pc troubleshoot

Nguyn Quc DngPC Trouble Shooting

Email: [email protected]

Mainboard1- Chip Set Cu Bc: lun lun nm gn CPU nht. h tr X58: ChipSet Cu Bc tch hp vo CPU (cng ngh QPI). H tr Core i7. Chy 1 Ram hoc 3 Ram cng lc (DDR3)

2- Chip Set Cu Nam: h tr HDD, PCI, ROM (chy vi tng s thp) M ICH = I/O Controller Hub (qun l thit b xut nhp) M R: Raid W: Wireless DO: ultra Durable (tit kim in), Dual Bios (mt con chy v mt con Backup)

Nguyn Quc Dng


3- Socket: (Intel v AMD) + CPU Intel: Socket ng (Slot) - c ri Socket 370: CPU Pentium 3, Celeron. Bus t 100-133 Mhz. (nhn din qua gc khuyt hai chn)

Socket 423: CPU Pentium 4 i u. Bus 266 Mhz. Kh phn bit hng gn CPU gy chn.

Nguyn Quc Dng


Socket 478: CPU P4 v Celeron i mi. Bus 400 Mhz. Nhn din qua mt gc khuyt d t CPU. V c ni t qut.

Socket LGA 775: s dng cng ngh mi LGA 775 hn ch CPU b gy chn so vi Socket c (PGA). CPU Core 2 Dou, Quad Core (con cui cng chy vi Chip Set cu Bc), Celeron gi

Nguyn Quc Dngr. Bus 1600 Mhz.


Socket LGA 1366: ch chy vi Core i7 i u s dng cng ngh QPI b hn Chip Set cu Bc. Khng cn s gy chn CPU. Khuyt im gi mc.

Socket LGA 1156: chy vi Core i7 i mi, I5, I3 (QPI). + CPU ADM: Socket 462: CPU Sempron-c mm. Bus 100-200 Mhz. Ging 370 v c hai im lm. Nhng khc v c nhiu im lm bn trong.

Nguyn Quc Dng


Socket 754: CPU Sempron, Athlon i u. Bus 200-400 Mhz. Phn bit qua 4 gc khuyt, trong c 1 gc khuyt nhiu nht.

Socket 939: CPU Athlon. Bus 200-800 Mhz (Athlon 2 1000 Mhz).

Nguyn Quc Dng


Socket AM2, AM2+: CPU Athlon, Phenom i u. Bus 2000 Mhz (Athlon 264 2600 Mhz) (S dng cng ngh HT) Socket AM3 (mi nht): CPU Phenom, Athlon, Trible Core (gim gi thnh). Bus 3400 Mhz. (S dng cng ngh HT b Chip Set cu Bc tng tc truyn d liu)

Nguyn Quc Dng


4- Slot RAM: SIMM (Simple Inline Memory Module), DIMM (Double) v RIMM (Rambus) + SIMM: 30 pin v 72 pin (Edo Ram) + DDIM: SDRAM (168 chn), DDR1 (184 chn), DDR2 (240 chn) v DDR3 (240 chn)

Nguyn Quc Dng


+ RIMM: RDRAM (him v mc tin) 5-Port + Serial Port (DB9-COM): 9600 Bps 112 KBps

+ Parallel Port (DB25-LPT)

Nguyn Quc Dng


IEEE 1284 (5 mode) - Nibble mode: 4 bit (detect) - Bytes mode: 1 byte (detect) - Normal: 150 KBps. Mc nh trong BIOS s dng cc my in i c. - ECP: 500 KBps 2,7 MBps. S dng cho my in Laser. Nn chnh Bios v mode ECP hoc EPP. Bios>Advance>Parallel. - EPP + PS2: chut hoc my tnh

+ USB: t ng detect. Cp usb di ti a 5m. Chc nng hot swap: rt thit b trong khi hot ng. Kt ni lin tc vi 127 thit b. Chun kt ni: 1.0, 1.1 (12 Mbps). 2.0 (480 Mbps-cn 2 cng usb cp in cho cc cng di ng). 3.0 (4,8 Gbps-ch cn dng 1 cng usb cp in) + Wireless: chun IEEE 802.11. + 802.11a: 5 Ghz (b ng vi l Viba nn ngng sn xut). Tc truyn ti 54 Mbps. + 802.11b: 2.4 Ghz. Tc 11 Mbps (chm). + 802.11g: 2.4 Ghz. Tc 54 Mbps. C kh nng tng thch ngc h tr chun a v b. + 802.11g with mimo: full-duplex (c ch ton din: pht nhn cng lc). Tc gp i 108 Mbps. + 802.11n: 2.4 Ghz. Tc ti thiu 108 Mbps (150Mbps, 300Mbps). + IEEE 1394: gn vi thit b u k thut s. Tc cao (>usb) - Chun 1394a: tc 400Mbps - Chun 1394b: tc 800Mbps - Chun ver 2008: tc 3,2 Gbps - Chun ver 2009: 6,4 Gbps

