patrick ten brink of ieep teeb water and wetlands introduction 15 june 2012
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Patrick ten Brink of IEEP TEEB Water and Wetlands introduction 15 june 2012 presentation at Rio+20TRANSCRIPT
The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Water and Wetlands
A contribution to Rio + 20
Patrick ten Brink TEEB for Policy Makers Co-ordinator
Head of Brussels Office
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP)
TEEB for Water and Wetlands side event 13:30 to 15:00 Pavilion 3, Room 6
Rio de Janeiro, 15th June 2012
Presentation overview
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
6. Next Steps & Panel questions
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
TEEB’s Genesis, Aims and progress
“Potsdam Initiative – Biological Diversity 2010”
1) The economic significance of the global loss of biological diversity
Importance of recognising, demonstrating & responding to values of nature
Engagement: ~500 authors, reviewers & cases from across the globe
Interim
Report
India, Brazil, Belgium,
Japan & South Africa
Sept. 2010
TEEB
Synthesis
Climate
Issues Update
Ecol./Env. Economics literature
G8+5
Potsdam
TEEB End User
Reports Brussels
2009, London 2010
CBD COP 9
Bonn 2008 Input to
UNFCCC 2009
BD COP 10
Nagoya, Oct 2010
TEEB
Books
TEEB W&W
Nature & GE
TEEB Oceans
TEEB studies
The Netherlands,
Germany, Nordics,
Norway, India, Brazil
The “nexus” among water, food and energy has been recognised as one of the most fundamental relationships
and challenges for society.
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Biodiversity and particularly wetland ecosystems are increasingly understood to be at the core of this nexus.
Critical issues
Indeed water and wetlands are the foundation of the economic and environmental wellbeing of humanity across the globe.
“I believe that the great part of miseries of mankind are brought upon them by false estimates they have made of
the value of things.”
Benjamin Franklin, 1706-1790
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
"We are living in a water “bubble” as unsustainable and fragile as that which precipitated the collapse in global financial markets", concluding that "We are now on the verge of water bankruptcy"
2009 World Economic Forum
The value of biodiversity and ecosystem services are not fully reflected in the
markets, in price signals, policies and investment decisions
Decision making (at company, policy & citizen level) still too often fails to take into
account the local to global benefits, contributing to a loss of biodiversity and
ecosystem services.
Critical issues – the need to appreciate the values of W&W
Assessing ecosystem service benefits (and links to biodiversity and
ecosystem functions) and identifying who benefits from what natural capital
is critical for policy focus, interest and instrument choice, design and
implementation.
There is a need to improve the economic signals to help take the values of
nature into account – in positive incentives and in reforming incentives
harmful to the environment – as well as regulatory and governance solutions.
This requires action at all governance levels + mainstreaming nature’s values.
There is a need to assess, demonstrate and communicate both the intrinsic value of nature and the wide range of benefits provided to people, society and the economy
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
TEEB Water and Wetlands project
• Aim to demonstrate the multiple benefits of water and wetlands
• Communicate the values - at Rio+20, Ramsar COP11 (Bucharest, July 2012), IUCN World Congress (Jeju, September 2012) and CBD COP11 (Hyderabad, October 2012)
• Engage wider community to share evidence on the multiple values of W&S
• Engage with decision makers - to understand what instruments can respond to the value of W&W
• Stimulate research and commitment to action
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
6. Next Steps & Panel questions
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
2. Wetlands & ecosystem services
Q: What are the key benefits of water and
wetlands? And which are easier or more difficult
to demonstrate?
• Water and wetland related ecosystem services (ESS) • Water services essential for wellbeing, society, economy • Wetlands essential for the water cycle
• Meeting sustainable water management objectives
cost effectively via Wetlands ecosystem services.
• Ecosystem services from Wetlands – multiple benefits
• Impacts of wetlands degradation on human well-being and biodiversity
• Despite their benefits, the loss of wetlands
continues
Q: What do you see as the main threats to water and
wetlands (including coastal areas)? Are there particular
ecosystems which are at greatest risks?
