The Nature and meaning of Physical Education

Physical Education is the training in the development of care for the human body. Physical education helps to reduce the level of stress, increase athletic performances and increase proper hygiene.

Physical education applies knowledge from the biosciences, social sciences and humanities to study a broad range of issues related to human movement. Our curriculum encourages diversity and inclusive involvement in physical activity, as well as promoting health and wellness through physical education. The studying of human movement through theoretical and practical investigations of movement forms, with significant personal movement experience included.

A degree in physical education will prepare you to be a leader in education, research, and professional service.

The Nature and meaning of sportsA sport is an organized, competitive, entertaining, and skilful physical activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. It is governed by a set of rules and customs.

The nature of sports has to do with the affinities of physical acts. Taichi, bullfighting were all done in the ancient days and various ancient cities like china, Greece, Mexico, Egypt, Rome were all involved in sports for cervical techniques e.g to get food and to protect themselves.

History of physical education and sportsThe Spartans and Athenians were the first to have a type of physical education. Though very different, both systems serve the people and their needs. The Spartan system was similar to a dictatorship.

Some other cycles in P.E that we have evolved from are that of the Romans, the dark ages, and the crusades. The roman is a bit disturbing, but is nonetheless a cycle of physical education. Physical education for the Romans was about athletics, which was primarily about entertainment. People were forced to fight to death, and oftentimes fed to lions. During the dark ages, religion viewed physical education as a waste of time and a work of devil. Following the dark ages in approximately 1096, were the crusades. The crusades were a time of muscular Christianity, because of the Muslims conquering Jerusalem. Muscular Christianity is basically Christians believing that the more one trained to become good soldiers, the more Christian a person was. In 1270, the crusades ended and so did the thought of physical education being worthwhile until approximately 1400 when the renaissance period is quite similar to physical education today. The development of physical education had another setback in the 1600`s when it was very functional and not a priority.

During the 1700`s, there was a big change in physical education that can be largely attributed to three people: Rousseau, Johan Simon, and Guts Muths. Rousseau was the first person to promote education for the masses and he also thought of play as being educational. In 1712, Rousseau invented an activity that is still used by millions of children everyday, recess. Johan Simon was the first physical education teacher and believed physical education should be taught along with reading and writing. Simon believed physical education should include a lot of physical labor.

Guts muths developed a series of gymnastic apparatuses and believed physical education developed very important social skills. These people of the 1700`s and the things they did began paving the road to where we are today.

During the 1800`s, physical education were finding their way into universities which contributed to many things today. New sports were being invented, intramurals were being into schools, women began exercising, gymnasiums could be found in most colleges, and many recreational areas and parks were being built in order to decrease the crime rate. During the 20`s and 30`s the number of people in sports increascd dramatically, the number of teachers increased, and physical education began moving toward the involvement of sport.

Physical education has definitely come a long way since the Spartan and Athenians with many sciences studying the different intangibles of physical education order to better the mind and body.

Organizations responsible for sportsThere are many types of sport governing bodies. This is because sports have different types of play, so they can try to organize the people playing their sports by ability and by age. The different types of sports governing bodies are shown below:

ORGANISATIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR SPORTS AT LOCAL LEVEL ARE:

Athletics Association of Guyana

Guyana Cricket Board

National Basketball Association

Women`s National Basketball Association

Guyana Squash Association

Guyana Amateur Athletics Association

Guyana Amateur Swimming Association

Guyana Teacher`s Union

Guyana Amateur Basketball Association

Guyana Amateur Boxing Association

National Sports Commission

ORGANISATION RESPONSIBLE FOR SPORTS AT REGIONAL LEVEL:

Caribbean World Cup Cricket

ORGANISATION RESPONSIBLE FOR SPORTS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL:

International Cricket Council, Football International Federation Association

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYOVERVIEW OF THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANISATION OF THE

HUMAN BODY

Human Anatomy

Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body. It is sub divided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscope which includes histology (the study of tissues)

Physiology

Physiology is the study of the mechanical, physical and biochemical functions of living organisms. Physiology has traditionally been divided between plant physiology and animal physiology but the principles of physiology of yeast cells may also apply to cells.

