BANGUNAN LAMA PEJABAT AGAMA ISLAM DAERAH KLANG

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Declaration

Bangunan Lama Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang (PAID)

Address: Pejabat Agama Klang, Jalan Dato Hamzah, Kawasan 1, 41000 Klang, Selangor

This report is submitted for the subject ARC 1215 / ARC60305 Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings to School of

Architecture.Building.Design of Taylor’s University to obtain 5 credits for Practicum 1.

It is a group effort by:

Leader :

Andrew Chee Kiong Chee Man Shing 0316202 Group Members:

Chan Pin Qi 0314676 Cheah Hoong Fei 0311690 Chuah Wei Hong 0310900

Jolene Hor Wei Fern 0313751 Lim Yee Qun 0319121

Lim Yu Jie 0311904 Ling Yuan Ming 0318758 Low Jia Cheng 0314883

Rahmat Aidil Maula 0311462 Renee Lim Wei Fen 0311016 See Cul Wei 0310751

Sharon Wong 0311448 Tan Wen Yee 0315155 Tan Youen 0310344

Toh Chee Cheng 0311122 Vendy William 0316944 Wong Peak Ky 1101A13474

Yap Zhong Lin 0310557 Yeo Kai Xin 0317446

Pua Zhi Qin 0314073

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) January 2015

Taylor’s University

Supervised by: Ms Ida Mazlan

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Acknowledgement

Our whole group would like to extend our gratitude to the

lectures who were responsible for organizing and conducting this

module for this short semester as we have gained a lot through this

module. The 21 of us would like to single out our tutor, Ms Ida for

guiding us, supporting us through this short semester and supervising

us on site to make sure of our safety.

We would also like to thanks PADAT for giving us the

opportunity to carry out our project at the old building of Pejabat Agama

Islam Daerah Klang (PAID) by granting us access to the building

throughout our project. Also, we would like to thank the guards on site

who kept an eye on us and informed about the dangerous areas so that

we can safely measure the building. We would also like to thank Encik

Hisham from PADAT for being cooperative with us and giving us as

much information as possible about the building.

This project and report will not be possible if not for the team work

and cooperation from all 21 group members in this team.

Figure 0.01 Group Picture on Site

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Introduction to Research

This report documents the overall information and date

obtained from Measured Drawings activity on site which is the Old

Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang Building at Jalan Dato Hamzah.

Built over a century ago, this building has a lot of historical value. In the

process of measuring this building for conservation purposes, the

condition of the building as well as the architecture of the building was

analysed and documented. There are many styles that are adopted in

the building, one of which is Palladian Architecture. The elements of the

building can be observed from the façade of the building although the

façade has undergone some changes through the years. Since it had

many over previously, the building was renovated and refurbished

several times to suit the user of the building.

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Content Page

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background Study

1.2 Problem Statement

1.3 Aims and Objective

1.4 Scope and Limitations

1.4.4 Scope

1.4.2 Limitation

1.5 Research Methodology

1.5.1 Measuring Instruments and Techniques

1.5.2 Research Techniques

2.0 Historical Background

2.1 Selangor

2.2 Klang

2.2.1 Origin Of Name

2.2.2 History Of Klang

2.3 Jalan Dato Hamzah

2.3.1 Old Charted Bank Building

2.3.2 The Royal Gallery

2.3.3 Klang Railway Station

2.3.4 Klang Primary School

2.3.5 Gedung Raja Abdullah

2.4 Ownership of the Building

3.0 Design

3.1 Colonial Architecture Influence

3.2 Palladian Architecture Influence

3.3 Islamic Architecture Influence

3.4 Malay Architecture Influence

3.5 Architecture Elements

3.6 External Changes of the Building

4.0 Spatial Organization and Function

4.1 1912, As Palace

4.1.1 Public Spaces

4.1.2 Semi-Private Spaces

4.1.3 Private Spaces

4.2 1965, As Office – Abandon (2012)

4.2.1 Public Spaces On The Ground Floor

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4.2.2 Semi-Private Spaces On The Ground Floor

4.2.3 Private Spaces On The Ground Floor

4.2.4 Public Spaces On The First Floor

4.2.5 Semi-Private Spaces On The First Floor

4.2.3 Private Spaces On The First Floor

5.0 Construction

6.0 Defects of Building

6.1 Stains

6.1.1 Water

6.1.2 Alage

6.2 Holes

6.2.1 Ground

6.2.2 Walls

6.2.3 Ceiling

6.3 Cracks

7.0 Reference

8.0 Glossary

9.0 Appendix

10.0 Scaled Drawings

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List Of Figures

Figure 0.01 Group Picture on Site Figure 1.01 Laser Measuring Tool

Figure 1.02 30 Metres Nylon Measuring Tape Figure 1.03 Measuring Tape Figure 1.04 Ruler and Strings

Figure 1.05 Ladder Figure 1.06 Crane On Site Figure 1.07 Camera

Figure 1.08 Graph Paper Figure 2.01 Indication of Selangor Map in Peninsular Malaysia Figure 2.02 Indication of Klang on the Selangor Map

Figure 2.03 Klang Map in 1901 Figure 2.04 Old Picture of Port Klang Figure 2.05 New Picture of Port Klang

Figure 2.06 Old Picture of Klang River Figure 2.07 Old Picture of Klang River at Masjid Jamek

Figure 2.08 New Picture of Klang River at Masjid Jamek Figure 2.09 The Indian Boutique Figure 2.10 The Royal Gallery in the Past

Figure 2.11 The Royal Gallery in the Present Figure 2.12 The Railway Station in the Past Figure 2.13 The Railway Station in the Present

Figure 2.14 Klang Primary School Figure 2.15 Gedung Raja Abdullah in the Past Figure 2.16 Gedung Raja Abdullah in the Present

Figure 2.17 Palace of Sultan Sir Allaeddin Sulaiman Figure 2.18 Sultan Sir Allaeddin Sulaiman

Figure 2.19 Invasion of Japanese in Malaya Figure 2.20 First JAIS office building.

Figure 2.21 Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj

Figure 2.22 PAID Office before Refurbishment Figure 2.23 PAID Office after Refurbishment Figure 3.01 Resting Palace at Bukit Zahara, Johor

Figure 3.02 Colonial Bungalow in Perak Figure 3.03 Colonial Style that can be seen on the Façade of the Old PAID Building.

Figure 3.04 Emo Court, Ireland Figure 3.05 Islamic Architecture on a Colonial Building.

Figure 3.06 Istana Kenanagan, Perak Figure 3.07 Plan Perspective Of Istana Kenangan, Perak Figure 3.08 Balai Besar, Alor Setar

Figure 3.09 Façade of the Old PAID Building. Figure 3.10 Corinthian Columns on the façade of the Old PAID Building.

Figure 3.11 Traditional Malay Style Columns on the façade of the Old PAID Building. Figure 3.12 Portico at the Front of the Building

Figure 3.13 Portico at the Back of the Building Figure 3.14 Horseshoe Arches at the Portico Figure 3.15 Balustrade located below the arches

Figure 3.16 Bed-Mould Figure 3.17 Corona

Figure 3.18 Cornices around Klang Islamic Religious Office Figure 3.19 Old photo of Pejabat Agama Islam Figure 3.20 Sisip Angins

Figure 3.21 Double Shutter Casement Window Figure 3.22 Louvered Window Figure 3.23 Aluminium Top Hung Window

Figure 3.24 Single Panelled Door

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Figure 3.25 Double Panelled Door

Figure 3.26 Double Flushed Door Figure 3.27 Single Flushed Door Figure 3.28 Customized Flsuhed Door

Figure 3.29 Glass entrance door type 'A' Figure 1.30 Steel Door Gate at the front staircase Figure 3.31 Winding Half-turn Stair

Figure 3.32 Quarter- Turn Stairs Figure 3.33 Wire Mesh

Figure 3.34 Timber Stairs Figure 3.35 Picture of PAID circa 1980 Figure 3.36 Picture of PAID in 2012

Figure 3.37 Royal Palace for Sultan of Selangor Figure 3.38 Renovated phase after Japanese colonization Figure 3.39 Present Klang Islamic Religious Office

Figure 3.40 Windows before modern age Figure 3.41 Windows after renovation Figure 3.42 Air-Conditioner

Figure 3.43 Exposed Balustrade before renovation. Figure 3.44 Closed off balustrade Figure 3.45 Back porch before modern age

Figure 3.46 Back porch after renovation Figure 3.47 Front porch before the modern age

Figure 3.48 Front porch after renovation Figure 3.49 Closed-off arch Figure 3.50 Side entrance

Figure 3.51 Glass window Figure 4.01 Istana Bandar, Jugra Figure 4.02 Istana Kenangan, Kuala Kangsar

Figure 4.03 Istana Kenangan Plan Perspective

Figure 5.01 Concrete Floor Slab

Figure 5.02 Timber Floor Slab Figure 5.03 Underside of Floor Structure Figure 5.04 Concrete Floor Slab that were previously carpeted

Figure 5.05 Flemish Bond Arrangement on the Building Figure 5.06 English Bond Arrangement on the Building Figure 5.07 Retaining Wall found at lower ground level

Figure 5.08 Suspended Ceiling Figure 5.09 Suspended decorative plaster ceiling

Figure 5.10 Figure Ceiling timber joist connected to roof trusses Figure 5.11 Gable Roof Figure 5.12 Gambrel Roof

Figure 5.13 Pratt Truss Figure 5.14 Belgian trusses.

Figure 6.01 Water Stain A1

Figure 6.02 Water Stain A2 Figure 6.03 Water Stain A3 Figure 6.04 Water Stain A4

Figure 6.05 Algae Stain B1, Interior Figure 6.06 Algae Stain B1, Interior, Close Up Figure 6.07 Algae Stain B1, Exterior

Figure 6.08 Algae Stain B1, Exterior, Close Up Figure 6.09 Algae Stain B2

Figure 6.10 Algae Stain B2, Close Up Figure 6.11 Hole on the Ground Figure 6.12 Hole on the Ground C1 (1)

Figure 6.13 Hole on the Ground C1 (2) Figure 6.14 Hole on the Ground C2 (1) Figure 6.15 Hole on the Ground C2 (2)

Figure 6.16 Hole on the Wall D1

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Figure 6.17 Hole on the Wall D1, Close Up

Figure 6.18 Hole on the Wall D2 Figure 6.19 Hole on the Wall D2, Close Up Figure 6.20 Hole on the Wall D3

Figure 6.21 Hole on the Wall D3, Close Up Figure 6.22 Hole on the Wall D4 and D5 Figure 6.23 Hole on the Wall D5, Close Up

Figure 6.24 Hole on the Wall D6 Figure 6.25 Hole on the Wall D6, Close Up

Figure 6.26 Hole on the Wall D7 Figure 6.27 Hole on the Wall D7, Close Up Figure 6.28 Hole on the Wall D8

Figure 6.29 Hole on the Wall D8, Close Up Figure 6.30 Hole on the Wall D9 Figure 6.31 Hole on the Wall D9, Close Up

Figure 6.32 Hole on the Ceiling E1 Figure 6.33 Hole on the Ceiling E2 Figure 6.34 Hole on the Ceiling E3

Figure 6.35 Hole on the Ceiling E3, Close Up Figure 6.36 Hole on the Ceiling E4 Figure 6.37 Hole on the Ceiling E5

Figure 6.38 Hole on the Ceiling E6 Figure 6.39 Hole on the Ceiling E6, Close Up

Figure 6.40 Hole on the Ceiling E7 Figure 6.41 Crack F1 Figure 6.41 Crack F1

Figure 6.43 Crack F2, Close Up Figure 6.44 Crack F3 Figure 6.45 Crack F4

Figure 6.46 Crack F5

Figure 6.47 Crack F6

Figure 6.48 Crack F7 Figure 6.49 Crack F8 Figure 9.1 Plan did by PADAT in 2003

Figure 9.2 Pictures Obtained from JAIS

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List Of Diagrams

Diagram 2.01 Indication of Core Zone and Buffer Zone Diagram 2.02 Indication of Significant Buildings at Jalan Dato Hamzah Diagram 2.03 Timeline of the Ownership of the Building

Diagram 3.01 Plan of Hercules Victor Temple, Forum Boarium, Roman. Diagram 3.02 Plan of Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens, Greece.

Diagram 3.03 Plan of Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang. Diagram 3.04 Symmetry Plan of Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang.