Evidence base - Assessing values and actions
Assessing the value of working with natural capital has helped determine where
ecosystems can provide goods and services at lower cost than by man-made
technological alternatives and where they can lead to significant savings
• USA-NY: Catskills-Delaware watershed for NY: PES/working with nature saves money (~5US$bn)
• New Zealand: Te Papanui Park - water supply to hydropower, Dunedin city, farmers (~$136m)
• Mexico: PSAH to forest owners, aquifer recharge, water quality, deforestation, poverty (~US$303m)
• France & Belgium: Priv. Sector: Vittel (Mineral water) PES & Rochefort (Beer) PES for water quality
• Venezuela: PA helps avoid potential replacement costs of hydro dams (~US$90-$134m over 30yr)
• Vietnam restoring/investing in Mangroves - cheaper than dyke maintenance (~US$: 1m to 7m/yr)
• South Africa: WfW public PES to address IAS, avoids costs and provides jobs (~20,000; 52%♀)
• Germany : peatland restoration: avoidance cost of CO2 ~ 8 to 12 €/t CO2 (0-4 alt. land use)
Sources: various. Mainly in TEEB for National and International Policy Makers, TEEB for local and regional policy and TEEB cases
Critical to assess where working with nature saves money for public (city, region,
national), private sector, communities and citizens & who can make it happen
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
6. Next Steps & Panel questions
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
3 Measuring to manage better
Q: Are you aware of any initiatives to improve the measurement of the contributions of
wetland ecosystems to society and the economy ?
Q: Are these initiatives being linked to NBSAP revision efforts?
• A diverse range of tools help identify, demonstrate and take account of the benefits of water and wetlands
• Bio-physical assessments • Measurement and indicators • Mapping the interrelationships
• Assessing the value of nature
• Plurality of tools • Mix of economic and non economic
• Natural capital and environmental-economic accounts (SEEA, WAVES et al)
• Need a culture of assessment and seeing the whole picture • Useful to have mix of qualitative, quantitative and monetary insights
Strategic Plan 2011-2020 Aichi Target 2: By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Shrimp Farm
private
profits
less
subsidies
Net of public
costs of
restoration
needed
after 5 years
private
profits
Mangroves
0
10000
US$
/ha/yr
private profits
5000
If public wealth is included, the “trade-off”
choice changes completely…..
$584/ha
$1220/ha
$9632/ha
$584/ha
-ve $11,172/ha
$12,392/ha
Source: Barbier et al, 2007
After
Adding
Public
Benefits
From
mangroves
Based only on private gain, the “trade-
off” choice favours conversion…..
Taking account of public goods
…can change what is the “right” decision on land/resource use
Fishery
nursery
Storm
protection
Important that investment / permit / subsidy choices take into account the whole picture of the benefits
Valuation of ESS from Kampala wetlands, Uganda Services provided by the Nakivubo swamp include natural water purification and
treatment & supporting small-scale income activities of poorer communities
Problem recognition: Plans to drain the Nakivubo Swamp (>40sqkm) for agriculture
→ Waste water treatment capacity of the swamp was assessed (Emerton 2004)
Assessment: Maintaining the wetlands: ~235.000$ p.a.
Running a sewage treatment facility of equivalent capacity: ~2Mio. US$ p.a.
Policy Solution: draining plans abandoned & Nakivubo Swamps designated as PA
Recognising and demonstrating the values again critical for decision making. Capacity support .
Sourc
es: T
EE
BC
ases for
TE
EB
for
local and r
egio
nal polic
y
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
6. Next Steps & Panel questions
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
Q: What instruments have worked, where, how
have they been launched and made to work, and
what benefits have they brought?
• Policy synergies: Working with nature can be a cost effective way of meeting a
range of policy, business and private objectives. • water security (see above) and food and energy security (ensuring water security
for agriculture and energy production), poverty alleviation and meeting sustainable development goals collectively.
• Integrated decision making : valuable tools to respond to the value of
nature • Spatial planning and regulation • Investment and management • Prices, subsidies and subsidy reform • Payment for ecosystem services (PES)
Target 3: By 2020, at the latest, incentives,
including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are
eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to
minimize or avoid negative impacts, and
positive incentives for the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity are developed
and applied, consistent and in harmony with the
Convention and other relevant international
obligations, taking into account national socio-
economic conditions.
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
‘ ‘We never know the worth of water 'til the well is dry’.
English proverb
‘Men do not value a good deed unless it brings a reward’
Ovid, B.C. 43 – 18 A.D., Roman Poet
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Solution: Mexico PSAH: PES to
forest owners to preserve forest:
manage & not convert forest
Result
Deforestation rate fell from 1.6 % to 0.6 %.
18.3 thousand hectares of avoided deforestation
Avoided GHG emissions ~ 3.2 million tCO2e
Hydrological services: Aquifer recharge;
Improved surface water quality, reduce
frequency & damage from flooding`
Munoz 2010); Muñoz-Piña et al. 2008; Muñoz-Piña et al. 2007.