The systems of the body are:

Cardio –vascular system Skeletal system

Digestive system The Skin

Nervous system

Respiratory system

Muscular system

Diagram of the cardio- vascular system

Diagram of the digestive system

Diagram of the skeletal system

The skeletal systemThe skeletal system serves many important functions:

1. Providing the shape and form for our bodies in addition to supporting

2. Protection

3. Allowing bodily movement

4. Producing blood for the body

5. Storing minerals

The skeletal system is made up of 206 different bones which forms a framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached.

Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system. The brain is protected by the surrounding skull as the heart and lungs are encased by the sternum and rib cage.

Bodily movement is carried out by the by the interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems. Muscles are connected to bones by tendons. Bones are connected to each other by ligaments. Where bones meet one another is typically called a joint. Muscles which cause movement are connected to two different bones and contract to pull them together.

Blood cells are produced by the marrow located in some bones. An average of 2.6 million red blood cells are produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver.

Bones serves as a storage area for mineral such as calcium and phosphorous. When an excess is present in the blood, build up will occur within the bones. When the supply of these minerals

within the blood is low, it will be withdrawn from the bones to replenish the supply.

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Muscles are often viewed as the machines of the body. They help move food from one organ to another, and carryout our physical movement. There are three different kinds of muscles in our body; cardiac, smooth, skeletal.

The amazing ability of movement and mobility in the human body is accomplished by our muscles through the extraordinary and fascinating ability of converting chemical energy, energy stored in nutrients, into mechanical energy, energy of movement. The muscular system, composed of over 600 muscles, come in a variety of shapes and forms. Differences between each muscle are recognized by location, function, structure, and the way they are contracted.

The muscle types are:

Cardiac Smooth Skeletal

The muscular system is composed of:

Muscle bone interactions:o Flexorso Extendorso Abductorso Adductors

Tendons and ligaments

Major skeletal muscleso Facialo Necko Shouldero Armo forearm

Thorax Abdomen Hip Pelvis/thigh Leg

The cardio vascular systemThe cardio-vascular system includes; the heart and the blood

vessels. The heart pumps blood, and the blood vessels channels deliver it throughout the body. Arteries carry blood filled with nutrients away from the heart to all parts of the body. Arteries are thick-walled tubes with a circular covering of yellow, elastic fibers, which contain a filling of muscle that absorbs the tremendous pressure wave of a heartbeat and slows the blood down. Arteries are divided into smaller arterioles and then into even smaller capillaries. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. One arteriole can serve a hundred capillaries. Capillaries join together to form small veins, which flows into larger main veins, and these deliver deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, have thin, slack walls, because the blood has lost the pressure which forced it out of the heart, so the dark, reddish blood which flows through the veins on its way to the lung oozes along very slowly on its way to be re-oxygenated.

Back to the heart, the veins enter a special vessel, called the pulmonary arteries, into the wall at right side of the heart. It flows along the pulmonary arteries to the lung to collect the heart`s left side to begin its journey around the body again.

The respiratory systemThe primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system`s means of getting oxygen to the blood.

Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult`s lungs contains about 600 million of these spongy, air filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood.

The waste rich blood from the veins releases the carbon dioxide into the alveoli. The carbon dioxide follows the same path out when you exhale.

The diaphragm`s job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the sheet muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs.

The nervous systemThe nervous system is an organ system containing a

network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body.

The central nervous system of vertebrates contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina.

The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting them to each other and to the central nervous system. These regions are all interconnected by means of complex neural path ways.

The enteric nervous system, a subsystem of the peripheral nervous system, has the capacity even when severed from the rest of the nervous system through its primary connection.

Neurons send signals to other cells as electrochemical waves travelling along thin fibers called axons, which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released. Sensory neurons are activated by physical stimuli impinging on them, and send signals that inform the central nervous system of the state of the body of the body and the external environment.

Central neurons, which in vertebrates greatly outnumber the other types, make all their input and output connections with other neurons. The interaction of all these types of neurons form neutral circuits that generate an organism`s perception of the world and determine its behavior. The nervous system also contains other cells called gliaL cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.

The digestive systemThe digestive system is made up of the digestive tract i.e a series of hollow organs joined in a long, twisting tube from the mouth to the anus-and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

Organs that make up the digestive tract are the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine-also called the colon-rectum, and anus. Inside these hollow organs is a lining called the mucosa. In the mouth stomach and small intestine, the mucosa contains tiny glands that produce juices to help digest food. The digestive tract also contains a layer of smooth muscle that helps break down food and move it along the tract.