Diagram 3.05 Location of Columns Diagram 3.06 Location of Portico Diagram 3.07 Location of Horseshoe Arches

Diagram 3.08 Location of Nagsh Ventilation Panels Diagram 3.09 Location of Sisip Angins Diagram 3.10 Location of Double Shutter Casement Window on First

Floor Diagram 3.11 Location of Glass Louvered Window on First Floor Diagram 3.12 Location of Aluminium Top Hung Window on First Floor

Diagram 3.13 Location of Panelled Door on Ground Floor Diagram 3.14 Location of Panelled Door on First Floor Diagram 3.15 Location of Flush Door on Ground Floor

Diagram 3.16 Location of Flush Door on First Floor Diagram 3.17 Location of Flush Door at Basement

Diagram 3.18 Location of Glass Entrance Door at Ground Floor Diagram 3.19 Location of Grill Door on the Ground Floor Diagram 3.20 Location of Winding Half-turn Stair on the Ground Floor

Diagram 3.21 Location of Quarter - Turn Stairs on the Ground Floor Diagram 4.01 Istana Bandar Ground Floor Plan Diagram 4.02 Istana Bandar First Floor Plan

Diagram 4.03 Public Spaces of the Palace

Diagram 4.04 Possibility Area for Meeting Room

Diagram 4.05 Semi Private Area of Palace Diagram 4.06 Private Area of Palace Diagram 4.07 PAID Office Space Planning on the Ground Floor

Diagram 4.08 PAID Office Space Planning on First Floor Diagram 4.09 PAID Office Public Space on Ground Floor (1) Diagram 4.09 PAID Office Public Space on Ground Floor (2)

Diagram 4.10 PAID Office Semi-Private Space on Ground Floor Diagram 4.11 PAID Office Private Space on Ground Floor (1)

Diagram 4.12 PAID Office Private Space on Ground Floor (2) Diagram 4.13 PAID Office Public Space on First Floor Diagram 4.14 PAID Office Semi-Private Space on First Floor

Diagram 4.15 PAID Office Private Space on First Floor Diagram 5.01 Area that uses Timber Floor Slab Diagram 5.02 Timber Floor Joist Construction

Diagram 5.03 Drawing of Timber Floor in PAID Diagram 5.04 Area that uses Concrete Floor Slab Diagram 5.05 Flemish Bond Arrangement

Diagram 5.06 Flemish Bond Arrangement Diagram 5.07 Area that has Suspended Ceiling Diagram 5.08 Dropped Ceiling Support

Diagram 5.09 Location of Suspended Decorative Plaster Ceiling Diagram 5.10 Location of Plasterboard Lined Timber Joist Ceiling

Diagram 5.11 Construction of plasterboard ceiling Diagram 5.12 Position of Gable Roof. Diagram 5.13 Position of Gambrel Roof.

Diagram 5.14 Gambrel Roof Construction. Diagram 5.15 Position of Pratt Truss. Diagram 5.16 Simple Drawing of Pratt Truss

Diagram 5.17 Position of Belgian Truss

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Diagram 5.18 Drawing Of Belgian Truss in PAID

Diagram 6.01 Water Stains on Ground Floor Diagram 6.02 Water Stains on First Floor Diagram 6.03 Algae Stains on Ground Floor

Diagram 6.04 Algae Stains on First Floor Diagram 6.05 Ground Holes on Ground Floor Diagram 6.06 Ground Holes on First Floor

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor Diagram 6.08 Wall Holes on First Floor

Diagram 6.09 Ceiling Holes on Ground Floor Diagram 6.10 Ceiling Holes on First Floor Diagram 6.11 Cracks on Ground Floor

Diagram 6.12 Location of Weak Area on First Floor

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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background Study

The Old Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang (PAID) Building is

located in the vincity of Klang in Selangor. This building has a lot of

historical values as it was built in 1912, which was before the World

War. One thing unique about the building is that throughout the years,

it had different functions. The entire structure is built up is about 218,924

square meters. The building is 3 stories including a basement. The

building faces the Dato' Hamzah road which interconnects it to the

Klang railway station and other major roads.

Initially, it was a resting palace of the fifth sultan of Klang. It was

then taken over by the Japanese during the colonial era in Malaysia.

After the Japanese were defeated, the building was reused as a lodging

house until was taken over to be used as a municipal office for Klang.

After the office was relocated, it was used as Klang Islamic Religious

Office. It was then handed to Perbadanan Adat Melayu Dan Warisan

Selangor (PADAT) to be renovated and conserved as a historical

building.

This report documents the history of the buildings, its

architecture and design, the construction and also the evolution of the

building. The report will also cover how the building is influences the

surrounding.

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1.2 Problem Statement

This building has existed for more than 100 years and has

been left abandon for 2 years after PAID moved out and the building

was taken over by PADAT in 2012 to be preserved. The condition of

the building is not that bad even though it has been around for 100 years

as it has been maintained and renovated over the years and also since

it has only been vacant for 2 years. However, there were a few problems

about the building that caused some problems during this project.

Among the problems were the condition of some parts of the

building that were no longer safe to access. This is due to the rotting of

construction material that made some rooms to have weak slabs and

not being able to withstand heavy loads. It made it dangerous for us to

take the measurement of some corners of the certain rooms.

Also, since this building has been abandoned, there is no

electricity. Some rooms have no opening thus no natural lighting that

caused the room to be very dark even during the broad daylight. This

caused us to have a disadvantage in taking precise measurement as

we were not able to see as clear as we should be.

On top of that, due to the poor workmanship and materials

used in the pass to restore and renovated the building, such as

plastering, there were some difference of measurements on parts that

were supposed to be the same such as the thickness of columns and

walls. Also some of the parts of the building that were supposed to be

symmetrical did not have the same measurements such as the arc and

height of the columns that support the arcs.

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1.3 Aims and Objectives

The aim of our Measured Drawings project is for us to develop

and understanding on the principles of preserving buildings and

documenting our findings with three different methods; measured

drawings, written documentation and also a video documentation. For

measured drawings, we are to document historically and architecturally

significant buildings in the form of as-built drawings. The task requires

10 to 20 students per group that involve field works consisting

measuring technique such as photographing, sketches, use of

theodolite and measuring tape. The outcomes of the subject are

collections of plans, sections, elevations, details and axonometric views

/ models; complemented with a report that explains about the

background, history, concept, style, construction and ornamentation of

buildings.

The aim of this report is to document all our findings as well and

document all our researched done on this building for future references.

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1.4 Scope and Limitation

1.4.1 Scope

We were to measure the building from corner to corner to get

accurate dimensions of each space. Also, we had to measure the

exterior elevations and some interior elevation to draw the section of

the building

We were also to do a thorough research on the building that we

are measuring to find more information on the building. Not just its

historical background but also its construction details and the influences

on the design concepts such as Palladian Architecture, Malay

Architecture and Islamic Architecture.

1.4.2 Limitation

As we were unable to reach to measure some of the higher areas

of the building with a laddaer such as the elevation of the building, there

was a crane on site to enable us to take measurements. However, there

were some parts that we still could not take measurements of as we

could not reach that point such as the roof and some intricate details.

To overcome this problem, we took eye level photograph and scaled it

then traced it with AutoCad. This technique was also used to draft out

some ornamental detailing that we could not measure.

Also, as we did our research for this building, we could not

find as much information as we expected to. This was because this

building is not very well known in the past to begin with as it was just a

resting palace of the fifth Sultan of Klang, who had other palace that

were more prominent. Also, there were not much data documented and

kept about this building to be found on the internet as well as the

national archive. Not many people around the area knew much about

the building as well. We had to rely on our own analysis based on other

similar buildings we found during our research.

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1.5 Research Methodology

1.5.1 Measuring Instruments and Techniques

Laser measuring tool.

Two units of this tool was loaned to each group by our university to

measure measurements accurately. Example of types of

measurements taken by this tool was the height of the ceilings, the

distance of columns to columns and other measurement that had a

further distance. This tool made it easier and accurate to take

measurements.

30 Metres Nylon Measuring Tape

One unit of this tool was also loaned to each group by our university to

measure distance that were too far to measure with a standard 3-8

metre measuring tape. Since it was made if nylon, flexible and was easy

to use. We could also measure arcs and curvy details.

Figure 1.01 Laser Measuring Tool

Figure 1.02 30 Metres Nylon Measuring Tape

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Measuring tape

Since we were only given one unit of the 30 M Nylon Measuring Tape,

we brought our own measuring tape. This was the most general tool

that was used on site and everyone each own a unit. The measuring

tape ranged from 3M to 8M.

Ruler and Strings

We also used rulers to measure small details that did not require such

long measuring tape. We also used strings to measure the diameter of

certain cylindrical columns.

Ladder

We brought a ladder to site to reach areas that was too high to measure

such as the details on the higher part of the walls and beams.

Figure 1.03 Measuring Tape

Figure 1.04 Ruler and Strings

Figure 1.05 Ladder

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Crane

There was a crane on site on the fourth day to assist us with our job.

Using the cranes, we were able to take measurements of areas that

was even too high to reach even with a ladder.

Camera

We had a few units of DLSR cameras on site to take pictures of the

building for documentation and report purposes to be used as future

reference. We also used the camera to take eye level images for details

that were too intricate and complicated to be scaled and traced using

Auto Cad.

Graft Paper

We used graft paper to roughly draw the plan before measuring to take

note on the measurements. The grid was used as a guild line as we

took measurements so that it would look proportionate and would be

easy to understand.

Figure 1.06 Crane On Site

Figure 1.07 Camera

Figure 1.08 Graph Paper

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We divided ourselves into 7 subgroups during the site survey and

measurements. Each group consisted of 3 people. We also divided the

spaced in the building into 6 spaces. Three on the ground floor and

three on the first floor. Each subgroup was in charge of measuring each

space while one group was in charge of measuring the exterior

elevation.

Firstly, we measured and manually drafted the plan of each

space assigned to our subgroup. Then Auto Cad was used to turn the

plans into digitally draft drawings. Once done, we started looking more

into the details of the building and taking measurements of those

details. We also determined the section lines that would best show our

building details. Once some of the subgroup that were measuring the

interior space were done with their task, they helped out the team that

was measuring the exterior as they needed more help.

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1.5.2 Research Techniques

We conducted our research through a various methods to get as

much information as possible and also to make sure that the information

that we get is reliable and accurate.

Site Survey

During the 5 day site visit, a survey on the surrounding of the building

was done. We came to learn more about the location and why it was

chosen as a site to build a palace initially. Also we learn about how the

building was influenced by the surrounding. We also visited a few of the

significant building around the old PAID building along the street such

as the old chartered bank building, the railway station and also the royal

gallery.

Interview

Besides doing a site survey by ourselves, to understand the history, the

surrounding and the building better, an interview sessions with some of

the old local workers were conducted since they were more familiar and

had a deeper understanding of the area.

Internet

The internet was used to find reliable sites to find further information.

The information that was found online were mainly on the historical

background of the building. Also some useful similar examples to our

building that could be used as a reference to compare and analyse the

style of our building was obtained.

National Archive

We went to the national archive and archive library to find out more

information about our building. Old files and information were looked

through to have a better understanding of the construction and

architecture of the old palace. Unfortunately, there were not much

useful information that could be obtained. This was as our building was

not very well known thus not much data was collected and kept.

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Printed materials.

Old newspaper articles, journals, books were look through to get

information and some old photos regarding our building. This was also

to cross check the information that we obtained through the internet and

also the interview to make sure of its accuracy of information.

Tutorials

Two tutorials were held in a week to enable our tutor to guide us in the

right direction with the research materials gained. Our tutor also made

sure that the information that we have obtained can be used in the

report.

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2.0 Historical Background

2.1 Selangor

Selangor is one of the 14 states in Malaysia. It is located in the

west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The history of Selangor started in

the 16th Century when tin was round in the region. The natural wealth

of the region attracted miners, immigrants and colonizers to come. One

of the most significant immigrants were the Bugis brothers. As they

were good traders and warriors, they soon rose to become very

prominent in Selangor. In 1766, one of the descendent, Raja Lumu

established Kuala Selangor and became the first Sultan of Selangor.

Selangor has two capitals which is Shah Alam ( the state capital

city) and Klang ( the royal capital city ). This state covers an area of

796,084 hectares and consist of nine districts which are Hulu Langat,

Gombak, Hulu Selagor, Kuala Langat, Kuala Selangor, Petaling,

Sabak, Bernam, Sepang and lastly, Klang. Selangor is now the most

dense state in Malaysia with the highest population.

Figure 2.01 Indication of Selangor Map in Peninsular

Malaysia

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2.2 Klang

2.2.1 Origin of the name

Klang, previously known as Kelang had been a site of human

settlement since the prehistoric period. The name of ‘Klang’ was

derived from the Langkasuka language, which mean middle place.

2.2.2 History of Klang

Klang is divided into Klang north and Klang South, which are

separated by Klang River. Klang was known as the royal town because

of the existing of the official residence of fifth sultan (Sultan Alauddin

Sulaiman Shah). With the expansion of tin mining, Klang played a

significance role in development of the Malay Kingdom during the

historical period.

Klang was under Malacca and ruled by Tun Perak. However,

when Portuguese captured the Malacca in 1511, Klang was semi-

independent and no longer sent tin to Malacca. 200 hundred years later,

the arrival of large amount of traders from Sulawesi, Johor Riau marked

the beginning of sultanate era while they proclaimed themselves as the

sultan when settled down along the Klang River area. It resulted in the

sultanate family to be Bugis generation.

Figure 2.02 Indication of Klang on the Selangor Map

Figure 2.03 Klang Map in 1901

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Klang underwent huge expansion in the 19th century due to the

tin mining industry as the result of highly demand of tin from the West.

There was a port that was build 6km away from the town in the

southeast of Klang. It was known as Port Swettenham since 1901. It

was named after the Sir Frank Swettenham, who was the first resident

general in Selangor who further developed the port.

Figure 2.04 Old Picture of Port Klang

Figure 2.05 New Picture of Port Klang

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The Klang River also played an important role. It flows through

Kuala Lumpur and Selangor and eventually into the Strait of Malacca.

The river is 120 kilometres and it was one of the means of transportation

at that time.

A Civil War was started among the royal family as to gain control

along the Klang River.

After the civil war ended in 1873, pirates were attacking the

coastal shipping, law and order had been broken down even the

farmers were not planting their rice crops, making Klang an unsafe

place for trading.

