patterns of international institutionalism

Patterns of International InstitutionalismAuthor(s): Peter RohnSource: International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Mar., 1968), pp. 122-125Published by: Wiley on behalf of The International Studies AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3013566 .

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Patterns of International Institutionalism

Chairman: Peter Rohn, Director, United Nations Treaty Series Project, University of Washington.

Participants: Robert L. Peterson, Faculty of Political Science, Yale University; Michael N. O'Hara, University of Washington; Charles Planck, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies; Rob- ert W. Dean, Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver.

Discussant: Leon Gordenker, Department of Politics, Princeton University.

Rapporteur: L. J. Jacques Vallet, Carnegie Fellow in Diplomacy, Columbia University.

The chairman opened the session by explaining that the panel- ists were graduate students, and that the program was designed to give them an opportunity to contribute to scholarly research.

Mr. Peterson spoke on the topic "Administration and Attitude in the Commission of the European Economic Community." The author had interviewed 99 administrators of the Commission. 75 of these interviews had followed a pattern, and a survey of the responses enabled him to break up the record into a questionnaire common to all the respondents, with answers covering those subject areas of greatest concern to him, namely:

a) The administrator's tasks; b) the administrator's view of the role and development of the

EEC; c) the administrator's personal reactions to the administrative

situation. In order to compare and differentiate the answers, the author

used the factor analysis method. He stressed that his paper was but a first report of a much broader study.

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122



PANEL DISCUSSIONS AT ISA ANNUAL MEEING 123

Factor analysis produced new sets of variables based upon the correlations between the coded items and the theoretical "under- lying" factors, and it is the latter which were used as dimensions of the administrator's perspectives.

A last set of analytic tools was the factor scores, which provide an index of the relation of each respondent to a given factor.

As regards the first area, the analysis of rotated factors covered 1) the administrator's intelpretation of his task; 2) focus on external relations of the Community, and 3) effects of the administrator's work. For the second area it covered 1) the political angle, 2) the technical angle; and 3) a combination of both; and for the third area it covered 1) personal reaction to skill, objectivity, and sense of satisfaction, 2) personal reaction to career advancement, and 3) new experiences, personal accomplishment, and general goals.

From this analysis, Mr. Peterson found a great diversity of dimensions and attributes which made it difficult to relate dimensions to one another. It seemed clear, however, that individual goals are likely to affect the goals of the community as a whole. It can be foreseen that there will be some changes in different sections of the commission.

Mr. O'Hara spoke on the topic "Trends in the Use of Compro- missory Clauses." He stated that he started this study during a seminar on the trends of such clauses in bilateral and multi-lateral treaties and on references of disputes to the International Court of Justice. The main sources for this study came from the Treaty Series Project at the University of Washington. The use of I.B.M. cards has been of considerable help. The author also found that the information about compromissory clauses in the Yearbook of the Interna- tional Court of Justice was reliable. He nevertheless felt that all the necessary information was not at present available in a form which would give a comprehensive picture.

The contents of the different clauses were analyzed, taking into account the differences between clauses. Tables and graphs could then be drawn showing the direction of trends. From these, certain conclusions can be drawn.

In most of the clauses, reference to the I.C.J. is always the last resort after negotiations and other methods. In some cases the president of the International Court of Justice is requested to ap- point an arbitrator.

VOLUME 12, NUMBER 1, MARCH 1968



124 PANEL DISCUSSIONS AT ISA ANNUAL MEETING

Mr. O'Hara also composed some compromissory clauses with the optional clause of the I.C.J. under the Statute. He compared "self judging" clauses like that of the United States with some other compromissory clauses found in treaties, taking into account the conflicting opinions of legal aspects of the American position on this subject.

After an analysis of the different clauses, the speaker concluded that compromissory clauses have not been very effective. He ex- pressed the view that as long as there will be distrust of international "Justice," there is little likelihood of further development of such clauses.

Mr. Planck spoke on "The Great Power Alliances in Europe: Changes and Pressures for Change." He briefly covered the history of NATO and the Warsaw Treaty, analyzing their "raison d'etre" at the time these pacts were concluded. The present question is: how will these organizations operate in an anticipated period of "detente"? There seems to have been an erosion of great power designs. The Europe of Yalta, the Germany of Potsdam are concepts implying eternal dependence on outside support. Although in the Western European countries resistance to the status quo was started at higher levels than in their Eastern European counterparts, the latter have also slowly but surely shown that readjustments are required.

The difficulty, if not the central problem, seems to be the Ger- man question. Twenty-two years after the war, Germany's status is still uncertain. The German feeling seems to be that only the two superpowers can keep the two treaties going.

It is clear that French diplomacy tends toward diminishing American influence in Europe and is now making moves toward better understanding with the Soviet Union.

Nevertheless, Mr. Planck concluded that the present period of relaxed bipolarity is not sufficient to bring about a solution, although the pressures for change should bring about some readjustments.

Mr. Dean spoke on the subject "Participation in Regional Security-Oriented International Organizations: An Exploratory Essay."

He stressed the fact that the paper was only an early product of a larger research project on regional security organizations. He defined regional associations as voluntary associations of several

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PANEL DISCUSSIONS AT ISA ANNUAL MEETING 125

sovereign states. The stress is on "content." Hence, the Warsaw Treaty is not a proper regional security organization.

Mr. Dean mentioned the plurality of members, and he dis- tinguished such an organization from a mere alliance. He compared a military alliance with a partnership requiring concentrated dual integrated action.

Disequilibrium is one of the characteristics of such organizations. The common denominator is the target group. There are gen- erally common interests, but such interests may be dissimilar. Therefore the phrase 'community of interests' should be under- stood in the light of the above context.

Since the original threat may well disappear, it might be better for the continuity of the organization if there were some non- military interests.

The speaker classified interests as follows: 1. Identical interests which are substantive; 2. Complementary interests which are also substantive, but

which may conflict; 3. Ideological interests. The only link here is ideology. The

Arab League is a case in point. Therefore some questions which may be asked are: 1. To what extent do interests of the parties coincide? 2. What is the distribution of benefits? 3. What has been the desirability of such organizations over

the years? 4. What has been their effectiveness? On the whole, the speaker stressed the strictly internal part of

the organization, which may, however, be affected by external forces.

VOLUME 12, NUMBER 1, MARCH 1968



patterns of international institutionalism

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