parts of speech - bkssps.com · 3 section one parts of speech diagnostic tests lessons and...
TRANSCRIPT
3
Sect ion One
Parts of Speech
Diagnostic Tests
Lessons and Activities
Nouns
Pronouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Interjections
Review Activities
Final Tests
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COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
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Diagnostic Tests
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DIAGNOSTIC TEST 1 PARTS OF SPEECH
For each underlined word in the following sentences, identify and then write the part of speech on the line next to the number. Each part of speech is used at least once. Each correct answer earns 5 points. Use the following abbreviations:
noun—N adverb—ADV
pronoun—PRO preposition—PREP
verb—V conjunction—CONJ
adjective—ADJ interjection—INT
1. They attended the concert last weekend.
2. Several cats ran into Rob’s garage.
3. The truck driver delivered the packages quickly.
4. Fast runners won all the awards at the track meet.
5. My friends and I walked home after school.
6. I wanted a peanut butter and jelly sandwich for lunch yesterday.
7. She was counting the ballots during social studies class.
8. Hey ! That is my seat.
9. Will they fi nish the test on time?
10. The diagram was pretty complicated for us.
11. He will practice his musical piece soon.
12. Reggie saw the awesome sight from the air.
13. Her sister is the oldest member of the group.
14. Check the score, Tom.
15. Will the students be able to fi nd the answer by themselves ?
16. Are you sure of yourself ?
17. They slowly carried the couch down the stairs.
18. Can you see beyond the hills from the top of the tower?
19. Hurray ! Our team has fi nally scored a touchdown.
20. The troop had been scattered throughout the woods.
Number correct � 5 � %
Name Date Period Score %
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DIAGNOSTIC TEST 2 PARTS OF SPEECH
On the line next to the number, write the fi rst letter of the word indicated by the part of speech in the parentheses. Underline the indicated word within the sentence. If your consecutive letters are correct, you will spell out the names of four trees in items 1 through 12 and four fi rst names in items 13 to 25. Write these six names on the lines below the last numbered item. Each correct answer is worth 4 points.
1. (preposition) He walked around the corner.
2. (pronoun) Paul hopes that she will sing with the choir.
3. (pronoun) Can Jerry help him with the science project?
4. (noun) Have you seen the eraser?
5. (noun) The lock was stuck.
6. (noun) She purchased the margarine with him.
7. (adjective) Older people tire more easily.
8. (adjective) He is agile.
9. (adjective) Kind people are often rewarded.
10. (adverb) The police offi cer ran fast.
11. (adverb) My sister answered the question intelligently.
12. (adverb) You really should see this art exhibit, Kenny.
13. (preposition) Reggie fell by the stairs.
14. (preposition) Can you jump over the hurdle?
15. (preposition) May I sit between you two?
Name Date Period Score %
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DIAGNOSTIC TEST 2 PARTS OF SPEECH (Continued)
16. (verb) Joke about it now.
17. (verb) They overcharged me.
18. (verb) Ozzie, eat up.
19. (conjunction) I cannot go, for I have much to do.
20. (conjunction) I like peanuts and potato chips.
21. (conjunction) He wants to buy the house, yet he knows it is too expensive.
22. (interjection) Jeepers! This is a great deal.
23. (interjection) Ah! The sun is so warm.
24. (interjection) No! I will never try that.
25. (adverb) Georgette eventually walked her brother to the station.
The four trees are , ,
, and .
The four fi rst names are , ,
, and .
Number correct � 4 � %
Name Date Period Score %
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Lessons and Activities
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A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea:
People farmer, mechanic, father, Professor Haskins, editors, Marcia
Places ocean, Canada, porch, Spain, classroom
Things scissors, giraffe, pen, smiles, tugboat, skateboard, braces, drill
Ideas love, inspiration, courage, anxiety, eagerness, happiness
All nouns are either common or proper nouns:
A common noun names any person, place, or thing. Examples are basketball, video, wizard, coin, woman, and coach.
A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing and begins with a capital letter. Examples are Winston Churchill, Babe Ruth, Mr. Richard Turner, and Chicago.