The civil war acted as the stepping-stone for the development of

administrative buildings in Klang area, resulted in the construction of

sultan palace.

Figure 2.06 Old Picture of Klang River

Figure 2.07 Old Picture of Klang River at Masjid Jamek

Figure 2.08 New Picture of Klang River at Masjid Jamek

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2.3 Jalan Dato Hamzah

Our selected building is located on Jalan Dato Hamzah. Around

Jalan Dato Hamzah there is a small town that exist. We have

discovered that the town has been there for a long time even before the

palace existed.

The advance development of the economy around the area had

caused the government to build offices around that place and it soon,

they decided to build a resting palace for the Sultan so that he would

have a place to rest as he handles business in that area.

The following section will discuss the buildings along Jalan Dato

Hamzah and the area close to it to show how strategic the location.

The area that is busy is labeled as Core Zone and the area that

is less busy is labled as Buffer Zone.

Building

Location

Core Zone

Buffer Zone

Diagram 2.01 Indication of Core Zone and Buffer Zone

Diagram 2.02 Indication of Significant Buildings at Jalan

Dato Hamzah

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2.3.1 Old Charted Bank Building

Refer to Diagram *, Number 12.

The former Charted Bank is located at the intersection of Jalan

Istana and Jalan Dato Hamzah. It is located on the right side of the the

Klang Islamic Office.

This building was completed in 1874. It was the first ever financial

institution in Klang. The building was characterised as Neoclassical

style in which two stretches of balcony at the upper level overseas the

roadside, reflecting the architecture of colonial architecture.

The building is currectly used as an Indian Boutique that sells

textiles and silk from India. Although it has been renovated, it’s faced is

preserved.

Figure 2.09 The Indian Boutique

28

2.3.2 The Royal Gallery

Refer to Diagram *, Number 14.

This building was built in 1909 to house the Klang District Office

when the British was ruling Malaya. This building was designed by

architect A. B. Hubback, strictly in the Western classical style. It is

located on Jalan Dato Hamzah.

It was first built for the Klang District Office's Land Office, the

Town Board and Public Works Department. In 1973, the building was

used as the Police Contigent Building for 2 years. After some

conservation works by the Klang Town Council in 1987 and the last

tenant which was the Legal Department moved out, the State Museum

took over and set up the Royal Gallery.

The Royal Gallery displays the Royal Collections which consists

of magnificent personal collections of artifacts and gifts covering the

period of the reign of the late Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah.

Included in the exhibition are replicas of Selangor's crown jewels.

Figure 2.10 The Royal Gallery in the Past

Figure 2.11 The Royal Gallery in the Present

29

2.3.3 Klang Railway Station

Refer to Diagram *, Number 1.

By the early 1890s, the large increase in import and export could

not be satisfactorily dealt with at the available jetties at Klang, and plans

were made for the development of port at a site on the coast.

In 1800s, changes of capital from Klang to Kuala Lumpur had

attracted a lot of traders to Kuala Lumpur. At this time the only method

of transportation between Klang and Kuala Lumpur were by horse,

buffalo or boats ride along Klang River. The journey was long.

Therefore, Frank Swettenham initiated a rail link between Klang

and Kuala Lumpur to overcome the transportation problems particularly

to the tin mining interests, who needed to convey the ore to Klang’s

port. The construction of the railway to the coast implied the necessity

of providing wharves at the railway terminus.

Advanced transportation further enhanced the development of

economy around the place. Thus, transportation to the Klang city town

would not be major problems for the traders or administrative officers.

Up to today the station is still being used as it was.

Figure 2.12 The Railway Station in the Past

Figure 2.13 The Railway Station in the Present

30

2.3.4 Klang Primary School

Refer to Diagram *, Number 15.

Sekolah Kebangsaan Klang was built in 1937 and is located on

Jalan Dato Hamzah as well. The school started off as an all-boys school

with 12 teachers. The school then became a co-ed school.

This building was influenced by Anglo-Malay architecture. It has

beautiful louvre windows at the upper level. This ventilation design

served as a model for the architecture of later schools in Malaysia.

Figure 2.14 Klang Primary School

31

2.3.5 Gedung Raja Abdullah

Refer to Diagram *, Number 2

Built in 1857, Gedung Raja Abdullah (Raja Abdullah

Warehouse) in Klang was first used to store weapons, tin and food.

In 1874, the British converted the warehouse into government offices,

where the first council meeting of Selangor was held.

In 1880, Gedung Raja Abdullah was turned into a police station

and remained so until 1974. The lock-ups, with heavy iron gates, still

exist.

More recently, the building was turned into a museum in 1985,

exhibiting the history of Selangor’s tin mining industry and its role in the

development and success of Selangor. Currently, the building is

temporarily closed for restoration undertaken by National Heritage

Department.

Figure 2.15 Gedung Raja Abdullah in the Past

Figure 2.16 Gedung Raja Abdullah in the Present

32

2.4 Ownership of The Building.

As the years went by, the building was handed from one owner

to another. The building was used for different functions and that was

what made the building have such historical values that it has today.

1912 Building was built as a palace for DYMM Sultan Sir

Allaeddin Sulaiman Shah

Diagram 2.03 T imeline of the Ownership of the Building

33

1912-1941

In 1912, this old PAID building was originally built as a palace for

the sultan of Selangor at the time, DYMM Sultan Sir Allaeddin Sulaiman

Shah. It was not the official palace but was known as “Istana Singgah”.

The sultan would stay in this palace or otherwise known as his office

and be his resting place when he is has errands to run in the area. This

palace was known as the ‘istana singgah’ also known as resting palace,

which the sultan will only stay here for few days when he was managing

his business around the town area.

The official palace at that time was the Istana Alam Shah which

was also located in Klang.

The palace was used for all royal functions such as installation

ceremonies, royal weddings, awarding of state titles by the Sultan,

receptions of guests or dignitaries and other functions.

Figure 2.17 Palace of Sultan Sir Allaeddin Sulaiman

34

Sultan Sir Allaeddin Sulaiman Shah was the fifth sultan of

Selanor. Before he was crowned as Sultan, he was known as Raja

Sulaiman. He was from the Bugis family, originated from Selawasi. His

majesty had ruled Selangor since 1898 until he passed away on the

31st March 1938, replacing his grandfather who passed away in 1898

after 41 years of ruling Selangor. In 1912, he was knighted the Order of

St Micheal and St George by the United Kingdom with the title Sir. He

was succeeded by Sultan Sir Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj.

Sultan Sulaiman was faithful to his religion, Islam and was

closed to the ulama. Ulama is defined as a body of Muslim scholars

who are recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred

law and theology. His Majesty would ask for opinions from the ulama

regarding matters of administration and spreading of Islam in the

country. He would also bring along ulama whenever he had to run

errands abroad.

Sultan Sulaiman was concerned about the development of Islam

in Selangor. Therefore, several mosques were built in the state and one

of them was named after him, which is the Alauddin Mosque in Kuala

Langat, Selangor. As a chief in Islam, Sultan Sulaiman would conduct

sermons every Friday and during Hari Raya.

Figure 2.18 Sultan Sir Allaeddin Sulaiman

35

Sultan Sulaiman had many marriages and had lots of children.

His first marriage was with Tengku Ampuan Maharum binti Tunku

Dhiyauddin which is Tengku Kudin of Kedah’s pincess, and raised two

princes and 4 princesses. The prince, Sultan Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah

was the seventh sultan in Selangor. His second marriage was with Cik

Hasnah/Cik Aminah binti Pelong Makam Bandar, and had one prince,

and 2 princesses with her. The sixth Sultan Selangor was his prince

with Cik Hasnah, which was Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Syah.

Reason being that this location was chosen to build the palace in

1912 was because it was a very strategic location. During the olden

days, water transportation was very important. There was a river

located opposite the palace which was very convenient for the Sultan.

Also, as time went by and technology advanced, a railway station was

also constructed nearby the palace.

The building was used as a palace for about 35 years.

36

1941-1945

During the World War 2, the Japanese invade Malaya on 18th

December 1941 from Kota Bahru, Within 1 and a half months, the whole

of Malaya were fallen into the hands of the Japanese.

The Japanese was in great power. They took over the building

and used it as the quarters for the soldiers in order to facilitate the war.

The building was known as JUNTAI.

Not only was this building handed over but the buildings around

the area as well. The Charted Bank building next to JUNTAI was used

as an interrogation and execution centre for the prisoners of war.

After the Japanese were defeated, the building was reused as a

lodging house until 1945. A lodging house is a house that have fully

furnished rooms that are rented out to people to stay temporarily.

Figure 2.19 Invasion of Japanese in Malaya

37

1946-1976

In 1946, the building was then repurposed and became the Klang

municipal institution office (Pejabat Lembaga Bandaran Klang). It was

used as an operation centre until 1964. A meeting was convened to

handover the building to Jabatan Agama Islam Negeri Selangor (JAIS)

in 1965. JAIS was formed by Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj after

the World War 2.

Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj is the eldest son of Sultan

Sulaiman and Puan Hamsah. He wasn’t expected to rule as he had two

elder brothers. However, during the Japanese occupation, His Majesty

Stepped down and his eldest stepbrother, Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin

Riayat Shah was chosen to rule Selangor. When the Japanese were

defeated and the British took over again, he was then again appointed

to be Sultan of Selangor.

He was appointed as the Second Agong of Malaysia on the 14

April 1960. However, on the day of his coronation, he passed away due

to a mystery sickness.

Figure 2.20 First JAIS office building.

38

The main reason he formed this the organization was because

moral of the people started to weaken and there were many wrong

doings after the World War 2 as the result of the Japanese influence.

He commanded to the ministry of Selangor to start this organization.

The first office was located in this building that was used as Sultan

Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj as an office. This organization was

funded by king himself.

This organization aid to stop the spreading and communism in

Selangor and also in Malaya. It also fixed the morality and believes of

the Malays that were influenced by the Japanese at that time.

JAIS then moved the the Old Kelab Diraja Selangor building

where it was chosen to be its administration office.

Figure 2.21 Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj

39

1977-2012

The building was occupied by JAIS until the state government

relocate them to another building in 1977, allowing the building to be

used as the Klang Islamic Religious Office also known as Pejabat

Agama Islam Daerah Klang (PAID).

In 1992 the building was shared with the lower syariah court

where PAID occupied the ground floor while the Lower Syariah Court

occupied the first floor. Subsequently, the court moved out in 2004 and

PAID occupied the whole building.

PAID functions just the same as JAIS. JAIS acted as the main

headquarter for the whole of Selangor while PAID was the office that

was situated in Klang. This was so that it is more convenient for the

Islam people in Klang.

The building was refurbished in 2001. It remained as the Klang

Islamic Religious Office until it was evacuated and handed over to the

PADAT on the 6th July 2012. As of now (1st February 2015) it is in the

process to be renovated and maintained as a historical and cultural

building. The building was officially renamed as Bangunan Lama

Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang.

Figure 2.22 PAID Office before Refurbishment

Figure 2.23 PAID Office after Refurbishment

40

3.0 Design Concept

The design concept of the old Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah

Klang was influenced by various styles from around the world. The main

style of the building is colonial style. This is as it was built during the

British Colonisation and Colonial Style buildings was very favourable in

that era.

In this chapter, the influence of various styles and its influence

on the building will be discussed. The styles will be classified as foreign

influences and also local influences.

41

3.1 Colonial Architecture Influence

Due to the constraint of fire, flood, filthy condition and

overcrowding in Malay Peninsula during 1881-1882, the government

decided to rebuild the colonial town. Consequently in 1884, Frank

Swettenhem, the British resident of Selangor, had introduced building

regulations and town planning methods was imposed in all the building

constructions. In 19th century, the British had adopted an architecture

style, originated from the British building style, a mixture of the British

and Moghul architectural style (Indian Muslim) in India. This

architectural style is commonly used in administrative buildings.

According to Gullick (2000), before the Second World War, the British

had started to make its impact in Malaya's architecture. In most British

colonial countries, the Public Works Department (PWD) was entrusted

to design and construct the public sector buildings such as government

offices, court buildings, schools, station buildings, quarters or human

resources and plantations. Examples of colonial style architecture can

be seen in Figures 3.01 and 3.02.

Figure 3.01 Resting Palace at Bukit Zahara, Johor

Figure 3.02 Colonial Bungalow in Perak

42

Colonial architecture is defined as an architectural style from a

mother country that has been incorporated into the buildings of

settlements or colonies in distant locations.

In this building’s case, it is the British Colony since Malaya was

under control of the British. This building had a Palladian style during

renaissance revivalism with some Islamic influences. According to the

Heritage of Malaysia Trust (1990), this type of building were easily

found.

Figure 3.03 Colonial Style that can be seen on the Façade of the Old PAID Building.

43

3.2 Palladian Architecture Influence

The last phase of European classicism of the late 18th and

early 19th century characterized by monumentality, a sparing used of

ornament and strict used of the orders of architecture. Studiously

proportioned which sometimes incorporate portico, colonnade and

cupola(s) in the design.

Evidently, the style which was carried through into the early

20th century was influenced by Anglo-Indian architecture through

colonial British with east Indian company which brought influences

practical to their tropical experience, which are typified by high ceilings,

large porches and painted in pastel or white finishing on exterior and

interior walls that can be seen in the colonial government buildings and

bungalows. Most non-tropical forms used is the Palladian system of

neo-Greek column, pediments and fenestration, neo-roman arches and

domes, and renaissance parapets, turrets, cupolas, quoins,

empanadas, surrounds, staircases and balconies. This can be seen in

the old PAID building in subchapter 3.5 Architecture Elements.