The liver and the pancreas produce digestive juices that reach the intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gallbladder stores the liver`s digestive juices until they are needed in the intestine

Digestion is the process by which food and drinks are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and provide energy.

How is food digested?

Digestion involves mixing food with digestive juices, moving it to the digestive tract, and breaking down large molecules of food into smaller molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth, when you chew and swallow, and is completed in the small intestine.

The skinThe skin is a soft outer covering of an animal, in particular a

vertebrate. In mammals, the skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epidermal tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. All animals have some hair on their skin even marine mammals which appear to be hairless.

Skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the protection of vitamin B folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue. This is often discolored and depigmented.

Hair with sufficient density is called fur. The fur mainly serves to augment the insulation the skin provides, but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage.

Fitness and performanceFitness means being able to perform physical activity. It also

means having the energy and strength to feel as good as possible.

Fitness is defined as the capacity of the heart, blood-vessels, lungs and muscles to function at optimum efficiency. In previous years, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day`s activities without undue fatigue.

Benefits of fitness:

Helps to keep you active

Calories are burnt

It helps you manage your weight

Lowers the risk of heart attacks, diabetes, high blood pressure

Being fit can also help you sleep better, handle stress better and keep your mind sharp

Components of fitnessThe components of fitness are:

Muscular endurance- the ability of a muscle or muscles group to perform repeated movements with a sub- maximal force for extended periods of time.

Muscular strength/fitness- the greatest amount of force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single effort.

Flexibility - this is the ability to move joints and use muscles through their full range of motion. This is being performed before and after every workout. By doing this flexibility is being assessed in each part of the body.

Body composition- this fitness component is the ratio of lean body mass to fat. Lean body mass represents the weight of water, muscle, bone and internal organs. Body fat represents the remaining fat tissue and is expressed as a percentage of total body weight.

Cardio respiratory endurance- this is the body`s ability, over sustained periods of physical activity, to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues, and to remove waste.

Assessing fitnessFitness can be assessed through the following ways:

Weighing oneself on a scale- the numbers on the scale aren’t as important as the overall health and numbers like the cholesterol level and blood pressure, but they can give a good indication of where your body weight should fall.

Testing Body mass index (BMI)- this should be calculated to determine the body composition. This provides an overall assessment of your fitness and health level.

Find your target heart rate- your target heart rate is the heart rate you need to maintain while exercising.

Aerobic fitness- this can be done by doing a simple one-mile walk. It can be tested by recording the time and heart rate during and after the walk.

Determine your muscular fitness- this can be done by doing as many push- ups and pull-ups as possible. After doing this the number should be recorded in a notebook.

Testing flexibility levels- this can be done by sitting on the floor with your legs outstretched in front of you. Lay a yardstick in front of you and make sure your heels land on the 15- inch mark. Reach your finger tips as far as you can toward your toes and record the number closest on the stick.

Always keep a fitness journal- this keeps a record of all fitness tests as you continue your fitness program.

Principles of training and conditioning Principles of training In order for training to take place the principles of training must be obeyed. These principles of training are:

Specificity Overload Recovery Reversibility

Specificity:

This type of training is used to improve parts of the body that is being targeted for improvement. This involves putting stress on the muscle group or other body systems that is being targeted to be developed.

Overload:

This is putting is working the body harder than normal to improve fitness. The body will adapt to the harder work out and eventually become fitter. Overloading can be done by training harder and often.

Recovery:

This is where one is trained to recover after an injury. It is usually a slow process of training.

Reversibility:

This is where the body adapts to the stress of exercising and becoming fitter, similarly when the body adapts to less exercise by losing fitness. This shows that it can be reversed.

Principles of conditioning

This is basically where an athlete carries out the basic conditioning program which is based upon the athlete`s strengths and weaknesses. It includes the components of fitness which are; muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, body composition, and cardio respiratory endurance.

The athlete`s entire body is tested for total fitness.

The principles of conditioning are:

Conditioning of the entire body Training the muscle with movement Training for muscular balance Training for muscular endurance Training for muscular strength before power

The stages of learning skills in sportsThe stages of learning are phases that athletes experience as they progress through skills. They are:

The cognitive phase The associative phase The autonomous phase

The cognitive phase

This is the first stage of learning where the beginner begins to understand what has to be done. They are then shown the actions and shown what the expected outcome of the action is.