Nguyn Quc Dng


+ Video port: chun xut ra mn hnh - S-Video: dnh cho CRT v mt s LCD. - DVI (DV24): dnh cho tivi LCD. - HDMI: ph bin nht. H tr phim HD. 6. Bus: con ng truyn d liu gia cc thit b vi Chip Set. + Address Bus: xc nh a ch vt l. Qun l vic my tnh s dng bao nhiu bit d liu x l. + Controller Bus: iu khin d liu xut nhp. + Bus speed: tc x l trn Bus. + Bus width: rng ca Bus. Cng rng th cng nhiu d liu c truyn. + Bandwidth: kh nng truyn cc i. a/ CPU: cng ngh hin nay l QDR (Quad Data Rate). Trong mt chu k xung nhp th CPU c kh nng x l c 4 n v d liu. Band Width Real Clock x H S Cng Ngh x Bus Width 8

Real Clock = Bus/(HSCN=4) n gin Band Width = Busx8 Cng ngh mi hin nay QPI (Quick Path Interconnect). Lc b Chip Set cu Bc. b/ RAM: cng ngh DDR (Dobule Data Rate). Trong mt chu k xung nhp th RAM c kh nng x l c hai n v d liu. Real Clock x (H S Cng Ngh =2) x Bus Width Band Width 8 V d 1: CPU Bus 800 Real clock = 200 RAM Bus 667 Real clock = 300 RAM > CPU Hot ng tt (khng b tht c chai) V d 2: CPU = Core i7 930 (2,8 Ghz) x 4 cores, Cached = 8MB QPI = 4,8 GT/s x 8 Theards = 38.4 GT/s RAM = 3x4GB, bus=2200 Mhz BW = 17600x3 = 52.8 GT/s Main = Gigabyte x58 A. CPU = 6,4 GT/s, sk:1366 RAM = 6xDDR, bus = 2200 Chy tt do RAM p ng tt vi CPU. 7. Slot IDE: khe cm cng

Nguyn Quc Dng


+ ATA (Parallel ATA): Mt knh ATA c kh nng kt ni 2 thit b cng lc. Khi kt ni 2 thit b th cn phi Check Sum nhn din chnh. Cable c 2 loi: cp thng (40 si = 40 pin) 66-100 Mbps v cp nhuyn (80 si = 40 pin) 133 Mbps. + Serial ATA (SATA): 1 knh ch gn 1 thit b duy nht. Cable (7 si = 7 pin) xp theo ch L. SATA 1 = 150 Mbps SATA 2 = 300 Mbps SATA 3 = 600 Mbps eSATA (t thy) + SCSI: khng tch hp trn Mainboard. 34 pin. Ch dnh cho Server (10000-34000v/ph). 8. Khe cm m rng + ISA: slot cm u tin h tr card mn hnh, card mng Nhc im chim nhiu din tch. Bus Width: 16bit Bus Speed: 8-10 Mhz Band Width: 33 Mbps

+ VESA Local Bus: tng v Bandwidth (133 Mbps) nhng khng s dng v ln hn khe cm ISA gn gp i (phn m rng ca ISA).

Nguyn Quc Dng


+ PCI (slot mu trng): gn card m thanh, card mng Bus Width: 32bit-64bit Bus Speed: 66 Mhz Band Width: 133 Mbps

+ AGP: gn card mn hnh Bus Width: 32bit d liu + 32bit m rng Bus Speed: 66 Mhz Band Width: 1X (266 Mbps), 2X (533 Mbps-Server), 4X (1066 Mbps-Server), 8X (2132 Mbps)