Figure 3.04 Emo Court, Ireland

44

Palladian architecture today is an evolution of Palladio's original

concepts. Palladio's work was strongly based on the symmetry,

perspective and values of the formal classical temple architecture of the

ancient Greeks and Romans as shown in Diagram 3.01 and 3.02.

Symmetrical design in the old PAID building can also be observed

clearly as shown in Diagram 3.03. One main axis that divides the

building into 2 equal sections. The axis cuts across from the main

entrance door directly to the main back exit.

The basic form of the building consists of one simple rectangular

volumetric block divided into separate symmetrical space. The simple

form depicts the originality and the rationality of the building, making it

static and neutral.

Diagram 3.01 Plan of Hercules Victor Temple, Forum Boarium,

Roman.

Diagram 3.02 Plan of Parthenon, on the Acropolis of Athens, Greece.

Diagram 3.03 Plan of Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang.

45

Like the ancient Romans and Greeks, Palladio believed that

beauty comes from harmony and symmetry. In Klang Islamic Religious

Office, buildings are evenly balanced on each side of the entrance hall.

Proportion is always maintained.

Approaching the building, visitors enters through the side and

into the waiting area. Walking through the building linearly, visitors will

be greeted by a row of arches that opens up into a double volume hall

that is centred in the building. This layout, creates a grand scale towards

the visitor’s eye.

Diagram 3.04 Symmetry Plan of Pejabat Agama Islam Daerah Klang.

46

3.3 Islamic Architecture Influence

Arches are one of the most distinctive features of Islamic

architecture and are found in almost every type of building.

Symbolically, they lead into an inner space. Islamic architects borrowed

heavily from Greek and roman designs for archways and door designs

but then came up with a series of arch shapes over history that are

distinctively Islamic.

For example, the great mosque in Cordoba, Spain, has various

examples of arch designs including the horseshoe, the cinquefoil, the

trefoil and the semi-circular. The use of arches in this mosque is

credited with spreading Islamic arch design throughout Europe. Islamic

building also use arches to create colonnades lining the inner

courtyards of both houses and mosques.

Figure 3.05 Islamic Architecture on a Colonial

Building.

47

3.4 Malay Architecture Influence

Since Malaysia has a tropical climate, building materials such

as timber, rattan, tree roots, bamboo and leaves are easily available

from the tropical forests. In a traditional Malay house, timber is used for

the building structures, rattan and tree roots are used for tying up joints

whereas bamboo and leaves are used for floors and walls. In the Malay

culture, buildings such as houses and palaces that are highly hand-

crafted and beautifully patterned and decorated reflect the building

owners’ high status. For instance, the Old Kenangan Palace in Kuala

Kangsar, Perak which was built by a Malay sultan, has magnificently

crafted walls.

As Muslims, the Malays have adopted the Islamic principles of

orientation of mosques, particularly the prayer halls which have to be

designed and faced towards Mecca. In other cases, some of the

traditional Malay houses have floors at different levels, indicating the

room functions. For instance, the veranda floor is raised lower than the

living room floor. This is not only indicating the room functions but also

giving a sense of spatial transition in the building.

Figure 3.06 Istana Kenanagan, Perak

Figure 3.07 Plan Perspective Of Istana Kenangan, Perak

48

Foreign Influence:

During the colonization periods of the Portuguese, Dutch and British,

Malay architecture was exposed to many new building technologies.

Exmaple,

Zinc and clay tiles as substitutes for roofs made of leaves;

Brick and cement columns as replacements for timber stilts and

ladder;

Glass for windows which were formerly open;

Nails as alternatives for rattan and tree roots that tie joints

together.

These features can be seen at the Alor Setar's Balai Besar or Audience

Hall in Kedah state. Built in 1898, the building has clay tile roofs, brick

and cement stairs, glass windows with brick and timber walls. Each of

these had a profound impact on the Malay vernacular architecture. It

can also, then, be observed that the process of adopting new

technologies to ancient architecture is not entirely a new idea. Malay

architecture has been modified by technological and cultural changes

for centuries.

Figure 3.08 Balai Besar, Alor Setar

49

3.5 Architecture Elements

Architecture Elements are the unique details and components

that form the architecture style of the building. The architecture style of

this building is mainly a combination of Palladian Style and also

Islamic Style.

This Old PAID Building which is a colonial influenced structure

is double storey with expression of Western and local architectural

traditions modified with the use of local methods of building

construction and materials.

This subchapter discusses about the unique elements and

components of many styles of the building.

50

3.5.1 Exterior Facade

One of the significant if Palladian Architecture is that

ornamentations are usually restrained. The Façade of the Old PAID

building is plain but perfectly balanced and harmonious.

Figure 3.09 Façade of the Old PAID Building.

51

Columns

The columns are the Greek columns, knows as the Corinthian. It

is very detailed compared to the other existing columns. The Corinthian

order is the most decorative and is usually the one most modern people

like best. The reason why this Greek order was used in this building

was to make the building look more majestic as it was firstly used as a

palace. It was used to bring grandness to the building. Corinthian also

uses entices to make the shafts look straight. The

Corinthian capitals have flowers and leaves below a small scroll.

The shaft has flutes and the base is like the Ionian. Unlike the Doric and

Ionian cornices, which are at a slant, the Corinthian roofs are flat.

Some of the columns also have Traditional Malay Style. Malay

style favours floral and nature motifs on the designs and ornaments.

As shown in Figure 3.11, it is clear that it does not match any of

the Greek orders. However, there is are patterns of leaves that displays

Traditional Malay Style motifs.

Diagram 3.05 Location of Columns

Figure 3.10 Corinthian Columns on the façade of the Old PAID Building.

Figure 3.11 Traditional Malay Style Columns on the façade of the Old

PAID Building.

52

Portico

A portico is an entrance porch with columns. It is an influence

from Palladian Architecture. The slight curve of the portico is influenced

by Baroque Architecture. There are only four columns at Klang Islamic

Religious Office on both the front and back porticos.

However, after renovation, the porch in the front was sealed up

due to the insufficient space and it was no longer a portico. The portico

at the back still remains.

Diagram 3.06 Location of Portico

Figure 3.12 Portico at the Front of the Building

Figure 3.13 Portico at the Back of the Building

53

Horseshoe Arches

The horseshoe arch is a motif on the façade of the building as it

can be seen repeatedly. As the porch was sealed to create more interior

space, there are horseshow arches in the interior as well.

The arches are also called the Moorish arch and the keyhole

arch is the traditional arch of the Islamic architecture. These arches are

said to originate in visigothic Spain.

Horseshoe arches have an intrados that widens above the

springing before narrowing to a rounded, lobed or pointed crown.

Common in the 21st century building. Horseshoe arches can take

rounded, pointed or lobed form.

Figure 3.14 Horseshoe Arches at

the Portico

Diagram 3.06 Location of Horseshoe Arches

54

Baluster

The Baluster is influenced from Bugis Architecture. This is as

Royal decendent of Selangor originated from Bugis which is an ethnic

group of Selawesi, Indonesia. The Baluster can be found around the

façade of the building.

The narrow section is referred to as the "sleeve," while the wider

section is the "belly." In Klang Islamic Religious Office, an orderly

proportionate exterior could be seen with the neatly arranged balusters

making it suitable for the building. Below the windows and in between

the arches vase shaped balusters are placed. Normally, balusters are

separated by the same measurement as the size of the square bottom

section.

Figure 3.15 Balustrade located below the arches

55

Cornice

The top element of the entablature including the following

elements: the cyma, the corona and the bed-moulding. At the old PAID

Building, the cornices are found around the facades, below the window

which complete the building. Horizontal geisa of Corinthian orders relied

on moldings rather than the mutules of the Doric order for their

decoration.

Figure 3.16 Bed-Mould Figure 3.17 Corona

Figure 3.18 Cornices around Klang Islamic Religious

Office

56

Ventilation Panel

Naqsh panel is defined as carved plaster panel. It is a traditional

ventilation panel, which covered the exterior arches in our building. It

functioned as a sunshade. The Naqsh panel was an influence from

Arabic architecture, which can be found in mosque nowadays. It was

used in decoration purpose.

This panel can no longer be seen on the façade of the building

as it has been sealed up during renovation. The carving was of the

ventilation panels feature repetitive Arabic geometric patterns which is

rather simpler compare to others.

Figure 3.19 Old photo of Pejabat Agama Islam

DO

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Diagram 3.08 Location of Nagsh Ventilation Panels

57

3.5.1 Interior Elements

Sisip Angins - Panel

Panel or sisip angin is known as one of the strong features which

Malay traditional vernacular building in Kelantan and Terengganu

share. It is an intensely decorative carving, not only on window but also

on the leaves of doors, wall panels, railing of verandas and stringer, and

(eaves and gable end).

The Traditional Malay Style is adopted in this palace though the

sisip angins in the walkway showed in Diagram 3.07. Windows and

doors in the walls provides good ventilation besides creating a

comfortable view and cool atmosphere is part of the climatic and

cultural influences.

Diagram 3.09 Location of Sisip Angins

Figure 3.20 Sisip Angins

58

Double Shutter Casement Window

Double shutter casement window with welded wire mesh is used

to cover the ventilation openings above. It is the oldest window found in

the building but the period of construction is not defined.

The openings are covered with wire mesh for preventing

intruders such as cat. The window grill serves as security function.

Textured glass was used in this casement window to provide privacy

due to its less transparent feature. Window with textured glass catches

light in a unique ways, mainly for decoration purpose.

Diagram 3.10 Location of Double Shutter Casement

Window on First Floor

Figure 3.21 Double Shutter Casement Window

59

5.7.2 Glass Louvered Window

The glass louvered window can be found above the door, which

located at the first floor. (Refer to figure XX floor plan) This opening

between the rooms provides a complete airflow circuit; enhance the

ventilation of the interior. This is a popular option for properties where

partial privacy is required while maintaining light and airflow.

Figure 3.22 Louvered Window

Diagram 3.11 Location of Glass Louvered Window on First Floor

60

Aluminium Top Hung Window

Several renovations took place in Sultan Sulaiman building and

led to replacement of window from timber to aluminium. Aluminium

window started to be heavily marketed in the 1950s. Aluminium Top

Hung Window is lost in cost, lightweight and corrosion resistant

compare to timber window.

To take advantage of the cooling breezes, the large window

installed in the olden days was replaced by the combination of the

casement aluminium window with Aluminium Top Hung Window above.

This allows warm moist air to escape out the top, and cooler dryer air

to enter lower down.

The grill works are placed in every window during the occupation

of Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor (JAIS). Unfortunately, most of them

are stolen. Window grills are mainly for safety purpose without

considering the style in olden days. However, it has soon been carefully

designed into various styles for decoration purpose.

Figure 3.23 Aluminium Top Hung Window

m

Diagram 3.12 Location of Aluminium Top Hung Window on First

Floor

61

Panelled Door

A door constructed with panels, usually shaped to pattern,

installed between stiles and rails that form the outside frame of the door.

This door style was almost the only door style used during the Classical

era, despite a great amount of variation over the last 150 years;

panelled doors are still, to this day, the most popular style of door.

The panelled door used in this building is 6-paneled door with

uneven side, which is the combination of double panelled door and

single panelled door. This width of one panel is given by a normalized

ratio measure, which is defined by the width of the door opening.

DO

WN

m

m

Diagram 3.13 Location of Panelled Door on Ground Floor

Diagram 3.14 Location of Panelled Door on First Floor

62

It help resolved the problem of seasonal expansion and

contraction of wood. In panelled doors, two vertical ‘stiles’ ran the length

of the door on either side, connected by horizontal ‘rails’. The ‘floating’

panels fitted into the groove cut into the stiles and rails. The overall

effect was a door that minimized the tendency to swell and shrink, thus

remaining more airtight.

Figure 3.25 Double Panelled Door Figure 3.24 Single Panelled Door

63

Flush Door

Flush doors are simple design, which are installed interior and

exterior within our building. Flush door is more closely associated with

function rather than style. It underwent mass production during post

war period. They were not originally installed during the Sultan Palace

period.

m

Diagram 3.15 Location of Flush

Door on Ground Floor

Diagram 3.16 Location of Flush

Door on First Floor

Diagram 3.17 Location of Flush Door at Basement

m

DOWN

64

Hollow cored flush doors are used in the building.

The faces of the door are covered with thin plywood. Flush door can

easily be customized through addition of decorative grooves to their

faces to create individual design. Flush door (shown in Figure 3.27)

showed the style of design affected by flora which resulted in Islam

Influence.

Factors of using flush door are due to its low cost, excellent

resistance to stains, scratches, and crash that would easily damage the

wood. It also used as the fire doors, acoustic doors at affordable price.

Figure 3.28 Customized

Flsuhed Door

Figure 3.27 Single

Flushed Door

Figure 3.26 Double Flushed

Door

65

Glass Entrance Door

Glass entrance doors were installed both side of the entrance to

conceal the room with air-conditioning, replacing the opened porch

during Sultan Palace period.

This type of glass door is classified as Type ‘A’ according to

Glass Association of North America identification. Type ‘A’ glass door

requires patch fitting at both top and bottom. It is commonly used where

glass transom is located directly above the door. This is the most

frequent used type of door in an office front application. The frameless

glass door offered an open concept.