The associative phase

At this stage the athlete understands the basics of the skill and improves performance with fewer mistakes. The athlete is able to identify and correct mistakes at this stage also.

The autonomous phase

At this phase the skills are performed without much thought or attention. The skill is well learned and the athlete performs it automatically without having to focus on execution.

Factors affecting performanceThe main psychological factors that affect sports performance are:

Stress Anxiety Self-confidence Nutrition Drugs in sports Age

Stress

This has to do with the stress level of a person. If a person is stressed out he/she will not be able to participate positively in sports and will definitely affect performance.

Anxiety

Anxiety affects performance in the sense that if someone is too anxious it affects them in concentrating and they will not perform at their best.

Self-confidence

If some has little or no self confidence it can affect them in sports. However, if someone`s self confidence is too high it can also affect their performance.

Nutrition

This is the food intake of a sports performer. If the food consumed is not of a balanced diet then the athlete is not eating as he/she should which causes he/she to lack certain nutrients which will eventually affect performance.

Drugs in sports- this affects one in various ways such as mentally and physically. It is illegal in sports and if one is caught

using it he/she should be prosecuted and even be banned from sports for life.

Age

The age of a sports performer has to do a lot when it comes to performing. If a young and an old athlete are competing against each other, the young athlete has the advantage over the old athlete because he is much more stronger and capable although the older athlete might have the experience.

Types of movementThe types of movement are:

Abduction- is movement away from the center, as spreading the toes or fingers apart.

Adduction- is movement toward the midline of the body, bringing the fingers and toes together.

Angular motion- is comprised of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

Circumduction- is a special type of angular motion, described as making circular movements as moving the arm in a loop.

Dorsiflexion / plantar flexion- refers to movements of the foot. Dorsiflexion is the movement of the ankle while elevating the sole. Plantar flexion is the opposite movement, extending the ankle and elevating the heel.

Elevation / depression- occurs when a structure moves in a superior or inferior direction, as the mandible is depressed when the mouth is opened and elevated when the mouth is closed.

Extension- occurs in the same plane as flexion, except that it increases the angle between articulating elements. Extension reverses the movement of flexion. Hyperextension is a continuation of movement past the anatomical position, which can cause injury.

Flexion- is movement in the anterior- posterior plane that reduces the angle between the articulating elements as in bringing the head toward the chest.

Gliding- occurs when two opposing surfaces slide past each other as between articulating carpals and tarsals and between the clavicles and sternum.

Opposition- is a special movement of the thumb which enables it to grasp and hold an object.

Pronation /supination- this refers to the rotation of the distal end of the radius across the anterior surface of the ulna. This rotation moves the wrist and hand from palm- facing -front to palm- facing- back.

Protraction- entails moving a part of the body anteriorly in the horizontal plane, as in jutting the face forward to gain distant at a finish line.

Retraction- is the reverse movement of protraction as in pulling the jaw back towards the spine.

Rotation- involves turning the body or limb around the longitudinal axis.

Principles of movementTHE PRINCIPLES OF MOVEMENT ARE:Principle #1: Nourish relaxation:This involves becoming aware of your breath. It determines how deep or shallow you are breathing. After this, the next step is to connect it with your movement.

Principle #2: Initiation of movement: A perfect example of initiating movement is with the spine. The spine is the fundamental place to begin movement because of its central connection to every piece of the body. After this, it leads us to the next principle which is connecting spinal movement with the movement at the largest joints first.

Principle #3: Connect spinal:This is movement with the movement at the largest joints, first all joints has an optimum range of motion. Some move more than others e.g the shoulder and the hip joints move than the knee and elbow joints.

Principle #4: Moving joints in their optimum range of motion

Principle #5: Continuous breathing and development of core stability

Principle #6: Adoption of relaxed resilience: This requires you to be aware of what is going on in your body while moving so that you can make quick changes when ever needed.

Injury prevention

Injury can be prevented by following the following tips: Wear and use proper gear for your sport including

helmets, pads, shoes, sunglasses, gloves and layered clothing where appropriate.

Understand the rules and follow them. They were developed to protect players and test their skills.

Warm up slowly before activity. This is especially important in sports that require quick, dynamic movements, such as football.

Always use proper body mechanics in sports involving repetitive stress to the upper extremities.

Listen to your body. Pain is a warning sign of injury. You should not work through pain, but or slow your activity until the pain subsides.

Train for your sport. Use specific skills training to prepare for your sport.

