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Page 1: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Page 2: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Goals Goals

Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibriumequilibrium

Predict direction of water movement in and Predict direction of water movement in and out of cellsout of cells

Describe the importance of ion channels in Describe the importance of ion channels in passive transportpassive transport

Identify carrier proteins in facilitated diffusionIdentify carrier proteins in facilitated diffusion

Page 3: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Random movement across a cell Random movement across a cell membrane that does not require any membrane that does not require any sort of energysort of energy

Page 4: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

How does this happen?----Imagine How does this happen?----Imagine what happens when we place what happens when we place bouncing balls into one room and bouncing balls into one room and then open the door to another room?then open the door to another room?

Page 5: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Step 1: Imagine many balls bouncing around a Step 1: Imagine many balls bouncing around a single room.single room.

Step 2: Open a door to the adjoining room, Step 2: Open a door to the adjoining room, letting balls out of the room and into the otherletting balls out of the room and into the other

Step 3: Eventually the amount of balls per Step 3: Eventually the amount of balls per room will even outroom will even out

Page 6: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Concentration gradient-Concentration gradient-A A difference in the concentration of a difference in the concentration of a substance from one spot to anothersubstance from one spot to another

Page 7: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Equilibrium-Equilibrium-When each side of the When each side of the concentration gradient is equal in concentration gradient is equal in amounts of substancesamounts of substances

Page 8: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 9: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

In all solutions, the particles will In all solutions, the particles will move randomly like the balls in the move randomly like the balls in the model.model.

Page 10: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Passive TransportPassive Transport

Once equilibrium is reached, Once equilibrium is reached, particles still move around particles still move around consistently, however we do not see consistently, however we do not see the movement the movement

Page 11: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

MovementMovement

Cell membrane (Phospholipid Cell membrane (Phospholipid Bilayer)Bilayer) Selectively PermeableSelectively Permeable Membrane allows materials to dissolve Membrane allows materials to dissolve

throughthrough Nonpolar material repels ions, but Nonpolar material repels ions, but

small molecules can filter throughsmall molecules can filter through

Page 12: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Cell MembraneCell Membrane

Help organisms maintain Help organisms maintain homeostasis by controlling the exit homeostasis by controlling the exit and entrance of materialsand entrance of materials

Passive transport-when organisms Passive transport-when organisms cross the membrane without any cross the membrane without any input of energyinput of energy

Page 13: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

    1. The activities of a cell depend on the materials that enter and leave the cell. 2. To stay alive, a CELL MUST EXCHANGE Materials such as Food and Waste With Its ENVIRONMENT. 3.  These materials must cross the Cell Membrane.

Page 14: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

                           

Page 15: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

  4. Small molecules like WATER, OXYGEN, AND CARBON DIOXIDE can move in and out freely. 5. Large molecules like PROTEINS AND CARBOHYDRATES CANNOT. 6. The Cell Membrane is SEMIPERMEABLE. 7. A SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE OR SELECTIVELY PERMMEABLE ONLY ALLOWS CERTAIN MOLECULES TO PASS THROUGH.

Page 16: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

MovementMovement

Diffusion-Diffusion-Movement of particles Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentrationan area of lower concentration

Page 17: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

DiffusionDiffusion

Simplest type of passive transportSimplest type of passive transport Driven by kinetic energy-energy of motionDriven by kinetic energy-energy of motion Rate depends onRate depends on

TemperatureTemperature Diffusion is quicker at high temperaturesDiffusion is quicker at high temperatures

Type of moleculeType of molecule Smaller molecules diffuse fasterSmaller molecules diffuse faster

Page 18: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

DiffusionDiffusion

When molecules are dispersed EVENLY, When molecules are dispersed EVENLY, there is no longer any Diffusion because there there is no longer any Diffusion because there is no longer a Concentration Gradient. is no longer a Concentration Gradient.

Diffusion will Eventually cause the Diffusion will Eventually cause the Concentration of molecules to be the SAME Concentration of molecules to be the SAME Throughout the Space the Molecules Occupy. Throughout the Space the Molecules Occupy.

Page 19: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

Page 20: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

Osmosis-The Diffusion of water Osmosis-The Diffusion of water from an area of high concentration from an area of high concentration to low concentration across the cell to low concentration across the cell membranemembrane

Page 21: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

Like any other Diffusing Molecule, Like any other Diffusing Molecule, Water moves DOWN its Water moves DOWN its Concentration Gradient Concentration Gradient

Page 22: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

OSMOSIS OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO OSMOSIS OCCURS IN RESPONSE TO THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES DISSOLVED IN WATERDISSOLVED IN WATER. .

Page 23: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

SOLUTES-DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN SOLUTES-DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN A SOLUTIONA SOLUTION. .

