PRESENT PERFECTVs

SIMPLE PAST

Action begins in the past

It is connected To the present

PRESENT PAST

I have practiced soccer many yearsShe has never had a boyfriendScientists have discovered many cures

SIMPLE PAST

Action begins in the past And ends in the past

PRESENTPAST

Before my accident, I practiced soccer for many yearsShe met her boyfriend 3 years agoGeorge Bush was the president of The USA from 2001 until 2009

Example:

A: Have you traveled this year? B: Yes, I have. I went to VirginiaA: What did you do there?B: Well, I went to the beach, I swam and took the sun

A: Have eaten today?B: Yes, I have. I ate at Mary’s place A: How was the food? B: It was pretty good, she’s been with her mother these days. I guess she taught her how to do it

Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).

A: (you / play / already) the new computer game?B: No, not yet. I only (buy) it yesterday and I (have / not) the time yet.A: (you / go) to the cinema last night?B: Yes. I (be) there with Sue and Louis. (you / be) to the cinema recently?

Practice

A: I last (go) to the cinema two weeks ago.B: So you (see / not) the new action film yet. A: No, unfortunately not. (you / enjoy) it?B: Oh, I really (love) it. But Sue (like / not) it - too much action!A: But why (you / take) her with you? She (tell) me last week that she (hate) action films.B: I think she has an eye on Louis. She (try) to flirt with him all the time. So he (can / concentrate / not) on the film.

USING ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Adjective Adverb Example

beautiful Ann is beautiful.

beautifully Ann sings beautifully

warm The room is warm.

warmly Joe smiles warmly.

slow The car is slow.

slowly Ann drives slowly.

ADVERBS

Adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens or happened.

Basically, most adverbs tell you how, where, or when something is done. In other words, they describe the manner, place, or time of an action.

My house is fairly big.Carol's dog is pretty meek.Russia is quite large.

Adverbs are usually made from adjectives, by adding -LY. However, there are some exceptions. These are the rules:

Adjective ending in...

How to make the adverb Examples

y change Y  to -LYheavy - heavilyhappy - happilylazy - lazily

anything else Just add -LY

warm - warmlynice - nicelyloud - loudly

MAKING ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVES

Adjective Adverb

good well

late Late (“Lately” means recently.It is not the adverb from “late”.)

early early

fast fast

hard Hard (“Hardly” means not much.It is not the adverb from “hard”.)

However, there are some important exceptions:

Complete the following sentences with an adverb.

A: The traffic is ________ annoying.B: Our planet is ________ beautiful.C: Peter’s grades are _______ outstanding.D: The bus took ________ long to get here. E: She is always _______ dressed. F: You are writing too _______ G: She spoke _______ about him.

Practice

1. Sue learned Japanese ________. a.   quicklyb.   quick

2. Ann walks ________. a.   heavyb.   heavily

3. The eagle sees ________. a.   goodb.   well

4. The soup tastes ________. a.   goodb.   well

5. Adriana ran ________. a.   fastlyb.   fast

6. Sharon usually sings ________. a.   sadb.   sadly

7. Jin speaks Chinese ________. a.   fluentb.   fluently

8. Mei Li dresses ________. a.   beautifullyb.   beautiful

9. Betty is ________. a.   beautifullyb.   beautiful

10.David arrived ________. a.   latelyb.   late

When we want to express agreement in affirmative sentences we use «So» and «Too»

AGREEMENT / DISAGREEMENT

When we want to express agreement in negative sentences we use «either» and «neither»

When we want to express disagreement in negative or affirmative sentences we use the auxiliar which corresponds to the sentence tense.

