Peopling throughout US HistoryEmily CadenaEvan JimenezJessica LopezCaitlyn Roseborough

Period 1(1491-1607)

American Indians

❖ Believed to have come through Bering Strait➢ huge diversity➢ elaborate polytheistic religions

➢ “Noble savages”❖ Women in charge of social (family) and

economic organization➢ hunting, gathering, fishing, or agriculture

❖ The Iroquois Confederacy-language

Causes of European Immigration

❖ “God, Gold, and Glory”➢ Roman Catholicism➢ new crops and raw materials➢ Mercantilism

❖ Mission system

Spanish Settlement❖ Conquistadors

➢ Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs➢ presidios-military bases➢ Ordinances of Discovery banned

❖ Encomienda System➢ Don Juan Onate➢ the Pueblo Revolt➢ small ruling class and near slavery

❖ Exchange of disease❖ Intermarriage and complex racial hierarchy❖ Rigid control by Spanish monarchy

Africans❖ Seen as primitive and uncivilized❖ Mostly sedentary peoples

➢ matrilineal and most gender equality of these groups

➢ some Muslim, some polytheistic❖ Elaborate social ranks

➢ bottom was temporary slavery, with rights

➢ European need for sugar

Period 2 (1607-1754)

English Settlement❖ Enclosure movement, merchant capitalism, and mercantilism

➢ London Company-Virginia➢ Plymouth

❖ Protestant Reformation-King Henry VIII and Church of England➢ Separatists-radicals, antagonism by James I➢ Quakers-permitted female preachers, Pennsylvania

❖ Subjugation of Irish- “plantations”➢ separate society for English emigrants

❖ English Civil War-King Charles I beheaded❖ More men than women and less male authority in the South

➢ peacemaker, modest, and submissive➢ more than a third of Chesapeake women pregnant before

marriage

Other English Colonies❖ Maryland-George Calvert wanted retreat for English Catholics

➢ Protestants outnumbered Catholics, Toleration Act, frequent violence

➢ headright system and indentured servitude❖ English Civil War led to huge influx of the anti-Cromwell to Virginia

➢ Tobacco-1st profitable crop➢ Headright system-family groups, suppression of Powhatans

❖ Separatists and Mayflower Compact- “Plymouth Plantation” poor➢ helped by Squanto and Samoset and other Pawtuxets➢ The Congregational Church, theocratic society

❖ Carolinas chartered, South Carolina close with Barbados❖ Dutch lost New Netherland, renamed New York but wide ethnic and

religious diversity. New Jersey as well, but for large landowners❖ Georgia-buffer between New England and New Spain

Relationship with Native Americans

❖ Chesapeake-Susceptible to disease, unsuccessful with agriculture, and no women➢ Powhatan Confederacy- helped teach how to farm and build

canoes➢ low survival rate because of disease and famine

❖ “Backcountry” felt underrepresented-Bacon’s rebellion➢ Virginia expansion because of military assaults on local tribes

❖ “praying Indians” and “savages”❖ Pequot War-Connecticut Valley over rights to trade with Dutch

➢ Pequot tribe nearly extinct at the end of white raid❖ King Philip’s War-Wampanoags terrorized MA towns and were

brutally crushed as well

Other Europeans in North America

❖ French-Quebec a year after Jamestown➢ Many fur traders; few colonies➢ Huguenots➢ alliance with Algonquins, enemies of Iroquois

❖ Dutch-won independence from Spain➢ Henry Hudson and New Amsterdam-diverse and

small➢ encouraged settlement from other parts of Northern

Europe and allowed feudal estates❖ Pennsylvania Dutch❖ Most numerous were Scots-Irish Presbyterians

➢ some Catholic Scottish Highlanders

Indentured Servitude❖ ¼ of indentured servants were women as domestic servants

➢ mostly voluntary, occasionally dumped convicts, Irish and Scottish prisoners of war, and “undesirables”.

➢ Some kidnapped after service frequently moved, lessening numbers

Slavery❖ Chesapeake and Caribbean tried to bring white laborers, but they

were unable to adapt to the arduous labor and tropical climate➢ Caribbean slave revolts led to harsh monitoring➢ cheaper to buy new slaves than protect owned ones➢ principal source of slaves to North America

❖ Middle Passage and Triangular Trade-forced immigration of 11 million Africans➢ horrible conditions, perpetuating labor force➢ majority in the South, a quarter of a million in the colonies by

1760

Growth of Cities❖ Centers of industry, most advanced schools, systems to

support urban poor but belief in inequality❖ Roots of religious toleration but anti-Catholicism❖ High white literacy❖ Myth of Self-Sufficiency

Period 3(1754-1800)

The French in North America❖ French alliance with Native Americans as a result of tolerance❖ Seven Years’ War spread to dominion over North America

➢ British allied with Iroquois Confederacy❖ Proclamation of 1763-limited white expansion to west of the

Appalachians

Native Americans in the New U.S.