Cytoplasm is Mostly Water containing many Cytoplasm is Mostly Water containing many dissolved solutes. dissolved solutes.

Page 24: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

No two molecules can occupy the same space No two molecules can occupy the same space at the same time, so if there are more solutes at the same time, so if there are more solutes there is less waterthere is less water

Water Moves from AREAS of LOW Solute Water Moves from AREAS of LOW Solute Concentration to AREAS of HIGH Solute Concentration to AREAS of HIGH Solute Concentration. Concentration.

Page 25: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONHYPERTONIC SOLUTION- - More Solute then solutionMore Solute then solution Concentration of solute is higher outside the Concentration of solute is higher outside the

cell then it is inside the cellcell then it is inside the cell Water Moves out of the cellWater Moves out of the cell

Page 26: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

the cell loses too much water, the cell will shrivel and shrink, it will die

Page 27: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

IN A IN A HYPOTONIC SOLUTION- HYPOTONIC SOLUTION- Less Solute and more solutionLess Solute and more solution concentration of solute inside the cell is concentration of solute inside the cell is

higher then the fluid out of the cellhigher then the fluid out of the cell water will diffuse into the cellwater will diffuse into the cell

Page 28: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

In Hypotonic Solutions, WATER DIFFUSES INTO THE CELL until Equilibrium is established.

Page 29: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

Animal cells placed in distilled water Animal cells placed in distilled water (Hypotonic Solution) will swell and often (Hypotonic Solution) will swell and often burst because of Osmosis.  burst because of Osmosis. 

Cytolysis-bursting of cells due to increased Cytolysis-bursting of cells due to increased amounts of water amounts of water

Page 30: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

Plant Cells do not burst because of their Rigid Plant Cells do not burst because of their Rigid Cell Wall.  Cell Wall. 

TURGOR PRESSURETURGOR PRESSURE- pressure that Water - pressure that Water molecules exert against the cell wallmolecules exert against the cell wall

Page 31: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

OsmosisOsmosis

In Isotonic solutions the inside and outside of In Isotonic solutions the inside and outside of the cells are equalthe cells are equal

Page 32: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 33: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

How does this relate to cellsHow does this relate to cells

Single cell organisms and sea faring Single cell organisms and sea faring vertebrates have no problems in an isotonic vertebrates have no problems in an isotonic solutionsolution

Page 34: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Many cells function in a Hypotonic Many cells function in a Hypotonic environment, such as Unicellular Freshwater environment, such as Unicellular Freshwater Organisms.  Water Constantly Diffuses into Organisms.  Water Constantly Diffuses into these Organisms these Organisms

Page 35: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 36: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Page 37: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Review-Review- Passive Transport involves no energyPassive Transport involves no energy Occurs down the gradientOccurs down the gradient Diffusion and Osmosis are passiveDiffusion and Osmosis are passive

Page 38: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Molecules that cannot cross by Molecules that cannot cross by passive transport are passive transport are CARRIEDCARRIED across by across by CARRIER PROTEINSCARRIER PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN the Cell Membrane. EMBEDDED IN the Cell Membrane.

Page 39: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

1. Carrier Proteins 1. Carrier Proteins CHANGE SHAPECHANGE SHAPE when when Molecules ATTACH to them.  Molecules ATTACH to them. 

2. The Carrier Protein then releases the 2. The Carrier Protein then releases the molecule and returns to its original shapemolecule and returns to its original shape

Page 40: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 41: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion-THE USE OF Facilitated Diffusion-THE USE OF CARRIER PROTEINSCARRIER PROTEINS

Facilitated Diffusion can help Facilitated Diffusion can help substances move Either INTO or substances move Either INTO or OUT of a CellOUT of a Cell

Page 42: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Example- When cells transport Example- When cells transport Glucose into the Cell. Glucose into the Cell.

Cells depend on Glucose for much of Cells depend on Glucose for much of their Energy Needs. their Energy Needs.

PassivePassive

Page 43: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 44: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Ion Channels-Ion Channels-Small passageways across the Small passageways across the membrane which ions can diffusemembrane which ions can diffuse

Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)

Page 45: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Some ION CHANNELS are always Some ION CHANNELS are always open. open. 

Others have "Gates" that open to Others have "Gates" that open to allow ions to pass or close to stop allow ions to pass or close to stop their passage. their passage.