1. He doesn't want to leave. _______________ I ( AGREE).

2. We won't eat a lot tonight ____________ (DISAGREE)

3. He couldn't stand up. _________________ they. (AGREE)

4. He shaves every morning. ____________ (DISAGREE)

5. You are eating snails. _________________ they. ( AGREE)

6. I am not tired. _________________ we. ( AGREE)

PRACTICE

1) He enjoys eating a pear. ______________ I.a. So dob. Neither doc. So enjoy

2) I just can't stop loving you ____________ he.a. Neither canb. Neither doesc. So can

3) My cheese has been eaten by mice ____________ theirs.a. Either mustb. Neither doesc. So has

4) He may drive slowly ________________ she.a. Neither mayb. So doesc. So may

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs are special verbs which behave very differently from normal verbs. Here are some important differences:

1. Modal verbs do not take "-s" in the third person.Examples:

He can speak Chinese.She should be here by 9:00.

2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.Examples:

He should not be late.They might not come to the party.

3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.Examples:

He will can go with us. Not CorrectShe musted study very hard. Not Correct

Can

"Can" is one of the most commonly used modal verbs in English. It can be used to express ability or opportunity, to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.Examples: I can ride a horse. (ABILITY) We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. (OPPORTUNITY)

She cannot stay out after 10 PM. (PERMISSION) Can you hand me the stapler? (REQUEST) Any child can grow up to be president. (POSSIBILITY)

Could"Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as theconditional form of "can."Examples:

Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion Could I use your computer to email my boss? request We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional

May

"May" is most commonly used to express possibility. It can also be used to give or request permission, although this usage is becoming less common.Examples:

Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibility

Johnny, you may leave the table when you have finished your dinner. give permission

May I use your bathroom? request permission

Might

"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.Examples:

Your purse might be in the living room. POSSIBILITY If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. CONDITIONAL

You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. SUGGESTION

Might I borrow your pen? REQUEST

Shall

"Shall" is used to indicate future action. It is most commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination. Examples: Shall I help you? SUGGESTION I shall never forget where I came from. PROMISE He shall become our next king. PREDESTINATION I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. INEVITABILITY

Should

"Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.Examples:

When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. RECOMMENDATION

You should focus more on your family and less on work. ADVICE

I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. OBLIGATION By now, they should already be in Dubai. EXPECTATION

Had Better

"Had better" is most commonly used to make recommendations. It can also be used to express desperate hope as well as warn people.Examples:

You had better take your umbrella with you today. RECOMMENDATION

That bus had better get here soon! DESPERATE HOPE You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! WARNING

Ought To"Ought to" is used to advise or make recommendations. "Ought to" also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved. "Ought not" (without "to") is used to advise against doing something, although Americans prefer the less formal forms "should not" or "had better not."Examples: You ought to stop smoking. RECOMMENDATION Jim ought to get the promotion. IT IS EXPECTED

BECAUSE HE DESERVES IT. This stock ought to increase in value. PROBABILITY Mark ought not drink so much. ADVICE AGAINST

SOMETHING (NOTICE THERE IS NO "TO")

Must

"Must" is most commonly used to express certainty. It can also be used to express necessity or strong recommendation although native speakers prefer the more flexible form "have to." "Must not" can be used to prohibit actions, but this sounds very severe.Examples:

This must be the right address! CERTAINTY Students must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. NECESSITY

You must take some medicine for that cough. STRONG RECOMMENDATION

Jenny, you must not play in the street! PROHIBITION

Have To

"Have to" is used to express certainty, necessity, and obligation.Examples:

This answer has to be correct. CERTAINTY The soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. NECESSITY

They have to leave early. OBLIGATION

PRACTICEComplete the sentences using the words listed in the box below, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. Don't forget to capitalize when necessary. Some gaps may have more than one correct answer.

can - could - have to - must - might – should - had better

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He _____________ be exhausted after such a long flight. He ________ prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest.

2. Dave: ___________ you hold your breath for more than a minute?Nathan: No, I can't.

3. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they ________ die

4. The book is optional. My professor said we __________ read it if we needed extra credit. But we __________ read it if we don't want to.