Figure 3.29 Glass entrance door type 'A'

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Diagram 3.18 Location of Glass Entrance Door at Ground Floor

66

Grill Door

The stairs highlighted in Diagram 3.18 was only constructed

when the building was used as an office. The grill that is placed at the

landing of the stairs entrance is to block trespassers from going up the

first floor where more important documents are kept. It is also for the

safety of the building.

There is some floral motif on the grill door that reflects Islamic

Architecture as nature and floral motifs is often used in this style.

Figure 2.30 Steel Door Gate at the front staircase

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Diagram 3.19 Location of Grill Door on the Ground Floor

67

Winding Half-turn Stair

One of the types of staircase that is used in this building is the

winding quarter- turn staircase. Rather than creating a landing, this

staircase type has been chosen in this building to conserve space when

changing direction of the staircase with limited space of stairwell.

However, winders can be hazardous since they offer little

foothold at their interior corners. Timber stair to be constructed at upper

flight, and concrete stair at lower flight to provide a firm support for the

timber staircase at the upper part which only supported by stringers.

And also to prevent damages from flood.

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Diagram 3.20 Location of Winding Half-turn Stair on the Ground Floor

Figure 3.31 Winding Half-turn Stair

68

Quarter-Turn Stair

A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair makes a right-angled turn in the

path of travel. The two flight connected by an intervening landing may

be equal or unequal, depending on the desired proportion of the

stairway opening.

The lower flight of stairs is constructed with concrete to provide

a firm support while timber is used to construct the upper flight which is

only supported by stringers.

This stairway was only installed when the building was used as

an office and renovation was done to the front porch. This stairway is

protected by wire mesh to ensure the safety of the users.

DO

WN

Diagram 3.21 Location of Quarter - Turn Stairs on the Ground Floor

Figure 3.32 Quarter- Turn Stairs

Figure 3.33 Wire Mesh

Figure 3.34 T imber Stairs

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3.6 External Changes to the Building

Originally intended as a royal resting palace, the building had

undergone several changes and renovations throughout its lifetime due

to the constant changing of occupants. With every change of owner, the

building goes to changes as well to facilitate the needs if the owners. In

addition, the building was used for different functions over the years.

Because of these changes, the building suffered the threats of

losing its historical value. Usually changes were made to facilitate the

occupants’ needs and architecture trend of the time .

Notable changes that can be seen are the front windows,

installation of new windows, awnings, and installation of air-conditioner.

Figure 3.35 Picture of PAID circa 1980

Figure 3.36 Picture of PAID in 2012

70

Sketch of the original design of the building for the Sultan of

Selangor

Figure 3.37 Royal Palace for Sultan of Selangor

Sketch of the renovated building sometime after Japanese vacated

it

Figure 3.38 Renovated phase after Japanese colonization

Sketch of the present building which had undergone major

transformation.

Figure 3.39 Present Klang Islamic Religious Office

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New Awnings

After the renovation, new windows and awnings were installed.

Installation of air conditioning

Air-conditioner were installed after the renovation to fit the function

of the building which is an office. This can be seen by the metal

bars that was once used to hold the air conditioner before it was

removed.

Figure 3.40 Windows before modern

age

Figure 3.41 Windows after renovation

Figure 3.42 Air-Conditioner

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Balustrade

Balustrade were exposed before the modern era. The balustrade

functioned as ventilation holes. It also serves as a decorative elements

as it's one of the style of Neo-classical architecture.

After the renovation when JAIS took over, some of the balustrade

were covered. Due to the function of an office, which need to be

enclosed and to be air-conditioned. Some of the balustrade on the

exterior were still exposed. Moreover, it does not gives ventilation

anymore but just acts as a decorative element.

Figure 3.43 Exposed Balustrade before renovation.

Figure 3.44 Closed off balustrade

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Renovation of First Floor

After JAIS took over the building, second level was added above

the back porch. The space above was functioning as a counselling

room, while the space below had changed to a surau..

Figure 3.45 Back porch before

modern age Figure 3.46 Back porch after

renovation

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Renovation of Front Porch

Due to the lack of space in the building when JAIS took over

the build, the porch was covered up to be made as a small waiting area

where people wait their turn to be attended.

Figure 3.47 Front porch before the modern age

Figure 3.48 Front porch after renovation

75

Part of the front porch were closed off due to installation of air-

conditioner.

Additional of brick wall and glass door at the side entrance.

Originally, it was an open corridor entrance.

Additional of glass window at the front facade. Originally, it was

an opening. Additional of glass window at the front facade.

Figure 3.49 Closed-off arch

Figure 3.50 Side entrance

Figure 3.51 Glass window

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4.0 Spatial Organization and Function

Spatial organization is very important during building planning.

This is so that each space of the rooms in the building can be used to

its maximum.

As the building was occupied by different users that used the

building for different functions, the rooms had different functions to suit

the users at the time.

The spaces in this building can be divided into three types

which is public, semi-private and private. During the palace days, public

spaces are accessible by people and officers who have business to do

in the palace, semi-private spaces are only accessible to higher ranked

officers and those who are allowed there and private spaces are spaces

that are only accessible to the Sultan himself.

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4.1 1912, As Palace

Disclaimer: As there were little to information that was recorded about

the palace, the function and spaces of the building is purely based on

assumption by referring and analysing based on two other palaces. The

palaces are Istana Bandar, Jugra as it was the official palace of Sultan

Suleiman and also Istana Kenangan as it was also used as a resting

palace.

As there were not much information recorded about the

building when it was used as a palace, we compared the function of

spaces and tried to relate it with the spaces in the building to see which

fits best. Besides the porch, all the other rooms are assumed.

Figure 4.01 Istana Bandar, Jugra

Figure 4.02 Istana Kenangan, Kuala Kangsar

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Istana Bandar, Jugra, Klang

Istana Bandar is located at Bandar Jugra. It was one of Sultan Sir

Alleaddin Sulaiman’s Royal Palace. It was built in 1899 and was funded

by the Sultan himself. Sultan Sulaiman spent most of his time in this

palace. This palace was occupied for the first 30 decades of the 20th

Centrury. It was left abandoned when His Majesty passed away.

The double storey palace had an area of 12.96 acres. It was a big

palace made of wood and marble, with fifteen rooms to cater for

countless royal functions. The spaces were divided into his resting

place, the throne room, the meeting room and the living halls. There

was even a courtyard built especially for the queen to spend her time.

Diagram 4.02 Istana Bandar First Floor Plan

Diagram 4.01 Istana Bandar Ground Floor Plan

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Istana Kenangan, Kuala Kangsar

Istana Kenangan was a royal resting palace located in Kuala

Kangsar Perak. It was built in 1926 for Sultan Iskandar Shah. The

palace had been the official residence between 1931 and 1933.

However, upon completion of Istana Iskandariah, the Istana Kenangan

was used to host royal receptions and where the palace guests stayed.

It is two storeys high with the top floor consisting of the bedchamber,

family bedrooms and a dining hall. The ground floor was once used as

the official royal office where its original floor was made out of solid

wood.

Figure 4.03 Istana Kenangan Plan Perspective

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4.1.1 Public Spaces

Porch

This is where the king will be dropped off when he comes to stay in

the palace where his servants will wait for his arrival. This is the only

space that we are sure of its function during the palace days

Bilik Menunggu - Waiting Room

This room is where commoners and palace officials wait for the king’s

arrival and be served by the servants. It is similar to the one at Istana

Bandar.

Balai Rong Seni – Throne Room

This is a big comman hall where commoners, palace officials and

other people meet with the king. The king uses this space to conduct

official ceremonies.

Diagram 4.03 Public Spaces of the Palace

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4.1.2 Semi- Private Spaces

Bilik Mesyuarat - Meeting Room

Since there is an extra room, there might be a possibility this room is a

meeting room where the king would meet with palace officials. There is

two potential spaces for a meeting room, one on the ground floor and

one on the first floor.

Should the meeting room be located on the ground floor, it will disrupt

the circulation of the palace. With the assumption that the dining would

be located on the first floor, the servants will have to pass through the

meeting room to serve the food to the king through the spiral staircase.

It would make no sense that they would have to pass through a meeting

room.If the meeting room is located in the first floor, it will be somewhat

invading the kings privacy as it is so close to the king’s bedroom.

However, since in the two other palace that was used as reference,

there were no existence of a meeting room, there is a possibility that

there is no meeting room at all and the Throne Room was used as a

meeting room.

Diagram 4.04 Possibility Area for Meeting Room

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Kamar Bersantap – Dining Room

This is where the king has his meals. Assuming that there is no

meeting room, the dining room will be located on the ground

floor where the maids serve the food from the basement

kitchen.

Kamar Beristirehat – Living Room

Assuming that there is not meeting room and the dining room

is located on the ground floor, this room can be said to be used

as a living room where the king rest.

Diagram 4.05 Semi Private Area of Palace

83

4.1.3 Private Spaces

Pejabat Sultan – King’s Office

This is assumed to be the King’s private office in the palace.

Kamar Beradu – King’s Bedroom

Looking at the size of the room and the location of the room there is a

possibility this is the king’s bedroom. This is as it is big and also located

near the King’s office. This place is used by the king to sleep and rest

when he runs errands in the area.

Diagram 4.06 Private Area of Palace

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4.2 1965, As Pejabat Agama Daerah Klang – Abandon (2012)

When JAIS took over, public spaces are defined as spaces that

are accessible to the public, semi-private spaces are spaces that are

only accessible to those who are given permission to and private

spaces are spaces that can only be accessible by the staffs of the office.

On the first floor, the spaces become more private as people

walk into the building. There is definite boundary to where public are

able to go.

The public spaces are where anyone that come and enquire

anything from the counter.

The semi-private area is only accessible by people who are

granted permission as there is one counter in this area. The rest of the

space are office space for the staffs and officers in the building. Public

are not allowed to go beyond this area.

The private area on the other hand is area that is only

accessible by staffs. Meeting room and resting area for the staffs are

located here.

Diagram 4.07 PAID Office Space Planning on the Ground Floor

85

On the second floor, the public, semi-private and private area

is not as defined like the first floor. It can be defined by the accessibility

to the first floor from the ground floor from the location of the staircase.

The area that is easily accessible from the ground floor are public

area and semi-private area so that the public will be able to get to that

spaces without having to cross the private areas where only staffs are

allowed to access.

As seen in diagram * , the public area is accessible via the first flight

of stairs and the semi-private area is accessible via the second flight of

stairs. The private spaces will not be trespassed by public.

Diagram 4.08 PAID Office Space Planning on First Floor

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4.2.1 Public Space on Ground Floor

Tempat Menunggu (Waiting Space)

This space was used as a waiting space for people to wait their turn to

be attended. There were chairs for people to sit until their number is

called. During the palace days, since it was used as a porch, the arches

were open. However, due to the lack of space when JAIS took over,

they renovated the porch area by covering the arches to convert the

area into an interior space.

Counter and Bilik Mufti

There was one counter for staff to attend to people for general

purposes. Mufti is defined as a Muslim legal expert who is empowered

to give rulings on religious matters. The Bilik Mufti was a place where

people could refer to about anything regarding Islamic rules.

Diagram 4.09 PAID Office Public Space on Ground Floor (1)

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Reception

People who need to meet with officers or staff in the office for matters

that does not involve services will go to the reception.

Document Store Room, Clerk Sitting,

There are a few tables here for the clerks of the office to do

administration work for the office. There are also spaces and shelves

near to the clerk tables to store documents. There is one room at the

other side just for storing documents.

Diagram 4.09 PAID Office Public Space on Ground Floor (2)

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4.2.1 Semi-Private Space on Ground Floor

Pejabat Pegawai (Officers Office)

The area of this space is very big. Partitions were used to form office

for officers and staffs that were working in the building. The biggest

room at the corner is the highest ranked officer’s room.

Bilik Alat Tulis ( Stationary Room )

This room is used to store the office stationary resources. The staffs are

free to access this area to get any sort of stationaries that they need.

Diagram 4.10 PAID Office Semi-Private Space on Ground Floor

89

4.2.3 Private Space on Ground Floor

Walkway, Electric Room.

This area was just used as a walkway for people to get to the other part

of the building. There is an room to store all the electric boxes and is

strictly only for that purpose.

Anjung

Initially, this place was used as a canteen when it was first taken over

by JAIS. However, when a new building was built opposite, the canteen

moved to the other side and this area was cleared up.

Diagram 4.11 PAID Office Private Space on Ground Floor (1)

90

Syriah Court / Bilik Mesyuarat (Meeting Room)

Initially, this room was used as the syariah court room when the building

was under JAIS. When the building was taken over by PAID, this room

was used as a meeting room for staffs only. Weekly meeting where all

the staffs sit together and talk about the issues in the office will be held

here.

Pantry

A small pantry for the office staff to take breaks at.

Counselling Room

During the palace days, these rooms did not exist. Due to the lack of

space, JAIS extended this area to make two counselling rooms. People

who needed counselling on Islamic way of life would be counselled in

this room.

Diagram 4.12 PAID Office Private Space on Ground Floor (2)

91

4.2.4 Public Space on First Floor

Counters

There were more counters set up here for the public and was accessible

via the staircase as it was towards the frontal part of the building. There

is also another counselling rooms and document store room in this area

as well.

Waiting Area

This area is for people to wait to be attended by the counter upstairs. It

is not a room but just an area with seats.