Page 46: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion

Gates are dependant upon the environment of Gates are dependant upon the environment of the cellthe cell

Three kinds of Stimuli that may open or close Three kinds of Stimuli that may open or close the Gates: the Gates: Stretching of the Cell MembraneStretching of the Cell Membrane Electrical SignalsElectrical Signals Chemicals in the Cytosol or External EnvironmentChemicals in the Cytosol or External Environment

Page 47: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Active TransportActive Transport

Page 48: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

GoalsGoals

Compare active transport with passive Compare active transport with passive transporttransport

Describe the importance of the sodium-Describe the importance of the sodium-potassium pumppotassium pump

Distinguish between endocytosis and Distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosisexocytosis

Identify three ways that receptor proteins can Identify three ways that receptor proteins can change the activity of the cellchange the activity of the cell

Page 49: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Active TransportActive Transport

ACTIVE TRANSPORTACTIVE TRANSPORT-When cells use -When cells use energy to move materials from an area of low energy to move materials from an area of low concentration to high concentrationconcentration to high concentration

Page 50: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Active Transport Active Transport often involves often involves CARRIER CARRIER PROTEINSPROTEINS like like those in Facilitated those in Facilitated Diffusion Diffusion

Page 51: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Cell Membrane PumpsCell Membrane Pumps

Cell Membrane Pumps-Carrier Cell Membrane Pumps-Carrier proteins that act to move ions across proteins that act to move ions across the membrane during active transportthe membrane during active transport

Page 52: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Cell Membrane PumpsCell Membrane Pumps

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT in in MAINTAINING ION MAINTAINING ION CONCENTRATION IN CELLS AND CONCENTRATION IN CELLS AND BETWEEN CELLS.BETWEEN CELLS.

Page 53: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Cell Membrane PumpsCell Membrane Pumps

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPS-SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPS- IMPORTANT FOR MUSCLE IMPORTANT FOR MUSCLE

CONTRACTIONS, CONTRACTIONS, TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS THE ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS

Page 54: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Cell Membrane PumpsCell Membrane Pumps

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPSSODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPS -ANIMAL -ANIMAL CELLS PUMP CELLS PUMP SODIUM IONS OUTSODIUM IONS OUT, AND , AND POTASSIUM INPOTASSIUM IN

Page 55: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 56: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Cell Membrane PumpsCell Membrane Pumps

In Plants, ACTIVE TRANSPORT enables In Plants, ACTIVE TRANSPORT enables roots to absorb nutrients from the soil roots to absorb nutrients from the soil

Plant Nutrients are more concentrated inside Plant Nutrients are more concentrated inside the roots than in the surrounding soil the roots than in the surrounding soil

WITHOUT ACTIVE TRANSPORT, WITHOUT ACTIVE TRANSPORT, NUTRIENTS would DIFFUSE OUT OF THE NUTRIENTS would DIFFUSE OUT OF THE ROOTS ROOTS

Page 57: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Why does this happenWhy does this happen

Takes away toxic sodium ions from the cellTakes away toxic sodium ions from the cell

Maintains concentration gradientMaintains concentration gradient

Page 58: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

Bulk Transport-Endocytosis and Bulk Transport-Endocytosis and ExocytosisExocytosis

Page 59: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

TransportTransport

Bulk Transport-COMPLEX PROTEINS,that Bulk Transport-COMPLEX PROTEINS,that are too LARGE to cross the Cell Membrane, are too LARGE to cross the Cell Membrane, travel through the membrane via bulk transporttravel through the membrane via bulk transport

Page 60: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

4 Types of bulk transport4 Types of bulk transport EndocytosisEndocytosis ExocytosisExocytosis PinocytosisPinocytosis PhagocytosisPhagocytosis

Page 61: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

EndocytosisEndocytosis

During During ENDOCYTOSISENDOCYTOSIS the Cell the Cell Membrane Folds into a POUCH that Encloses Membrane Folds into a POUCH that Encloses the Particles the Particles

The Pouch pinches off INSIDE the Cell to The Pouch pinches off INSIDE the Cell to form a form a VESICLEVESICLE The VESICLE can then The VESICLE can then fuse with other Organelles (LYSOSOMES) or fuse with other Organelles (LYSOSOMES) or Release its contents into the Cytoplasm. Release its contents into the Cytoplasm.

Page 62: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 63: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

PINOCYTOSIS AND PHAGOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSIS AND PHAGOCYTOSIS ARE TWO TYPES ON ENDOCYTOSISARE TWO TYPES ON ENDOCYTOSIS PINOCYTOSISPINOCYTOSIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED IS SOMETIMES CALLED

"CELL DRINKING"CELL DRINKING PHAGOCYTOSISPHAGOCYTOSIS - -"CELL EATING""CELL EATING"

Page 64: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction

ExocytosisExocytosis

EXOCYTOSISEXOCYTOSIS IS THE OPPOSITE OR IS THE OPPOSITE OR REVERSE OF ENDOCYTOSIS REVERSE OF ENDOCYTOSIS

Exocytosis is when waste and cell products Exocytosis is when waste and cell products leave the cellleave the cell

Page 65: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction
Page 66: Passive Transport. Goals Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Relate concentration gradient, diffusion and equilibrium Predict direction