5. You __________ take your umbrella along with you today. The weatherman on the news said there's a storm north of here and it __________ rain later on this afternoon.

6. Ned: __________ I borrow your lighter for a minute?Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, you __________ keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking.

7. My clothes are dirty _________ wash them.8. I'm cold. I _________ wear coat.9. You're driving too fast! You _________ slow down.

1. _____ I have some more tea, please?a. Could b. Shall c. Will d. Would

2. Everyone´s asleep. We _____ make a noisea. couldn`t b. mustn`t c. needn´t d. wouldn´t

3. I don`t think I want to see this film. –Oh, I think you _____ enjoy it.

a. can b. shall d. will d. would

4. _____ I show you the way? – Oh, thank you.a. Do b. shall c. will d. would

WILL - WOULD

Would is sometimes used for offering, inviting or for requests:

Examples:

• Would you like something to drink? (offer)• Waiter....I'd like the menu, please...(request)• Would you like to come to the party with us?

(invitation)

To give an answer we can use «will» or «would»

Examples:

Would you like something to drink?- Yes, thanks. I’ll have a lemonade

What would you like to do?- I’d like to go to the movies

Remember I would = I’dI will = I’ll

Invite your friend to do something

Will works as an auxiliar and it expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.

a spontaneous decision Wait, I will help you.

an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future

He will probably come back tomorrow.a promise

I will not watch TV tonight.an action in the future that cannot be influenced

It will rain tomorrow.

Will not = won’t

Make questions using the information provided below in future.

1. (you / ask / him) 2. (Jenny / lock / the door) 3. (it / rain) 4. (the teacher / test / our English) 

Make negative sentences 5. (I / answer / the question) 6. (she / read / the book) 7. (they / drink / beer) 8. (we / send / the postcard)

COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES

Fat - Fatter fattest Big - Bigger Than The Biggest Small - smaller Smallest

Good - better Best Bad - worse Than The worst Far - farther farthest

Modern modern More Beautiful Than The Most beautiful

Expensive Expensive Important Important

Hot Is cartagena ?Cold is the coldest city in colombia?Far is your house from here?old are you?

HOW Tall is the tallest person in the class?Important is your family for you?Interesting is your sister or brother?modern are the european countries?Attractive ____________?

QUESTIONS WITH ADJECTIVES

How hot is cartagena ?Cartagena is 30 Celcius Degrees

Cartagena is very hot

How cold is the coldest city in colombia?The coldest city in colombia is Tunja with 8 °CThe coldest city in colombia is Tunja and is really Cold.

How far is your house from here?My house is 30 minutes walkingMy house is 5 blocks from hereMy house is Quite far from here

TELL AND ASK WHEN LEAVING A MESSAGE

When we leave a message to someone we generally use two types of sentences:

An imperative sentence ( Verb + complement )go to the librarydon’t play in the house

A declarative sentence ( subject + verb + complement )I work until lateI didn’t sleep well yesterday

When we leave a message using an imperative sentence we use tell or ask followed by the object and the preposition “to”:

Could you please tell Susan to call me back? (imperative sentece)

Can you ask him to bring my book I left on his desk? (imperative sentece)

When we leave a message using a declarative sentence we use tell followed by the object and the preposition “that” although this one is not necessary:

can you Tell Dad that I will arrive late?, (declarative sentece)

tell him there is a lot of traffic. (declarative sentece)

Complete the gaps

1. Jim called this morning to ______ you _____ give him Anne’s number but I ______ him _____ you were not at home. I______ him ____ to call you at night. I _____ him _______ you’ll be here at around 8 p.m.

2. (in the answer machine) Hello, I’m phoning to _____ Jane _____ Mr Douglas has a meeting tomorrow and to ______ her ______ he wants that she has everything ready before 7 a.m. Thanks, bye

3. Could you please _____ your brother _____ (not) call me anymore. ____ him _____ I don’t want to see him and ____ I’m not going to forgive him, Thanks.