Store

There are more stores upstairs to store more documents in the office.

Counselling Room

There is another counselling room upstairs for people to be counselled.

This room is mainly used by the Kadi to counsel people.

Diagram 4.13 PAID Office Public Space on First Floor

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4.2.5 Semi-Private Space on First Floor

Waiting Area

This area is for people who are waiting to be attended by the staff of

this unit to pay fines or bailing others out.

Detention Room

There are two rooms for detention to detain those who broke the Islamic

rules and regulations. They will be locked in these room and would not

be able to release until bailed or granted permission.

Counter

There is a counter for staff attend to the public who have business in

this unit such as bailing others out or paying their fines.

Officer Room/ Staff Area

Officer’s room is for the officer in charge of this unit. There is also staffs

in this unit to handle the other work such as paper work.

Diagram 4.14 PAID Office Semi-Private Space on First Floor

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4.2.6 Private Space on First Floor

Court / Office

As the building was shared between the courts and PAID when JAIS

moved to another building, the first floor was used by the court. This

room was used as a court room and a partition was put up to form a

room for the judge. The judge room had a connecting toilet.

When PAID took over the first floor as well, this space was divided by

partition to form cubical space for the staff who are working in the office.

Bilik Kadi

This is the Kadi’s room. A kadi is a judge and also a person who marries

couples. He has the highest rank in the office.

Diagram 4.15 PAID Office Private Space on First Floor

94

5.0 Construction

5.1 Floor

Houses during the early 1900s, buildings were built with

suspended timber ground floor. However, changes were made years

later due to the influence of colonial era.

Concrete ground floor slab was used in our building to overcome

the dampness of the earth. However, timber upper floor was remained

to reduce the weight of the upper floor. This had resulted in the

combination of concrete and timber floor.

It has slowly became a construction trend during 19th century for

constructing timber floor slab as the suspended floor slab while

concrete floor slab as the ground floor slab. (Rasdi, 2010) Houses

around the area serve the same feature.

Figure 5.02 T imber Floor Slab

Figure 5.01 Concrete Floor Slab

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5.1.2 Timber Floor Slab

Some part of this building adapted the Malay vernacular

architecture, which use light timber-framed structures in forming

elevated floors. Timber floor is used only in the suspended area such

as the upper floor and some part of ground floor where lower ground

floor is located. (Refer to Diagram 5.02 Timber Floor Joist Construction

for light timber structure.)

The first floor timber joist act as small beams supporting the

timber decking above. The underside of floor structure is left exposed

in our building. By the influence of Malay Vernacular Architecture, the

tenon and mortise joint is used in the joining of floor joist span.

Floor joist are spaced in between for ventilation purpose and

thermal expansion. According to the old traditional Malay House design,

the spacing between the floor joists are for easier cleaning. Floor joist

in this building are relatively close-spaced between each other.

Diagram 5.01 Area that uses T imber Floor Slab

Figure 5.03 Underside of Floor Structure

96

Diagram 5.02 Timber Floor Joist Construction

Timber floor joist

Timber decking

Diagram 5.03 Drawing of Timber Floor in

PAID

97

5.1.2 Concrete Floor Slab

A concrete slab was uncommon in the early 90s, but they

became more common in the late 90s during the post war due to the

restriction on imported timber. The early concrete floor slab built was

basically a bed of concrete, supported by the ground directly beneath it

and quite independent of the surrounding walls.

When the building was used as a building, the concrete slab

was covered with carpet. However, as it was left abandoned, the

carpets has been removed. Diagram 5.04 Area that uses Concrete Floor Slab

Figure 5.04 Concrete Floor Slab that were previously

carpeted

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5.2 Wall

5.2.1 Mansory Wall

Brick masonry wall was a common type of wall construction

during the king’s era as the shop houses around the area which were

built in this period shared the same features.

The masonry wall in this building is in triple layer arrangement to

produce thick load bearing wall which is 380mm at the ground floor and

290mm at the first floor. The column and beam is hardly be seen in this

building therefore wall play as the main supporting member. This is as

Sultan Sulaiman favours thick walls and can also be seen in his other

palace such as Istana Bandar.

Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded

together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire resistant, and

structurally efficient in compression. Clay bricks are good insulators. As

wall materials, clay bricks make walls heavy and dense and conduct

heat slowly. Bricks can exhibit above normal thermal insulation when

compared to other building materials.

99

Flemish Bond

Flemish bond are commonly used in 18th to 20th century in

colonial building of western country like England. It can be seen in our

building.

Flemish bond has alternating headers and stretchers in each

course, each header being centred above and below a stretcher. Flare

headers with darker ends are often exposed in patterned brickwork.

English Bond

English bond has alternate courses of headers and stretchers in

which the headers are centred in stretchers and the joints between

stretchers line up vertically in all courses.

Diagram 5.05 Flemish Bond Arrangement

Figure 5.05 Flemish Bond Arrangement on the Building

Diagram 5.06 Flemish Bond Arrangement

Figure 5.06 English Bond Arrangement on the Building

100

Comparison of English Bond and Flemish Bond

English bond is, upon the whole, to be preferred to Flemish bond

for strength, as it contains a larger proportion of headers. The only

advantage claimed for Flemish bond is its appearance, which is

preferred by many, and has led to its use in brick buildings of a superior

class. A better face can be shown on both sides by Flemish than by

English bond, as the unequal length of headers causes a rough face

when there are many of them. For thick walls English bond should be

used, if possible: but, if Flemish bond is required, it should have a

backing of English bond.

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5. 2. 2 Retaining Wall

During late 19th century, retaining wall was built because land

was cut at 90 degree. Building nowadays no longer cut in 90 degree as

it is costly. A retaining wall act as a protective structure. It is a structure

that holds back soil from a building. Retaining walls prevent down slope

movement and provide support for vertical or near- vertical grade

changes.

Figure 5.07 Retaining Wall found at lower ground level

Figure 5.07 Retaining Wall found at lower ground level

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5.3 Ceiling

5.3.1 Suspended Ceiling (Ceiling Board)

Suspended ceiling with aluminium frame supporting gypsum

ceiling board was installed during the office period as it is the most

common feature which can be found in offices.

Old building during the early 90s achieve thermal comfort

through natural ventilation. Therefore, high ceiling was applied.

However, due to the adaption of this old building to the office, the ceiling

is lowered to locate the air conditioner.

Suspended ceiling was installed during the office use to disguise

the poor condition of an existing ceiling, and to conceal wires, pipes or

ducting to suit new function due to the existence of air condition.

The space between the dropped ceiling and the structural ceiling

is known as a ‘plenum space’.

The panels and tiles which make up the surface part of a dropped

ceiling are made from Gypsum board. Metal frame are widely use

because they are light, easy to store, resist fire, insects and rot. Metal

studs are cheaper than wood.

Diagram 5.07 Area that has Suspended Ceiling

Figure 5.08 Suspended Ceiling

103

Dropped ceilings are constructed by suspending panels or tiles

on a metal grid. The grid is partially supported by moulding attached to

the walls, but most of the weight of the panels or tiles is taken by metal

strings that are hung from the ceiling. This construction is known due to

the observation of the hanging metal strings left in most of the rooms.

Metal string

Main runner channels.

Metal lath tied to furring. Cross furring channel tied to

main runners.

Diagram 5.08 Dropped Ceiling Support

104

5.3.2 Suspended Decorative Plaster Ceiling

Suspended Decorative Plaster Ceiling constructed to create

visual impact in the interior space, fill in with aesthetic value and create

a grandeur environment for the office. It was also served to cover the

poor condition of the ceiling above. Decorative ceiling was first mould

in the factory than transport to the site for installation.

Metal studs were first install on the existing ceiling to provide a

firm support for the suspended ceiling. Then the moulded decorative

ceiling will be attach on site to the metal studs. Diagram 5.09 Location of Suspended Decorative Plaster Ceiling

Figure 5.09 Suspended decorative plaster ceiling

105

5.3.3 Plasterboard Lined Timber Joist Ceiling

Plasterboard lined timber joist ceiling is considered as traditional

construction of ceiling. It has existed since 1894, therefore it might

considered to be the original ceiling during the king’s period.

The panels and tiles which make up the surface part of a ceiling

are made from plasterboard. The frames and grid arrays for dropped

ceilings are generally made of timber. Diagram 5.10 Location of Plasterboard Lined T imber Joist Ceiling

Figure 5.10 Figure Ceiling timber joist connected to roof trusses

106

The plasterboards were directly nailed to the timber joist of roof

trusses to disguise the roof trusses above it. The ceiling joists in grid

are supported by roof trusses above that attached together.

Wood Joist

Strip nails nailed to joist.

Staple

Wall

Diagram 5.11 Construction of plasterboard ceiling

107

5.4 Roof

5.4.1 Gable roof

Gable roof is applied in our building. This type of roof is often

used in the palaces of Malay kings and government buildings. Gable

roof enables higher ceiling and better ventilation throughout the

building. Gable roof helps in larger the space in the building without

taking the space from the housing lot.

Figure 5.11 Gable Roof

Diagram 5.12 Position of Gable Roof.

108

5.4.2 Gambrel Roof

Gambrel roof is only applied in the main building located in the

middle. The installation of gambrel roof was due to the angular wall in

the building. The gambrel roof had adapted to the culture of Malay

house, which similar to the gable roof but differ from the normal gambrel

roof seen in foreign country. The using of gambrel roof helps in handling

the wind loads.

Diagram 5.13 Position of Gambrel Roof.

Figure 5.12 Gambrel Roof

109

Ridge Board

Purlin

Common rafters

Ceiling joists

Diagram 5.14 Gambrel Roof Construction.

110

5.4.3 Roof Truss

Pratt Truss

There are two types of roof trusses used in this building. One of

the roof trusses is Pratt trusses. Pratt truss generally used in room

where longer supporting joist members are located. Therefore, it can

be found in the main hall upper floor which has the long joist members

Diagram 5.15 Position of Pratt Truss.

Diagram 5.16 Simple Drawing of Pratt Truss

Figure 5.13 Pratt Truss

111

Belgian truss always applied in building with large sloping roof.

The area where the Belgian Trusses applied has a gable roof which is

steeper compare to the main hall which has gambrel roof.

Timber roof trusses provide an environmentally friendly

alternative. A truss uses 40 percent less timber than traditional pitched

roof construction methods. Timbers used to construct a truss are

smaller in dimension and span greater distances. Timber is generally

less expensive than steel in the past. It is suitable for many building

types and easy to create high visual impact. However, timber is subject

to rot or wrap. Wood attracts insect invaders, such as termites, and is

more likely to suffer damage during violent weather or high winds.

Figure 5.14 Belgian trusses.

Diagram 5.17 Position of Belgian Truss

Diagram 5.18 Drawing Of Belgian Truss in PAID

112

6.0 Defects of Building

The building has existed for 103 years. Over the years, there were

many factors that has caused defects to the building. First and

foremost, as the building was built so long ago, there building materials

used at that time may not be as good as the ones used now or may not

adapt to the climate in the present. Acid rain may cause corrosion on

the building.

Besides that, the defects such as crack on floor may be due to the

uneven settlement of the building.

Poor maintenance of the building caused the building to be in a bad

condition in the present.

113

6.1 Stains

Stains can be seen in many places of the building. The stain

maks the building look more run down and these stains are hard to be

removed. Repainting or refurbishment needs to be done to fix the

problem. There are two types of stains that can be seen in the building,

water and algae.

6.1.1 Water

Water stains are due to the pipe leakage that causes the water

to sip through. Besides blockage of pipes will cause water to be

collected. Once it cannot be hold anymore, the water will sip through

the walls and ceiling. When water dampens the plaster wall and ceiling,

it will cause a stain to be left.

114

A1

A2

This stain is caused by the leaking pipes of the toilets upstairs.

Diagram 6.01 Water Stains on Ground Floor

Figure 6.01 Water Stain A1

Figure 6.02 Water Stain A2

115

A3

Caused by the leaking toilet pipes.

A4

Diagram 6.02 Water Stains on First Floor

Figure 6.03 Water Stain A3

Figure 6.04 Water Stain A4

116

6.1.2 Algae

When the water stains are not fixed, the water will cause the area

to be moist. Due to this moisture, algae will start growing and worsen

the condition.

B1

There is probably a bad pipe leakage here. This is as there is

algae growing not only on the interior walls but also the exterior walls,

causing the façade damage.

Diagram 6.03 Algae Stains on Ground Floor

Figure 6.05 Algae Stain B1, Interior

117

Diagram 6.03 Algae Stains on Ground Floor

Figure 6.06 Algae Stain B1, Interior, Close Up

Figure 6.08 Algae Stain B1, Exterior, Close Up

Figure 6.07 Algae Stain B1, Exterior

118

B2

This algae growth is caused by the leaking toilet pipes that were not

fixed.

Diagram 6.04 Algae Stains on First Floor

Figure 6.09 Algae Stain B2

Figure 6.10 Algae Stain B2, Close Up

119

6.2 Holes

6.2.1 Ground

There is two holes big holes on the ground. One on the ground

floor and one on the second floor. Both of the holes are located at the

same location. The holes are caused by the missing spiral staircase.

When the building was abandoned, the spiral staircase was stolen as it

was made of steel. The removal of the staircase cause that whole area

to be damage.