Cross train. This is done for overall conditioning and to allow specific muscles to rest. This will also alleviate boredom and staleness.

Treatment of injury

The immediate injury treatment is the R.I.C.E method. If you suffer an acute injury, such as a strain or pull, immediately stop activity and use the R.I.C.E method of treatment.

R.I.C.E stands for:

R- Rest

I-Ice

C-Compression

E-Evaluate

INJURIES AND TREATMENT

Sprain:

Follow the R.I.C.E routine

Cramp:

Stretch the muscle slowly and gently. Hold the stretch and when the muscle has relaxed, massage it gently.

Cuts:

Stop bleeding by covering with cloth. Hold cloth on cut until bleeding stops. When bleeding stops, tie the injured part with cloth.

Pulled muscles:

Use the rice method cautiously.

Bruises:

Stop blood leakage by applying icepack to bruise.

Fractures:

Do not try to straighten the fractured area because this makes it worst. Support the injured part above and below using slings if it a fractured arm.

Shock:

If the injured part is bleeding try to stop it. Place the injured part in a recovery position and hold it.

Abrasion:

If the wound is dirty, clean it gently with tepid water and if wound is bleeding allow the blood to clot and dry naturally.

Health and nutritionConcept of healthHealth is the state of complete physical, mental and social well- being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Without good mental and physical health we cannot work, study or play at our best.

A knowledge of health education enables us to recognize many of the minor health problems that can be prevented or remedied.When we consume the right type of food, develop healthy exercise and posture habits and combine these with maintaining a positive outlook, we offer ourselves the greatest opportunity to function at our best. Similarly, if we consume the wrong type of food without exercising we can end up in serious health issues gradually.

Concept of nutritionIn order to live, people must consume nutrients that are rich to nourish the body. In addition to these constituents people require other materials for its sustenance- water, oxygen, and fiber which aids in the digestive processing of foods- but these components usually are not regarded as nutrients.Nutrition itself is the series of process by which an organism takes in nutrients and makes use of them for its survival, growth, and development. The term nutrition can also refer to the study of nutrients, their consumption, and their processing in the bodies of organism.

The main food groups

There are five main food groups that we need to eat food from everyday to stay healthy.

Food is the fuel for our body and we need the fuel for energy, to help our body grow and repair itself, and to keep warm.

The five main food groups are: Fruits and vegetables – these are vital sources of

vitamins and minerals. People who eat at least five portions of these a day are at lower risk of heart disease, stroke and some cancers. Examples of these are; pineapple, banana, grape, guava.

Dairy foods – these contain calcium which helps to keep bones healthy. Milk and dairy products such as milk and dairy foods such as cheese and yoghurt are good sources of protein.

Meat and protein – this is essential for growth and repair of the body. Meat is a good source of protein, vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc, and B vitamins. Examples of these are; fish, egg and chicken.

Fat and sugar – these provides energy for the body but when we eat too much of them we consume more energy than we need and we end up putting weight. Examples are; cakes, butter, cheese.

Starchy foods – these fuel the body and are good sources of energy and they also make up a good source of energy in the body.

Balance dietA balanced diet must contain carbohydrates, protein, fat,

vitamins, mineral salts and fiber. It must contain these nutrients in the correct proportion in order to regulate body processes normally.A balance diet provides enough energy and nutrition for the body to grow and develop efficiently.

Social Issues

Sociology and sportsSports have been around for a very long time now and over the past century it has seen some drastic changes and improvement. People look at sports differently nowadays compared to the ancient times. There are both negative and positive effects in sports but however, the positives outnumbered the negatives.One of the positives in sports is that it creates a bond among people. In sports the ability to connect team members, fans and also people with distinct backgrounds who have the same objective is always common. The evidence lies in the fact that even in ancient times, sports and stadium formed the central point of big cities and countries.Regardless of the era, sports have not loss anything and can still unite people.

Gender and sports

Long ago a sport is labeled masculine when it involves physical overpowerment of the opponent by bodily contact, a direct use of bodily force to a heavy object and face- to- face competition in which bodily contact may occur while a sport is labeled feminine when it does not include aggressiveness, effectiveness and power.

However in these times gender is not really an issue when it comes to sports. Almost every sport in the world have female competitors. In the sporting world today women who participate in certain sports are criticized badly because of its nature.

Gender should not be an issue in sports, women should have a fair chance to participate in any sports desirable just as the men do.