Nguyn Quc Dng


+ PCI Express: dnh gn Card mn hnh. Chng 1.0 (tn hiu truyn n), chng 2.0 truyn 2 len tng bng thong gp 2 ln. (NVIDIA-GeForce, ATI-Radeon). CPU AMD mua li ATI. Bus Width: 64bit-128bit-256bit Bus Speed: 66 Mhz Band Width: 1X (200 Mbps-h tr card chuyn i), 4X (800Mbps), 8X (1600 Mbps), 16X (3,2 Gbps-ch dnh ring cho card mn hnh v c s dng nhiu nht hin nay h tr cng ngh SLI)

Nguyn Quc Dng


9. Bios Cmos + BIOS: phn mm u tin khi ng trn my tnh c tch hp trong chip ROM. Chc nng detect cc thit b hardware v chun b cho qu trnh khi ng my. Cc thnh phn cu to nn Chip ROM: PROM: d liu ch ghi c mt ln duy nht. Cu to ni bng cu ch, sau khi ghi d liu th cu ch b t. EPROM: c th ghi xa (tia cc tm t mt tri) c nhiu ln.

EEPROM: cho php ghi xa (xung in) nhiu ln. L loi ph bin nht Mainboard mi h tr Dual Bios (2 ROM: 1 Main Bios v 1 Backup Bios)

Nguyn Quc Dng


+ CMOS: chip nh c nui bi mt ngun in c lp (Pin CMOS). Chc nng lu tr thong tin cu hnh ca ngi dng trn BIOS. Mt s chip quan trng khc: ICS (quan trng nht): khi to xung clock cho ton mainboard. i km vi cc thnh anh 14,3 Mhz. 25 Soud card, 24.5 Lan. Nm gn Chip cn Bc hoc PCI.

Winbon, ITE, UMB, SIO: qun l cc thit b xut nhp (chut, bn phm). Thng nm gc. Qu trnh POST (Power ON Seft Test): tn hiu u tin gi n ICS. ICS Chip Set cu Nam Cu Bc CPU BIOS (RAM, VGA, HDD..) Bp Bm Power khng ln: ngun + n S dng Card Test Main kim tra.

Nguyn Quc Dng


CPUI. Gii thiu: x l theo tun t. Cng ngh HT (AMD-Hyper Transport; Intel Hyper Threadiry) gim thiu tnh trng tht c chai. To nhn o khc y d liu ln lm hai lung x l.

II. Cu to CPU: c 3 phn 1. Control Unit (khi x l - CU): thong dch cc m lnh v a ra cc lnh iu khin c-ghi. 2. Arthretic Logic Unit (khi s hc logic - ALU): thc hin cc ch lnh t khi x l a ra v thc hin tnh ton (+,-,*,/) 3. Register (thanh ghi): ghi cc ch lnh ang ch x l, hoc kt qu trc v sau khi x l.

Nguyn Quc Dng


III. Cc dng CPU hin nay 1. Pentium D: hai 2 CPU hoc ng c lp trn 2 b nh Cache L1 v L2 v ch nhanh hn dng Pentium 4 (1 CPU).

2. Core 2 Dual: chia s b nh L2 v 2 CPU c ng kt ni chia s qu trnh x l X l 2 cng vic cng lc. Tc nhanh hn Pentium D nhng gi thnh cao (gp i Dual Core). 3. Dual Core: vn chia s b nh Cache L2. Nhng hai CPU khng c ng kt ni thong bo cho nhau ch c mt lung vo v mt lung ra. Nhanh hn Pentium D v r hn Core 2 Dual. 4. Core 2 Quad: 4 nhn ging nh 2 Core 2 Dual ni li vi nhau. C thm b nh Cache chung L3. Cc CPU hot ng c lp. Tc ngang nga Core 2 Dual, nhng x l cng 1 lc ti 4 nhn.

IV. Thng s k thut 1. Tc (Ghz): tc x l bn trong ca CPU (1Hz = 1 php ton 3Ghz = 3 t php

Nguyn Quc Dng


ton). 2. Front Side Bus (FSB - Mhz): con ng truyn d liu t CPU Chipset cu Bc.3. Back Side Bus (t gp): ng truyn d liu ni nhn CPU Cached L2. 4. Cached (B KB MB): lu tr cc chng trnh v d liu (thut ton) c x l. Cached khng bao gi b y do b xa khi tt my. Cached L1 (Cached tch hp): ph sn trn CPU Cached L2 (Cached th cp): ln b mt ca L1 Nn chn mua nhng dng E hoc Q c thng s ln hn x500 V d: Core 2 Dual (3.0 Ghz), Bus 1333 Mhz, Cached 6M Khi lm vic mi con x l 3 t php ton trong 1 nhp (tc bn trong). Band Width (kh nng truyn cc i trong 1s CPU Chipset cu Bc RAM) Busx8 = 10.664 Gbps