Reduce Deforestation Address Poverty
Investment in good spatially relevant data critical to develop an evidence base for policy instruments
Multiple Objectives : PSAH Mexico
Balance of priorities varied over time
Munoz 2010); Muñoz-Piña et al. 2008
Aquifers
Water scarcity
Deforestation
Poverty
P
A
WS
D An instrument can evolve and respond to changing needs
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
6. Next Steps & Panel questions
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
Q: What can different stakeholders do to work with nature and people to
realise the benefits of water and wetlands?
There is a need to put water at the heart of the transition to a green economy and recognise the critical role of wetlands and water related ecosystems in the water cycle.
• Appreciating and taking account of the values of nature;
• Commitment to fully integrate management of wetlands and secure their wise use;
• Prioritisation for avoiding loss/conversion ;
• Restoration
• Ensuring equitable benefit sharing and social and economic efficiency .
There will be a need for action at all levels and across stakeholders if the opportunities of working with nature are to be realised and the risks of losses appreciated and acted upon.
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
The water-related investment challenge
• Total costs of replacing aging water supply and sanitation infrastructure in industrial countries alone: ~US$ 200 billion a year (WBCSD)
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
• Meeting the MDGs: Estimated investment requirements for water infrastructure to meet drinking water and sanitation objectives alone = up to US$ 22 trillion by 2030 (Davidson, 2010)
• “Natural infrastructure” maintenance and restoration can contribute to this - though where and to what extent depends on local circumstances.
What examples do you have of where working with nature offers cost-effective
solution and/or wider benefits to communities, society and the economy ?
Working for Water (WfW): SA
The Manalana wetland (near Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga)
Restoration within wider PES scheme
• Severely degraded by erosion that threatened to consume the entire system
• WfW public works programme intervened in 2006 to reduce the erosion and
improve the wetland’s ability to continue providing its beneficial services
Results
• The value of livelihood benefits from degraded wetland was just 34 % of what could be
achieved after investment in ecosystem rehabilitation;
• Rehabilitated wetland now contributes provisioning services at a net return of 297
EUR/household/year;
• Livelihood benefits ~ 182,000 EUR by the rehabilitated wetland; x2 costs
• The Manalana wetland acts as a safety net for households.
Sources: Pollard et al. 2008; Wunder et al 2008a; http://www.dwaf.gov.za/wfw/
Recognising and demonstrating the values and potential for increased value critically important.
Sourc
es: T
EE
BC
ases for
TE
EB
for
local and r
egio
nal polic
y
1. TEEB & The TEEB for Water and Wetlands Project
2. Water and wetlands: what benefits do we derive and what do we risk losing?
3. Measuring to manage better
4. Integrating the values of water and wetlands into decision making
5. Working recommendations: Transforming our approach to water and wetlands
6. Next Steps & Panel questions
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Next Steps The TEEB for W&W: from Rio, to Ramsar COP11 in Bucharest, and CBD COP11 in Hyderabad in October 2012. TEEB for Water and Wetlands initiative aims to reflect the different perspectives, practice and experiences from across countries and stakeholders on water and wetlands from around the world.
…always better to look at
the whole board
And engage the full set of
players
…is this enough to work out
what to do?
Call for Case Studies! Please do communicate case practices and insights as this will help reflect interesting practices
from around the globe in this work.
Comments on this briefing, answers to the questions and cases examples please send to Patrick
ten Brink ([email protected]) or Dr Daniela Russi ([email protected])
For further information on the initiative write to Dr Andrew Farmer ([email protected]).
Please add “Water and Wetlands” in the subject line in any communications
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Panel questions & discussion
Q1: What are the key benefits of water and wetlands? And which are easier/more difficult to demonstrate?
Q2: What do you see as the main challenges for water and wetlands in the transition to the green economy? Barriers, gaps, opportunities and drivers.
Q3: Who can do what to work with nature and people to realise the benefits of water and wetlands? And what is the one thing you would do?
TEEB For Water and Wetlands
Thank you
TEEB Reports available on http://www.teebweb.org/
See also www.teeb4me.com
Patrick ten Brink
IEEP is an independent, not-for-profit institute dedicated to the analysis, understanding and promotion of
policies for a sustainable environment. www.ieep.eu
See also IEEP’s award winning Manual of European Environmental Policy
http://www.ieep.eu/the-manual/introduction/ http://www.europeanenvironmentalpolicy.eu/