nile

River Nile

GEZIRA TIMELINE

Construction of the Gezira scheme by the British

Expansion of the Gezira scheme under the independent Sudan

Gezira scheme contributes to one third of the economy and much of foreign exports

Continuous deteoriation of the Gezira scheme

Gezira Reform Act

Water User Associations abolished

Open future of the scheme

1914 - 1925 late 60s and early 70s 2005 Today

1958 - 1966 late 70s until early 2000s 2014

5

SOURCE1,2,3 Al Zayed et al. (2015)4 Bushara (2010)PERFORMANCE OF THE GEZIRA SCHEME

INFRASTRUCTURE

PROCESS

OUTPUT

The performance of the scheme has been deteroriating in all three categories:

Reasons why: Result:

Increased sedimentation in the canals is a major problem

Relative Irrigation Supply (RIS)

1.4 is the highest level in surface irrigation allowed

*The same for Relative Water Supply (how much water altogether, irrigation and precipitation is allocated to the crops)

(RWS) has deteriorated from 1.7 to 2.6 in the same period.

Water Use Efficiency (WUE) is much less than the global average 2

Increased erosion in the Blue Nile catchment in Ethopia

Use of water during the rainy season (July - August)

Diversion of too much water

Reduced trapping of the Roseires and Sennar resevoirs

Between 1970 and 1994, the RIS in Gezira was 1.4

Between 1994 and 2010 the RIS was 2.23

The quantity of silt removed from the canals has been declining since the mid 1990s

Land productivity Productivity of Cotton

Max RIS 1.4

The average yield of main crops Gezira is much less than the attainable yield internationally 3

The productivity of cotton at country level is no exception. It is only... 4

Too much water is applied!* 1

0.6 to 1.7 kg/m3

3.3 - 4.1 t/ha 35 % of

Australian47 % of China

53 % of Egypt

61 % of Pakistan

Gezira scheme

Mean yield of Gezira scheme

Global WUE

Attainable yields

0.26 kg/m3

1.3 t/ha

0.4 kg/m3

1.6 t/ha

wheat

wheat

sorghum

sorghum

0.3 to 2.2 kg/m3

3.8 - 5.7 t/ha

6

Al Zayed , I. S., Elagib , N. A. , Ribbe, L. , Heinrich, J. (2015). Spatio-temporal performance of large-scale Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan, Agricultural Systems, Vol. 133, pp. 131–142.

Bushara, M.O., Barakat, H.E., (2010). Decomposing total factor productivity change of cotton cultivars in the Gezira Scheme (1991– 2007) Sudan, in 2010 AAAE Third Conference/AEASA 48th Conference, September 19–23, 2010, South Africa, African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) & Agricultural Economics Association of South Africa (AEASA).

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) (2012), Statistical Year Book 2012, Food and Agricultural Organisation document repository, FAO.

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) (1985), Irrigation Water Management: Training Manual No. 1 - Introduction to Irrigation, FAO.

Siebert, S., Henrich, V., Frenken, K., Burke, J. (2013): Update of the Global Map of Irrigation Areas to version 5. Project report. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), University of Bonn.

World Water Development Report (WWDR6) (2015). Water for a Sustainable World, UN Water, United Nations (UN).

World Water Development Report (WWDR4) (2012). Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk, UN Water, United Nations (UN).

World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) (2016). Facts and Figures 24: Irrigated Land, UNESCO, United Nations (UN).

COPYRIGHTS AND ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS

Design and implementation by Antonia Fedlmeier | afedlmeier@gmail.com

Scientific development by Dr. Mohammad Al-Saidi | alsaidi20@yahoo.com

For third-party contents, sources are indicated.

Citation Format for the Info-graphics:Al-Saidi, Mohammad, Fedlmeier, Antonia (2016): Info-graphics on Performance

Management of Large-Scales Irrigation Schemes in Developing Countries with the Example of the Gezira Scheme, Nexus Research Focus, TH Köln – University of Applied Sciences.

Thanks for the contributions and the support of the following people: Anna Goelnizt, Farah Taleb, Amna Omar, Mohammad Ibrahim, Dr. Nadir Elagib, Aline Bussmann, Dr. Islam Al Zayed, Claudia Raquel Aguilera Verga

Special thanks to the support of the Water Research Center of the Khartoum University, Director Prof. Dr. Gamaleldin Mortada Abdo Abdrabo

Contact and Project Leader: Prof. Dr. Lars Ribbe | lars.ribbe@th-koeln.de Institute for Technology in the Tropics and Subtropics (ITT), TH-Köln (University of Applied Sciences) Betzdorfer Straße 2, 50679 Köln

TechnologyArts SciencesTH Köln

CHALLENGES OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT

REFERENCES

LOW PERFORMANCE TRAP

IRRIGATION GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION

HIGH PERFORMANCE PATHWAY

Low irrigation productivity and

efficiency

Design equitable land ownership

regulations

Achieve farmers‘ and civil society‘s

participation

Make sustainable irrigation management

a political priority

Increase transparency and law enforcement

Ensure coordination & collaboration among

different state and private institutions

Promote access to local and international food

markets

Low cost production &

high yield

Poor livelihoods

of farmers & stakeholder

(conflict)

Regional growth & income

generation

Low collection rate & scheme

income

Lack of investment & maintenance

Poor irrigation infrastructure

& scheme management

Optimal cropping & water use

system

Investment in irrigation

infrastructure & monitoring

system

Technology transfers, modern

infrastructure, good data

7

The performance of large-scale irrigation schemes like the Gezira scheme is determined by many interdependent factors. A comprehensive approach of performance management is essential while irrigation governance and regulation reforms determine performance success.