V. CPU Laptop Cng ngh Centrino: CPU, Chipset v Wireless Card ca Intel VI. Cc cng ngh CPU hin nay

Nguyn Quc Dng


MEMORYI. Gii thiu: nhng thit b c kh nng lu tr c (Cd, ROM, RAM, HDD). Gm 2 loi + Primary memory: thit b lu tr chnh nm trc tip bn trong my tnh (RAM, HDD) + Secondary memory: thit b lu tr ri (CD, USB) II. Primary memory: 1. ROM (read only memory): b nh ch c lu tr phn mm BIOS. Gm 3 loi: PROM EPROM EEPROM 2. RAM (random assess memory): b nh truy xut ngu nhin. Lu tr nhng ng dng hoc h iu hnh ang dng. Khng th thay th cho cng v d liu s mt khi tt my. RAM khng bao gi b y do h thng c kh nng lm ti b nh. SRAM (Static RAM): Ram tnh. RAM mt thp v cu thnh t nhiu transitor, khng cn lm ti do d liu khng b mt khi tt. Thng s dng ph ln CPU (b nh Cached) do gi thnh t. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Ram ng. Ram mt cao v cu thnh t nhiu t in. D liu mt khi khi ng v cn lm ti b nh lin tc. SIMM (Bus Width = 16 bit): RAM c 30 pin hoc 72 pin. Khng cn ph bin My in, photo, scan DIMM (Bus Width = 32 bit): SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3. RAM dnh cho my bn (Laptop Graphic DDR5). Ngy nay tt c 64 bit

RIMM (Bus Width = 64 bit): RDRAM, ECCRAM (Bus Width = 65 bit, 1 bit tha sa li Gi thnh cao). S dng cho Server. III. Cc kiu b nh: 4 kiu b nh c bn 1. Vng nh c bn: vng u tin m my tnh s dng (460 kb) lu tr nhng file khi ng ca my tnh (MS-DOS). 2. Vng nh trn (UMB): vng nh (64 kb) nm bn trn vng nh c bn. Cho php chy c nhng driver ca cc thit b phn cng c bn ca my tnh (Chut, bn phm) 3. Vng nh cao: vng 64kb tip theo. Cha file h thng (himem.sys) iu khin qu trnh khi ng ca h iu hnh.

Nguyn Quc Dng


4. B nh m rng (extended): qun l qu trnh khi ng ca h iu hnh. Ngoi ra cn c b nh bnh trng (OEM 386 = 384 kb): y vng x l ca cc file h thng ln x l nhanh hn. Kt hp vi file emm386.exe.

Nguyn Quc Dng


Hard Disk DriveI. Gii thiu: lu tr d liu II. Cu to: 1. a t: cu to t nhm hoc thy tinh, ph mt lp t tnh trn b mt. Trn a cng th c nhiu a t ghp li song song vi trc quay ca motor. Trn a t c th s dng c hai mt trn v di. 2. u t: mt li Ferist v mt cun dy ng qun quanh. 3. Mch in t: iu khin chuyn ng ngang ca u t, iu khin tc quay ca cng v gii m d liu c a vo.

III. Cu to a t 1. Track: nhng vng trn ng tm trn a t. i vi a CD/DVD (a quang) th track theo hnh xon c. 2. Sector: trn nhng track s chia ra nhiu cung khc nhau. Mi cung gi l mt Sector. Khi u l Sector 0 khng dung lu tr d liu m c dung cha vng boot (Master boot record).