❖ Ordinances of 1784 and 1785-townships➢ the “grid” and the “Northwest Ordinance”

❖ Inherited western lands inhabited by natives➢ not taxed under the Constitution but not “foreign Nations”➢ no representation, series of treaties

❖ Some agreements to relocate ineffective➢ Battle of Fallen Timbers-Treaty of Greenville ceded land East of Ohio

River

Period 4(1800-1848)

The “Indian Problem”

❖ “Indian Problem”-Jefferson’s offer to farm and assimilate or move west➢ William Harrison used trickery,

threats, and bribery to conclude treaties

➢ More white Americans east of the Appalachians than native

➢ Resisted with British help and action under Tecumseh, crushed

Western Migration

❖ Northwestern Ordinance❖ New opportunities in the west

➢ California Gold Rush❖ “Manifest Destiny” -sea to shining sea ❖ Nationalism ❖ Market Revolution ❖ Advancements in Transportation

Removal of Indians❖ Attitudes changed to view Native Americans as uncivilized

➢ Black Hawk War-vicious response to “bandit collection of Indians”❖ Five Civilized Tribes in the South did not negotiate fast enough

➢ 1830 Removal Act and Supreme Court case➢ Trail of Tears- thousands died and only the Seminoles resisted leading

to a costly war for the government without complete relocation

Changing Labor Force❖ Lowell System-young women in textile mills, difficulty

adapting➢ “Cult of Domesticity”, female education, and

guardians of “domestic virtues”- “separate spheres” ❖ Rapidly increasing number of immigrant laborers

➢ less leverage (unions) and thus worse labor conditions

➢ Irish unskilled construction workers, low wages❖ Increasing inequality in wealth and divided working class

➢ urban poor and significant poverty for free blacks in cities

❖ Significant mobility and expanding middle class❖ Expansion of slavery in the South and cotton production

Period 5(1844-1877)

American Expansion

(1845-1877) ❖“Manifest Destiny”

❖Annexation of Texas

❖Mexican American War (1846-1848)

❖Mormons in Utah

❖California Gold Rush

American Expansion (1845-1877)

❖ Homestead Act- 160 acres of land in the west

❖ Pacific Railway Act- construction of 1st transcontinental rail line

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

❖ Marked the end of the Mexican-American War ❖ Acquired California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico ❖ Parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming

Forced Migration

❖Fugitive Slave Act (1850)- forced northerns to return runaway slaves to the South ❖African American exodus to Kansas (1877-1900) ➢Know as Exodusters

Period 6(1865-1898)

Development of West ❖Technological Advances

❖Vulnerability of Natives Americans

❖Industrialization

❖Urbanization

❖Immigration

❖Territorial Growth

❖Leading to the “closing” of the frontier

Alaska ❖ Purchase of Alaska from Russia (1867)

❖ 586,412 square miles

❖ Abundance of natural resources -Coal -Oil -Wildlife

Transcontinental Railroad

❖Completed on May 10, 1869

❖Coast to coast

❖Quick and cheap transportation system

❖Acquired land from natives

Immigration (1871-1880)

❖2,812,191 immigrants (increased)

❖Western Europe

➢German, Irish, British, Scandinavian

Immigration

❖Majority from Germany and Ireland

❖German Immigrants-economic dislocation, widespread poverty, and collapse of liberal rev.

❖Irish Immigrants- “Potato Famine”

Immigration

❖1891 Central Eastern Europe and Italy

❖Ellis Island Opened (1892-1954)

➢12 million passengers

Hawaii

❖ Annexed in 1898

❖ Business, selling sugar

❖ Sanford B. Dole overthrows Queen Liliuokalani

Nez Perce War 1877

❖ Nez Perce Indians are relocated to Kansas and Oklahoma

❖ During surrender negotiations the Nez Perce were promised that they could return to their reservation in Idaho, but the commanding general of the army overruled them and directed them to be sent to Kansas instead

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

❖ Banned Chinese immigration for 10 years

❖ Chinese cannot become citizens

Rise of Nativism

❖Ethnic tensions and racial issues

❖Anti-Catholic

❖Low-paid immigrants workers

❖Social Darwinist

Period 7(1890-1945)

Spanish-American War

❖Treaty of Paris- ends war

❖Dec. 10, 1898 Spain ceded Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines

Great Migration (1905-1930)

❖500,000 African Americans moved from the rural south to the urban north ➢educational and economic opportunities ➢strengthening of KKK

National Origins Act (1924)❖1890 census determined the national quotas for immigrants ➢More western Europeans ➢Fewer eastern and southern Europeans and Jewish immigrants

Dust Bowl (1931-1940)

❖Thousands of farmers from the plains headed west especially California

❖Okies-farmers from Oklahoma moved west

Levittowns (1946)

❖Suburban homes

❖largest housing project

Period 8(1945-1980)

Immigration Act of 1965

❖Eliminated national origins quota system- new policy based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled

workers

❖Signed by Lyndon Johnson

Latinos

❖3 million Puerto Rico migrated to the U.S.A. ❖Bracero Programs ➢ Mexican immigration to southwest ➢2 million since 1942❖Operation Wetback-3.8 millions deported

African-Americans

❖Urban migration- 3 million from south to northern industrial cities ❖Whites moving to suburbs

Period 9 (1980-Present)

Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

❖ Signed by Ronald Reagan on Nov 6th, 1986➢ Legalized illegal immigrants who entered the U.S before jan 1st, 1982➢ Made it illegal to hire illegal immigrants

❖ He also granted amnesty to undocumented immigrants

Immigration since 1990❖ 1990 Immigration Act-granted the Green Card Lottery❖ Illegal Immigration Reform Act of 1996❖ Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996❖ 2002, Department of Homeland Security created in response to 9/11

terrorist attacks