ped101: 2012. anatomical directions the anatomical position important things to note: 1.standing...
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PED101: 2012
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Anatomical Directions
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The anatomical position
Important things to note:
1.Standing
2.Feet together
3.Arms to side
4.Head, eyes and palms facing
In order to explain the positioning of bones, organs, muscles and the like on the human body, anatomists have agreed on a standardised position for the human body in all cases. This is known as the anatomical position.
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Anterior
Anterior: On the front of the body or limb. E.g. The chest is on the anterior of the body.
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Posterior
Posterior: On the back of the body or limb. E.g. The buttocks are on the posterior of the body.
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Superior vs InferiorSuperior
Inferior
Superior: Above or on top of. Towards the top of the body (head). E.g. The cervical vertebrae are superior to the thoracic vertebrae.
Inferior: Below or beneath. Towards the bottom of the body (feet). E.g. Thoracic vertebrae are inferior to the cervical vertebrae.
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Lateral vs Medial
LateralLateral
MedialMedial
Lateral: Further away from the midline of the body. E.g. Little toe is on the lateral aspect of the foot.
Medial: Nearer the midline of the body. E.g. The big toes is on the medial aspect of the foot.
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Proximal vs Distal
DistalProximal
Distal: Further away from the body – usually refers to limbs. Towards the end of the limb. E.g. Wrist is distal to the elbow.
Proximal: Nearer the body – usually refers to limbs. Closer to the top of the limb. E.g. Elbow is proximal to the wrist joint.
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As we just saw, the skeleton is divided into two sections:
• Axial skeleton – consists of the central core of the body (head, ribs, spine & sternum)
• Appendicular skeleton – encompasses all of the bones in the limbs (arms/legs, hands/feet, pelvis, scapula & clavicle)
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• There are 206 bones in the human adult body
• At birth, a human has over 300 bones but they fuse together as they develop through a process called ossification.
• Adult human bones account for 14% of the body's total weight.
• Your thigh bone (femur) is stronger than concrete.
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Cranium
Mandible
Ribs
Clavicle
Sternum
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
TarsalsMetatarsals
Fibula
Patella
Phalanges
MetacarpalsCarpals
Pelvis
Vertebrae
Humerus
Scapula
Phalanges
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Joint movements
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Flexion
Bending or decreasing the angle between two bones. E.g. Arm bending at the elbow.
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Flexion - Sequence of events
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Extension
• Straightening or increasing the angle between two joints. E.g. Hip – moving the leg backward. Knee – straightening the knee.
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Inversion vs Eversion
Inversion: Movement of the sole of the foot inward.
Eversion: Movement of the sole of the foot outward.
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Dorsiflexion vs Plantarflexion
Dorsiflexion: Movement of the top of the foot upward, closer to the shin.
Plantarflexion: Movement of the sole of the foot downward.
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Abduction vs Adduction
Abduction: Moving a limb or part of a limb away from the midline of the body. E.g. Moving limbs outwards on a star jump.
Remember: Aliens abduct people by taking them away.
Adduction: Moving a limb or part of a limb towards the midline of the body. E.g. Bringing limbs back together in a star jump.
Remember: ‘Add’ to the midline
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Circumduction
A combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. E.g the armstroke in butterfly.
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Rotation
Twisting of a limb about its long axis.
Eg. Turning to look over your shoulder
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Pronation vs Supination
Pronation: Movement of the hand into a palm down position. E.g. Turning a card face down.
Supination: Movement of the hand into a palm-up position. E.g. Turning a card over in cards.
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Medial and Lateral Rotation
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Video task:In pairs you are to create a brief video (using your phone, own camera or a flip
camera that your teacher will provide) to teach younger students about the following anatomical movements:
• Flexion• Extension• Dorsiflexion• Plantarflexion• Adduction• Abduction• Circumduction• Rotation
You will have one period in class to plan and film the movements, then one period in a computer lab to put your video together in Movie Maker. This will be used to teach students in the coming years if it is good enough so make sure you have a solid understanding of the concepts and present them in a clear and easy-to-understand way.
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Joint
Ligaments
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Types of Joints
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Types of Joints
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Types of Joints
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Anatomy of the Knee
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Knee Joint
http://www.arthroscopy.com/sp05001.htm
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Knee Joint
http://www.arthroscopy.com/sp05001.htm
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Cross-Sectional View of Right Knee
http://www.arthroscopy.com/sp05001.htm
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Anatomy of the Shoulder
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Hip Joint
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Muscles
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Muscle types
There are three main types of muscles in the body. They are:
1.Skeletal (striated)
2.Smooth
3.Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle
Seen from under the microscope, skeletal muscle fibers show a pattern of cross banding, which gives rise to the other name: striated muscle.
Skeletal (striated) muscles move your bones. These are the muscles that we can see and feel. Skeletal muscles attach to the bones through tendons. They come in pairs -- one muscle to move the bone in one direction and another to move it back the other way. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles. Meaning, that you think about contracting them and your nervous system tells them to do so.
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Smooth Muscle
Smooth muscles are found in the internal organs (digestive system, blood vessels, bladder, airways and, the uterus). Smooth muscle has the ability to stretch and maintain tension for long periods of time. Smooth muscles move involuntarily. You do not have to think about movement for movement to occur.
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Cardiac Muscle
Cardiac muscle is found only in your heart. Cardiac muscle is also an involuntary muscle. It can stretch in a limited way, like smooth muscle, and contract with the force of a skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle is a twitch muscle.
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Skeletal, Smooth & Cardiac Muscles
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
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Our muscles
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis MajorTriceps
BicepsLatissimus Dorsi
Gluteus MaximusAbdominals
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
GastrocnemiusTibialis anterior
Soleus
Iliopsoas
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How muscles work
Muscle create movement by pulling on bones. They are attached to bones via tough cords called tendons and most muscles reach from one bone to another across a joint.
Fact: Muscles always pull, they NEVER PUSH
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But..Muscles can only pull, and not push so they need
to work in pairs. While one muscle works (pulls) the other relaxes to allow the movement and control it smoothly. When it’s time to move in the other direction, they switch jobs. The muscle that is pulling is called the agonist, and the muscle that is relaxing is called the antagonist.
(Pulling)
(Relaxing)