3. Cylinder: tp hp cc track trn hai b mt ca mt a t cng v tr.

Nguyn Quc Dng


4. Cilinder: tp hp cc track cng v tr trn hai b mt ca nhiu a t. 5. Side: b mt ca a t. Mi a gm 2 side 0 v 1.

IV. Thng s k thut 1. Dung lng: MB, GB, TB, PetaB, ExaB 2. S vng quay: 5400 rpm v 7200 rpm (Desktop), 10000 rpm v 34000 rpm (Server) 3. Chng kt ni: ATA (PATA), SATA 4. Cached: gip cng hot ng nhanh hn (ti a 32MB) V. Chia cng 1. Basic Disk (Partition): thng s dng nht. Mi Partition l nhng phn lien tc gn nhau trn mt a cng vt l. Sau khi to Partition th phi nh dng kiu lu tr d liu FAT: DOS 11 k t (8 tn + 3 m rng) FAT32: 9x, me: 255 k t. Mt file d liu ti a 4 GB. Mt Partition to ra ti a 4TB NTFS: XP, Vista, Win7. Ti a 1 Partion l 16 TB. Partition c 2 loi Primary v Extended. + Primay: boot, ci h iu hnh v Set Active. Khng th chia nh c. To c ti a 4 Partition trn mt cng vt l. + Extended: ch to c 1 Extended (tng ng vi mt Primary) trn 1 vt l. Nhng c th chia nh Extended thnh cc Logical Drive (24 a theo alphabet). 2. Dynamic Disk (Volume): dnh cho dng my Server. Tng kh nng chu li v tc nhng tn nhiu cng. C 5 loi Volume: + Simple Volume: ging Basic. Hu nh khng c chc nng g ht. Gip khi convert t Basic sang Dynamic khng b mt d liu. + Spanned Volume: khng tng tc ln chu li nhng gip ghp dung lng ca nhiu cng vt l thnh mt. + Striped Volume (Raid 0): gip tng tc truy xut trn a cng nhng khng c kh nng chu li. Dung lng bng tng dung lng cc thnh phn bng nhau trn cc cng vt l khc nhau. + Mirror Volume (Raid 1): c kh nng chu li, gi nguyn tc . Dung lng thnh phn

Nguyn Quc Dng


bng dung lng tng. Thng s dng cho a cha h iu hnh. + Raid 5: va c kh nng chu li va tng tc truy xut. Dung lng bng tng dung lng thnh phn bng nhau trn tng cc cng vt l khc nhau tr 1.

Nguyn Quc Dng


POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)I. Gii thiu: Ngun l thit b phi tuyn. in p u vo v u ra khng ph thuc ln nhau. Cung cp ngun cho cc thit b my tinh. 220V AC 300V DC. II. Cu to: 1. Mch chnh lu: chuyn 220v AC 300v DC cung cp cho ngun cp trc v ngun chnh. Hot ng lien tc khi cm dy ngun. 2. Ngun cp trc: hot ng lien tc to ra hai dng in: 1 dng 5V Standby cung cp cho chipset cu nam (n Standby mu xanh trn main), dng th 2 l 12V cung cp cho mch n p v ngun chnh. 3. Ngun chnh: ch hot ng khi kch nt Power trn my tnh. To ra cc dng in +/- 12V, +/- 5V, 3,3V cung cp dng in cho cc thit b trn my tnh (RAM, CPU, HDD) 4. Mch n p: n nh dng in khi ngun chnh c du hiu cung cp ngun vt mc cho php.

III. Connector:

IV. Bng mu

Nguyn Quc DngVng: Xanh dng: : Tm: Trng: Cam: Nu: en: Xanh l: + 12V -12V + 5V +5V -5V 3,3V 3-5V 0V (dy map) Kch ngun


# cho bit ngun b qu ti hay khng.

B1: o AC 220v th mc AC 250v B2: o dy 5v Standby (kim tra ngun cp trc). Chnh sang DC 10v. Dy mu cm vo dy mu tm, dy cn li kim tra dy mu en bt k. B3: o cc dy cn li dy mu en ni vi kim mu en, dy m ni vi dy c mu. Nu o in p m th ngc li. B4: Kim tra cu ch c b chy hay khng. B5: xc nh mch chnh lu. Xem mi t l 150V hay khng. Chuyn sang DC 250v.

Nguyn Quc Dng


CU HNH ROUTER ADSLI. Gii thiu: 1. Cu hnh kt ni Internet 2. Cu hnh DHCP cp IP ng 3. Share Internet II. Cc thng s cn bit: 1. Thit b IP Default Username/Password http://phenoelit-us.org/dpl/dpl.html (Default Password List) 2. ng truyn Internet: Protocol = PPPoE (Vit Nam) VPI, VCI = (0,33 FPT), (8,35 VNN/Viettel) # Knh ng truyn User/Pass # ng nhp kt ni Internet III. Cu hnh 1. Chun b B1: Kim tra thng s B2: Kt ni thit b B3: t IP cho my tnh lin lc vi Router

pc troubleshoot

Documents