Figure 6.11 Hole on the Ground

120

C1

From the hole on the wooden plank at the lower ground, the basement

where the prayer room of the building can be seen. There are a lot of

debris and bricks left on the floor from the removal of the spiral

staircase.

Diagram 6.05 Ground Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.12 Hole on the Ground C1 (1)

Figure 6.13 Hole on the Ground C1 (2)

121

C2

On the first floor, a big round hole can be found. From the top, the

damage of the ground floor is very visible.

Diagram 6.06 Ground Holes on First Floor

Figure 6.14 Hole on the Ground C2 (1)

Figure 6.15 Hole on the Ground C2 (2)

122

6.2.2 Walls

There are holes on the brick walls of the building. This is probably

due to the impact when knocking down partitions to form offices when

the building was used by JAIS and PAID. Some holes are also due to

the removal of the air conditioners in the rooms.

123

D1

Located on top the main entrance door.

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.16 Hole on the Wall D1

Figure 6.17 Hole on the Wall D1, Close Up

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D2

Located on top of the sealed arch. Could be due to the impact of

knocking down the partition that formed the Mufti Room.

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.18 Hole on the Wall D2

Figure 6.19 Hole on the Wall D2, Close Up

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D3

D3 is a big hole located on the wall outside the document store room.

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.20 Hole on the Wall D3

Figure 6.21 Hole on the Wall D3, Close Up

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D4 and D5

D5 is caused by the removal of air conditioner

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.22 Hole on the Wall D4 and D5

Figure 6.23 Hole on the Wall D5, Close Up

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D6

D6 is also due to the removal of the air condition in the room. This can

be proven by the mark left on the wall.

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.24 Hole on the Wall D6

Figure 6.25 Hole on the Wall D6, Close Up

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D7

D7 is due to the removal or something that was attached to the wall.

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.26 Hole on the Wall D7

Figure 6.27 Hole on the Wall D7, Close Up

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D8

D8 is caused by the impact when knocking some parts of the building.

Diagram 6.07 Wall Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.28 Hole on the Wall D8

Figure 6.29 Hole on the Wall D8, Close Up

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D9

D9 are caused because of the removal of something that is previously

attached to the wall. Probably something arc shaped as there is a arc

shape mark left on the wall.

Diagram 6.08 Wall Holes on First Floor

Figure 6.30 Hole on the Wall D9

Figure 6.31 Hole on the Wall D9, Close Up

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6.2.3 Ceiling

There also holes on the ceiling. This is mainly caused by the

ceiling pieces that dropped off.

Some holes on the ceilings are also cause because of the

removal of electrical appliances such as lights and air-conditions. This

can be proven as the abandon building has no electrical appliances but

only an electric box in the electric room.

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E1

E1 are caused by the missing ceiling pieces. The pieces are probably

taken off to remove electric appliances as a hanging wire can be seen.

Diagram 6.09 Ceiling Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.32 Hole on the Ceiling E1

133

E2

E2 also be cause as the same reason as hole E1.

Diagram 6.09 Ceiling Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.33 Hole on the Ceiling E2

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E3

There are a few similar holes in this ceiling of this room. The holes are

due to the removal of lights

Diagram 6.09 Ceiling Holes on Ground Floor

Figure 6.34 Hole on the Ceiling E3

Figure 6.35 Hole on the Ceiling E3, Close Up

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E4 and E5

This holes were due to the impact of the removal of the partitions of the

room and also the electrical appliances.

Diagram 6.10 Ceiling Holes on First Floor

Figure 6.36 Hole on the Ceiling E4

Figure 6.37 Hole on the Ceiling E5

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E6

The whole ceiling in this room is badly damaged and there are a lot of

holes that the roof tiles are visible. Also the impact of the removal of the

electrical appliances and partition has weaken the strength of the

ceiling. Overtime, all the pieces started falling. Another factor is that

these ceilings has been used for a long time unlike ceilings in E1 and

E2.

Diagram 6.10 Ceiling Holes on First Floor

Figure 6.38 Hole on the Ceiling E6

Figure 6.39 Hole on the Ceiling E6, Close Up

137

E7

Just like E1 and E2, these holes are due to the removal of the lights in

the room.

Diagram 6.10 Ceiling Holes on First Floor

Figure 6.40 Hole on the Ceiling E7

138

6.3 Cracks

Different types of cracks can be seen in the building especially

on the walls. All the walls in the building has a defect. Paint has been

peeled off from removal of something that used to stick on to the wall.

These removal of paint causes the wall to have cracks. There are also

hairline cracks that can been seen on some of the walls. Although

theses cracks may seem like nothing, overtime, it will cause the

building to be weaker and may even collapse.

All of the noticeable and big cracks can be found on the ground

floor.

139

F1

These cracks on the walls are due to the pealing of the plaster of the

brick walls. The pealing may be cause by the moisture in the bricks due

to the leaking pipes. The water is accumulated and when the plaster

can no longer hold it, it cracks.

Diagram 6.11 Cracks on Ground Floor

Figure 6.41 Crack F1

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F2

This crack on the ceiling cause the ceiling to fall. During our first site

visit on the 19 January 2015, only a part of it was falling. However, due

to the bad weather and the weak building condition, more part of the

ceiling started falling. The fallen ceiling cause this area on the first floor

to be weak and cannot bare too much weight.

Diagram 6.11 Cracks on Ground Floor

Figure 6.42 Crack F2

Figure 6.43 Crack F2, Close Up

Diagram 6.12 Location of Weak

Area on First Floor

141

F3

This is a hairline crack. It is caused by the impact when the walls are

being knocked to remove the partitions.

F4

This crack is due to the removal of something that was stuck onto the

wall for a long time with strong glue. When it was taken off, the plaster

came off leaving a crack.

Diagram 6.11 Cracks on Ground Floor

Figure 6.44 Crack F3

Figure 6.45 Crack F4

142

F5

The crack is due to knocking of the walls to remove the partition.

F6

The hairline crack in the election room is due to the impact of knocking

of walls in the building.

Diagram 6.11 Cracks on Ground Floor

Figure 6.46 Crack F5

Figure 6.47 Crack F6

143

F7

The broken tiles is probably caused by a large impact dropping on it,

causing the crack.

F8

This crack caused by the removal of an electric switch panel.

Diagram 6.11 Cracks on Ground Floor

Figure 6.48 Crack F7

Figure 6.49 Crack F8

144

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http://www.hbp.usm.my/conservation/malayvernacular.html Brickwork: Historic Development, Decay, Conservation and Repair. (1993, January 1). Retrieved February 15, 2015, from

http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/brick/brickwork.html Brick Masonry. (2010, June 4). Retrieved February 26, 2015, from http://buildipedia.com/knowledgebase/division-04-masonry/04-20-00-unit-

masonry/04-21-00-clay-unit-masonry/04-21-13-brick-masonry/04-21-13-brick-masonry?print=1&tmpl=component Case Study: The Hu Yew Seah Building. (2004). In L. Jiao Ping & L. Eel Lin (Eds.), Mobbing Sheppard Memorial Prize (Vol. 3, pp. 28th - 35th). Kuala

Lumpur: Prestiege Art Printco.

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Gardner, R. (n.d.). This Old House - The Traditional Filipino House. Retrieved February 15, 2015, from http://www.aenet.org/photos/bahay.htm Heritage & Tradition : Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://heritagetraditionmalaysia.blogspot.com/2010/05/background-of-

vernacular-and-education.html Historic House Blog. (2009, January 29). Retrieved February 19, 2015, from http://historichouseblog.com/2009/01/29/the -christian-or-cross-bible-

historic-door/

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Matthews, S. (2010). Structural Concrete Textbook, Volume 5: Textbook (Vol. 5, p. 476). Fib Fédération internationale du béto n, 2012.

Palladio's Italian Villas. Retrieved February 19, 2015, from http://www.boglewood.com/palladio/analysis.html Rahul, R. (2011, April 6). Civil Royal 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2015, from http://civilroyal2011.blogspot.com/2011/04/adv antages-and-

disadvantages-of-flush.html

Rodriguez, J. (n.d.). Bricks (Types, Uses and Advantages). Retrieved February 12, 2015, from http://construction.about.com/od/Masonry/a/Bricks-Bricks-Types.htm

Schiavone, J. (2014, September 5). A Guide to Glass Entrances and Wall Systems. Retrieved February 26, 2015, from http://glassmagazine.com/article/commercial/guide-glass-entrances-and-wall-systems-1412899

The Architecture. (2009). In Bangunan Sultan Suleiman (pp. 10th - 13rd). Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan Warisan Negara. What to do about bouncy floors. (n.d.). Retrieved February 18, 2015, from http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/what-to-do-about-bouncy-

floors.shtml Window Grill Design for The Stylish Look and Safety - Decoration Channel. (2014, October 7). Retrieved February 26, 2015, from

http://decorationchannel.com/random-designs/window-grill-design-stylish-look-safety

146

Glossary

A.

Acoustics - A building material designed for controlling sound.

Airtight - preventing the entrance or escape of air or gas.

Arch - A curved masonry construction for spanning an opening, consisting of

a number of wedge-like stones, bricks, or the like, set with the narrower side

towards the opening in such a way that forces on the arch are transmitted as

vertical or oblique stresses on either side of the opening.

Architrave - The lower most member of a classical entablature, resting

originally upon columns.

B.

Balai polis – Police station.

Baluster - Any of a number of closely spaced supports for a railing. Also called

banister.

Balustrades - A railing with supporting balusters.

C.

Carving - The act of fashioning or producing by cutting into or shaping solid

material, as wood.

Circulation - The transmission or passage of anything from place to place or

person to person.

Classical Era/Period - A period in the history of ancient Greek art, embracing

the fifth century B.C. and the first three quarters of the fourth century B.C.

Clustered organization - Spaces grouped, collected, or gathered closely

together and related by proximity rather than geometry.

Colonnade - In classical architecture, a colonnade denotes a long sequence

of columns joined by their entablature, often free-standing, or part of a

building.

Colonial architecture - The style of architecture, decoration, and furnishings of

the British colonies in America in the 17th and 18th centuries, mainly adapted

to local materials and demands from prevailing English styles.

Column - A rigid, relatively slender, upright support, composed of relatively

few pieces.

Concrete - A composite material composed of coarse granular material (the

aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or

binder) that fills the space among the aggregate particles and glues them

together.

147

Cornice - A continuous, moulded projection that crowns a wall or other

construction, or divides it horizontally for compositional purposes.

Cupola(s) - In architecture, is a small, most often dome-like, structure on top

of a building. Often used to provide a lookout or to admit light and air, it usually

crowns a larger roof or dome.

E.

Eaves – The bottom edge of a roof. Eaves normally project beyond the side

of the building forming an overhang to throw water clear of the walls and may

be highly decorated as part of an architectural style.

F.

Façade - The front of a building or any of its sides facing a public way or space,

especially one distinguished by its architectural treatment.

Fenestration - Fenestration refers to the design and/or disposition of openings

in a building or wall envelope. Fenestration products typically include:

windows, doors, louvres, vents, wall panels, skylights, storefronts, curtain

walls, and slope glazed systems.

Flush Door - A smooth-surfaced door having faces in the same plane as the

surface and which conceals its rails and stiles or other structural features.

Footing - The part of a foundation bearing directly upon the supporting soil,

set below the frost line and enlarged to distribute its load over a greater area.

Foundation - The lowest division of a building or other construction, partly or

wholly below the surface of the ground, designed to support and anchor the

superstructure and transmit its loads directly to the earth.

G.

Geometry - A branch of Mathematics that deals with the properties,

measurement, and relationships of points, lines, angles and solids, deduced

from their defining conditions by means of certain assumed properties of

space.

Girder - A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber; used

to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.

Grandeur - Nobility or greatness of character.

Groove - A long, narrow cut or indentation in a surface, as the cut in a board

to receive the tongue of another board (tongue-and-groove joint) a furrow, or

a natural indentation on an organism.

Gypsum Board - A wallboard having a gypsum core. This non-combustible

core has a paper surface.

148

H.

Handrail – A rail providing a handhold and serving as a support at the side of

a stair or platform.

Heat resistant - Not easily becoming hot.

Hierarchy – A system of elements ranked, classified, and organized one

above another, according to importance and significance.

High-pitched roof - Basically the opposite of a 'flat roof' and in most cases the

roof is an inverted-V shape and has a ridge.

Hinge - A jointed device or flexible piece on which a door, gate, shutter, lid, or

other attached part turns, swings, or moves.

Homogeneous - Composed of parts or elements that are all of the same kind;

not heterogeneous.

Horseshoe arch - An arch having an intrados that widens above the springing

before narrowing to a rounded crown. Also called Moorish arch.

I.

Insulation - over, lining, or separation with a material that prevents or reduces

the passage, transfer, or leakage of heat, electricity, or sound.

Islamic architecture – The architecture of the Muslims peoples from the 7th

century on, developing in the wake of Muhammadan conquests of diverse

territories from Spain in the west to India in the east and absorbing elements

of art and architecture from each region: characterized by the development of

the mosque as a distinct building type, masonry domes and tunnel vaults,

round and horseshoe arches.

Istana - Palace.

J.

Joist - One of a series of parallel timber beams used to support floor and

ceiling loads, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or bearing walls;

the widest dimension is placed in the vertical plane.

K.

Keris - The Kris or Keris is a prized asymmetrical dagger most strongly

associated with the culture of Indonesia, but also indigenous to Malaysia,

Thailand, Brunei and Singapore. It is known as kalis in the southern

Philippines. The Kris is famous for its distinctive wavy blade, although many

have straight blades as well.