Politics and sports

In ancient times politics and sports was a serious issue in countries like Ireland and England because of the political disagreements between the two countries. However, at present politics is hardly a problem in sports. Nationalism is often evident in the pursuit of sports, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or commentators and audiences can adopt a partisan view. These tensions can lead to violent confrontation among players or spectators within or beyond the sporting venue. This rarely happens in these times.

Violence in sports

Violence in sports can be defined as the behavior which causes harm and which occurs outside of the rules of the sport. It is unrelated to the competitive objectives of the sports.

Instrumental aggression is non-emotional and task oriented. Reactive aggression has an underlying emotional component, with harm as its goal. Violence is an outcome of reactive aggression.

Violence in sports today has become a social problem. Numerous examples of violence in professional sports exist today, as countries like the united states, Canada, Greece, Italy, and Germany, report court cases of victims concerned with violent perpetrators.

Drugs and sports

People all over the world use drugs in sports to improve their performance. It is a short cut to larger muscles and greater endurance with anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs.

Steroids are drugs that act like chemical in the body and most them transform into testosterone when they enter the body. Although the users of the drugs gain short-term results they are also causing serious harm to their bodies. Even though the steroids can cut body fat and increase muscle tissue, they are terrible for the human body. They affect all parts of the body and over long periods of time the effects are almost always negative.

Some of the effects are; damage to kidneys, liver, imbalance of hormones, acne problems, genital changes, coronary artery disease, ligament injuries, high blood pressure, changes in cholesterol levels e.t.c

Special population and sports

This is generally a research or survey that is being carried out on various aspects of living. Reaching special populations is the essence of survey and analytical work.

Examples of special populations that are being worked on are:

Studies of people with disabilities include work related injuries, environmental exposure disabilities, and people receiving Social Security Disability Income.

Research on students includes educational outcomes for students as well as the assessment of programs designed to improve those outcomes e.t.c.

Diagram of the respiratory system

Diagram of the skin

Diagram of the muscular system

Diagram of the nervous system

Acknowledgements

The researcher would like to thank the generous staff of the National library, his parents, relatives, friends, teacher, Sir Tyson, and all the other persons who assisted in making this project a success.

Introduction

This project is generally based on the overall contents of Physical Education and it entails; the history and nature of P.E and sports, anatomy and physiology, fitness and performance, health and nutrition and social issues. The researcher`s task was to gather information on the topics listed above.

Glossary Anatomy- the branch of biology and medicine

concerned with bodily structure.

Artery- any of the muscular walled tubes forming part of the circulation system by which blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts of body.

Associative – of or involving association. Athletics - the sport of competing in track and field

events. Balance diet- meal with equal amounts of foods from

each food group. Bones- any of the pieces of hard, whitish tissue making

up the skeleton in vertebrates. Bronchi- the air passages of the lung which diverge

from the wind pipe. Capillary- fine branching blood vessels that form a

network between the arterioles and venules. Cardio vascular- of or relating to the heart and blood

vessels. Cells- the smallest and functional unit of an organism. Diaphragm- a dome-shaped muscular partition

separating the thorax from the abdomen. Digestive- relating to the process of digesting food. Federation- an organization which have smaller

divisions. Fitness- the state of being fit. Flexibility- capability of bending without breaking. Health- the state of being free from illness or injury. Joints- a point where parts join. Ligaments-a band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective

tissue which connects two bones. Metabolic- the chemical process that occur within a

living organism to maintain life. Molecules- atoms bonded together as a unit of

compound that can take part in chemical reaction. Muscles- a band of fibrous tissue in the body that has

the ability to contract.

Nervous system- the network of nerves cells and fibres which transmits nerve impulses.

Nutrition- the process of ingesting and assimilating nutrients.

Oesophagus- the part of the alimentary canal which connects the throat to the stomach.

Pancreas-the large gland behind the stomach. Respiration- the action of breathing. Skeleton- an internal framework of bones found in

animals. Self-confidence-feeling of trust in one`s abilities,

qualities, and judgement. Skin-thin layer of tissue forming the natural outer

covering of the body of a person. Trachea- the tube conveying air between the larynx

and the bronchial tubes.

ReferenceThe researcher got his information from the sources below:

www.Google.com

yahoo.com

The World of Sports Examined; Paul BeasheL, Andy Sibson

Wikipedia.com