King post - A central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs,

working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above (whereas

a crown post visually similar, supports items above from the beam below).

149

L.

Lateral - At, pertaining to, or in the direction of the side; on either side of the

medial vertical plane.

M.

Mughal architecture - An architectural style developed by the Mughals in the

16th, 17th and 18th centuries throughout the extent of their empire in the

Indian subcontinent. It is an amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkish, Byzantine

and Indian architecture

P.

Panel - A distinct portion, section, or division of a wall, wainscot, ceiling, door,

shutter, fence, etc., especially of any surface sunk below or raised above the

general level or enclosed by a frame or border.

Parapets - A parapet is a barrier which is an extension of the wall at the edge

of a roof, terrace, balcony, or other structure. Where extending above a roof,

it may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that continues above the line of

the roof surface, or may be a continuation of a vertical feature beneath the

roof such as a fire wall or party wall.

Pediments - A pediment is an element in classical, neoclassical and baroque

architecture, and derivatives there from, consisting of a gable, originally of a

triangular shape, placed above the horizontal structure of the (entablature),

typically supported by columns. The tympanum, or triangular area within the

pediment, was often decorated with relief sculpture depicting scenes from

Greek and Roman mythology or allegorical figures.

Pillar- An upright shaft or structure, of stone, brick, or other material, relatively

slender in proportion to its height, and of any shape in section, used as a

building support, or standing alone, as for a monument.

Pilaster - A shallow rectangular feature projecting from a wall, having a capital

and base and usually imitating the form of a column.

Pitch - The degree of inclination or slope; angle.

Plank - Something to stand on or to cling to for support.

Post and beam - A general term for building with heavy timbers.

Plywood - A material used for various building purposes, consisting usually of

an odd number of veneers glued over each other, usually at right angles.

Porticos - A portico is a ground-level porch typically leading to the main

entrance of a building. Comprising a roof covering a walkway supported by

columns or enclosed walls, the structure was initially utilized for public

buildings.

150

Precast - Relating to or being a structural member, especially of concrete, that

has been cast into form before being transported to its site of installation.

Proportion - Comparative relation between things or magnitudes as to size,

quantity, number, etc.; ratio.

R.

Renaissance - A cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the

14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later

spreading to the rest of Europe. Repetitive - Pertaining to or characterized by

repetition.

Ridge - The horizontal line in which the tops of the rafters of a roof meet.

Rigid - Not flexible or pliant; stiff.

Riser - The vertical face of a stair step.

Roof - The external upper covering of a house or other building, including the

frame for supporting the roofing.

Roof truss - A structural framework designed to bridge the space above a

room and to provide support for a roof. Trusses usually occur at regular

intervals, linked by longitudinal timbers.

Ruang pejabat - Malay term which means administration space.

S.

Shrink - To contract or lessen in size, as from exposure to conditions of

temperature or moisture.

Shear wall - A wall that resists shear forces in its own plane due to wind or

earthquake forces.

Spatial organization - A kind of organization that can be observed when

components of an abiotic or biological group are arranged no randomly in

space.

Stain - a discoloration produced by foreign matter having penetrated into or

chemically reacted with a material; a spot not easily removed.

Stepped footings - Strip footings that change levels in stages to accommodate

a sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building.

Stilts - One of several posts supporting a structure built above the surface of

land or water that usually belong to Asia (and very likely Chinese) owners.

Stiles - One of the upright structural members of a frame, as at the outer edge

of a door or a window sash.

Straits Eclectic - The architectural manifestation of east meeting west.

Elements of European architecture are incorporated into properties.

151

Stucco - A material made of an aggregate, a binder, and water. Stucco is

applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as decorative coating

for walls and ceilings and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture.

Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials

such as concrete, cinder block, or clay brick.

Sunshade - Something used as a protection from the rays of the sun, as an

awning or a parasol.

Suspended ceiling - A non-structural ceiling suspended below the overhead

structural slab or from the structural elements of a building and not bearing on

the walls.

Supporting structures - Supporting structure that holds up or provides a

foundation;

Symmetrical - Characterized by or exhibiting symmetry; well-proportioned, as

a body or whole; regular in form or arrangement of corresponding parts.

T.

Terracotta - A hard, fired clay, reddish-brown in colour when unglazed, used

for architectural facings and ornaments, tile units, and pottery.

T iang Seri - Main pillar of the necessity which has to be set up first in the

construction of a Malay traditional house.

T imber - The wood of growing trees which are suitable for structural uses.

Tongue and groove joint - Widely used for re-entrant angles.

Transom - A crosspiece separating a door or the like from a window or fanlight

above it.

T read - The horizontal upper surface of a step in a stair, on which the foot is

placed.

Truss - A structure comprising five or more triangular units constructed with

straight members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes.

V.

Ventilation - An installation in a building that provides a supply of fresh air.

Veranda - Large, open porch, usually roofed and partly enclosed, as by a

railing, often extending across the front and sides of a house; gallery.

W.

Wedges – Any of a variety of slotted devices for tightening formwork and

transferring the force in a form tie to the wales.

Weight - The amount or quantity of heaviness or mass; amount a thing weighs.

Width - Extent from side to side; breadth; wideness.

152

Figure 9.1 Plan did by PADAT in 2003

153

Figure 9.2 Pictures Obtained from JAIS

154

Interview of Perjabat Agama Islam(PAID) workers

Encik Anuar & Secretary Kamsiah

Jolene : Good morning, we are students from Taylor’s and are now investigating the old building of Pejabat Agama Islam. Can we know the previous

function of this building?

(Jolene : Selamat pagi, kami pelajar dari Taylor’s, boleh Encik menerangkan fungsi-fungsi ruang-ruang yang terdapat dalam bangunan lama? )

Encik Anuar : Sure.

(Encik Anuar : Boleh.)

Jolene : What is the function of the ground floor?

(Jolene : Apakah fungsi ruang tingkat satu? )

Encik Anuar : The front part of the building is function as the seating area . This place was previously a porch, where the

king’s car will parked.

(Encik Anuar : Ruang paling depan [1]ini adalah tempat menunggu. Tempat ini dahulu adalah anjung, tempat letak kereta. )

155

Jolene : After this porch?

(Jolene : Yang seterusnya?)

Encik Anuar : After this porch would be the place where the counter located. This act as the main counter where in charge in education. Space after this area is

not accessible by public. Small rooms beside the counter act as typist room and storeroom where the document of registration and files are

located. This is why there’s no carpet in this area.

(Encik Anuar : Yang Seterusnya adalah tempat kaunter. Kaunter ini adalh kaunter utama. Kaunter ini adalah tentang perkara tentang pendidikan . Ruang-ruang

yang seterusnya orang awam dilarang masuk. Bilik-bilik kecil di sbelah kiri adalah bilik untuk keletakkan rak-rak buku and documen pendaftaran. Oleh itu, tempat

ini tidak mempunyai karpet. Bilik sebelah adalah bilik typist.)

Jolene : What is the function of the space which have the 4 huge columns?

(Jolene : Apakah fungsi ruang yang mempunyai empat tiang besar ini? )

Encik Anuar : The big room in the middle is used for offices. There’s a counter located at the entrance of the room and is where the collection of marriage

certificate and payment be done. The dark room in the middle acts as the electric room. This are does not have any specific function but act as

an access to the prayer’s room located at the lower ground, both female and male.

156

Encik Anuar : Ruang besar di tengah adalah pejabat-pejabat pegawai. Bilik ini terletak satu kuanter, kaunter kedua ini digunakan pengambilan sijil-sijil

perkahwinan dan bayaran. Bilik-bilik dipisahkan dengan partition. Bilik boss terletak di ruang ini. Ruang tengah mempunyai satu bilik gelap iaitu bilik elektrik. Bilik

ini tidak mempunyai fungsi tertentu tetapi adalah laluan turun ke surau perempuan dan surau lelaki. )

Jolene : Is the following room a meeting room? There’s still a signboard.

(Jolene : Bilik seterusnya bilik mesyuarat? Papan Nyata masih terdapat di situ. )

Encik Anuar :This room is a meeting room where only for stuff. There’s a platform in this room where the announcement of court will be held.

(Encik Anuar : Bilik ini digunakan hanya untuk pekerja sahaja. Terdapat satu platform di bilik ini adalh digunakan untuk melaporkan keputusan dari mahkamah

Syariah tingkat atas. )

Jolene : The place which used to have a spiral staircase but unfortunately got stolen, what’s the function of this area?

(Jolene : Tempat yang ada satu tangga yang unik tetapi sudah dicuri , apakah fungsinya? )

Encik Anuar : This place used to be a storeroom but when the upper floor is used as a court, this place is where the main access of the judge. The judge will

use this staircase while travelling up and down. The small room beside is used as a pantry.

(Encik Anuar : Tempat ini digunakan sebagai bilik store.Tetapi apabila tingkat atas digunakan sebagai mahkamah syariah, tempat ini adalah laluan

hakim dengan menggunakan spiral staircase ini. Bilik kecil terdapat di tempat ini adalah untuk bilik pantry. )

157

Jolene : What about the following rooms?

(Jolene : Bilik yang seterusnya?)

Encik Anuar : The following rooms are added after the JAIS(Religion Office Selangor) came due to insufficient space while increasing in workers. These rooms

served as caunselling purpose.

(Encik Anuar : Ruang-ruang ini adalah ditambah semasa diguna oleh JAIS(pejabat utama agama Islam Selangor) disebabkan ruang yang tidak mencukupi

dengan ketambahan pekerja. Ruang yang ditambah berfungsi sebagai bilik kaunselling.)

Jolene : What is the function of the upper floor? The place where lot’s of windows installed.

(Jolene : Apahkah fungsi bilik di tingkat atas? Bilik yang terdapat bangyak tingkap. )

Encik Anuar : This place used as the detention room where people be locked up during the period of syariah court.Small detention rooms were separated by

partitions. Officer’s offices also be located here to control the people.

(Encik Anuar : Tempat ini adalah bilik penguatkuasaan iaitu bilik tahanan semasa diguna sebagai mahkamah. Bilik-bilik kecik dipisahkan dengan partition dan

berfungsi sebagai bilik tahanan dan bilik pegawai serta bilik pengetua yang mengawal keadaan di bilik tahanan.)

158

Jolene : What about the space after detention room?

(Jolene : Bilik sebelah bilik tahanan?)

Encik Anuar : This room was a waiting area for the family who come and bill the people out. This place was non-accessible by the public, only the family and

the locked up people can access. After this area would be the significant part of the building during the period of syariah court which was the

court room. The arrangement of this room really looked like the courtroom. There’s partition set up for the judge’s room and the lawyers. Toilet

was added for the judge, separating the prayers room. After the syariah court moved, PAID took over ther whole building and function as offices.

(Encik Anuar : Bilik ini tempat menunggu untuk orang tahanan dan orang menjamin. Kawasan ini orang awam adalah dilarang masuk. Selepas tempat ini

adalah ruang yang amat penting iaitu mahkamah syariah. Masa mahkamah itu, ruang ini adalah dalam susunan mahkamah. Terdapat partition-partition yang

memisahkan bilik hakim dengan bilik peguam . Tandas telah ditambah dari surau lama untuk kegunaan hakim. Selepas mahkamah pindah, PAID mengambil

ruang tingkat atas dan menjadikan tempat ini pejabat pegawai. )

Jolene : What’s the function of the following space?

(Jolene : Apakah fungsi ruang selepas itu? )

Encik Anuar : There’s another counter located at this area, this was where the location of the waiting area. There’s a wooden partition located to avoid the

direct access of the public from the boss office. The corridor with ornamented columns was a counseling room. However, it was then a

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storeroom. The office right in front was the boss room.

(Encik Anuar : Ruang ini terdapat satu kaunter lagi, kaunter mengambil nombor giliran dan terdapat tempat menunggu. Patition dibuat dari papan telah dibina

untuk melarang orang awam dari memasuki bilik tuan. Kaki lima yang terdapat hiasan ornamen adalah tempat kaunselling, lepas i tu digunakan

sebagai store. Bilik yang paling hadapan adalah bilik tuan, iaitu kadi. )

Secretary : The building beside was a new building, used for the children education. Many changes were made to this building. Years ago, PAID only take the

front part of the building as not much members. PAID was at the ground floor where JAIS took the upper part. After the JAIS moved to Shah Alam, the syariah

court took over the upper floor. After the syariah court moved, PAID took the whole building.

(Setiausaha : Bangunan yang sebelah adalah bangunan baru, digunakan untuk pendidikan kanak-kanak. Banyak bilik ditambah di bangunan ini. Dahulu

pegawai PAID tidak ramai, PAID hanya mengambil tingkat bawah maka JAIS mengambil tingkat atas. Selepas JAIS pindah ke Shah Alam,

Mahkamah mengambil tingkat atas. Masa JAIS, PAID hanya mengguna tempat di hadapan kerana pekerja tidak ramai. Selepas mahkamah

pindah, PAID mengambil seluruh bangunan sampai sekarang dan pindah dua tahun dahulu. )

Jolene : Thank you so much, sir for giving us such meaningful information.

(Jolene : Sangat terima kasih Encik kerana memberi infomasi yang sangat berguna ini. )

Enc ik Anuar : You’re welcomed.

(Encik Anuar : Sama-sama. )

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