Know the difference between a common and a proper noun:
Common Nouns Proper Nouns hospital Mercy General Hospital
woman Martha Washington
school Sayville Middle School
newspaper The New York Times
Here are some specifi c types of nouns:
A collective noun names a group of people or things. Examples of collective nouns are jury, herd, fl ock, family, fl eet, club, class, and group.
A compound noun is a noun consisting of more than a single word. It could be separate words such as social studies, physical education, and dining room. It could be two words joined by a hyphen such as merry-go-round, thirty-three, sister-in-law, and great- grandmother. It could be a combined word such as schoolteacher, bookkeeper, landlord, and headmaster.
WRITING TIP Use a dictionary or a thesaurus for help in choosing the most precise noun for your purpose.
1.1 Nouns
Name Date Period
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Underline each noun in the following sentences. Then write the fi rst letter of each noun on the line next to the sentence. If your answers are correct, you will spell out the words of a quotation and the name of the famous American who said the quotation. Write the quotation and its author’s name on the lines below sentence 15.
1. Wendy located her housekeeper.
2. Some answers on this test are about electricity.
3. Her violin and easel were missing.
4. Their rabbit that left the yard was returned by the offi cer.
5. He used this umbrella in Alabama.
6. After the rain, the electrician checked the box.
7. The end of the afternoon arrived quickly.
8. This group is funny.
9. The ostrich and the orangutan are interesting.
10. My doctor and my orthodontist are neighbors.
11. In the evening, Archie likes to go boating.
12. Unfortunately, he had a rash and an allergy.
13. Her height and agility helped her win the match.
14. Linda cared for the infant throughout the night.
15. The garbage carton near the oven had licorice and noodles in it.
The quotation and its author :
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1.1A Plus a Quotation (Nouns)
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Twenty common nouns of people and things found in a classroom are hidden in this puzzle. Words are placed backward, forward, diagonally, up, and down. Circle the hidden nouns, and write those nouns on the lines below.
w h g f c b b v l j y y w s b f t b j xn d f s h b t l j w v v k h o f x r y ds j m p f z l g v y l c j a o j v x q ld x s m b y s g n m a s b r k p h y g vp j r y t k f r q p q f x p s e k n v va r u m k n e j k y d f c e h n j v m cp o l y e h l c z b n h c n e c n n g ke o e e c f a d r z a k k e l i j j w yr d r a o b k c a l b s t r f l r n w st c e k f p o n k x e e t l k e e o k rs t l p c c j o f d s h a u l p d g h ce r a s e r w c k o k g x p d n t m t ws m x l d f k t l n h y a m i e f y r jl r h k l v y c f q d t s w p b n r d sk y l m d v n b h g s n b d t q r t z q
The nouns:
Name Date Period
1.1B Nouns Abound in the Classroom
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A pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
We use pronouns to:
◗ Refer to a noun (called its antecedent) that usually comes before the pronoun
◗ Make our writing clearer, smoother, and less awkward
In the sentence, “Roberto feels that he can win the race,” he is the pronoun, and Roberto is the antecedent. In the sentence, “Terry and Jim know that they are best friends,” they is the pronoun, and Terry and Jim are the noun antecedents.
There are several types of pronouns.
Personal pronouns refer to people and things. They are divided into three categories called fi rst person (referring to the person who is speaking: I went to the mall), second person (referring to the person spoken to: Joey, can you see the bus?), and third person (referring to anyone or anything else: Bob saw us do this assignment). The pronouns in the two example sentences above are personal pronouns. The following list shows these three categories of personal pronouns:
Singular Plural
First person I, my, mine, me we, our, ours, us(the person speaking)
Second person you, your, yours you, your, yours(the person spoken to)
Third person he, his, him, she, her, they, their, theirs, them(some other person hers, it, itsor thing)
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1.2 Pronouns
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In addition to personal pronouns, there are several other types of pronouns: refl exive pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, and indefi nite pronouns.
A refl exive pronoun is formed by adding - self or - selves to certain personal pronouns. Examples of refl exive pronouns are myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves, yourself, and yourselves. The sentence, “I found it myself,” contains the personal pronoun I and the refl exive pronoun myself. Hisself and theirselves are NOT real words.
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask a question. These pronouns are which, who, whom, and whose.
A demonstrative pronoun is used to point out a specifi c person or thing. These pronouns include this, that, these, and those. In the sentence, “Theresa, is this yours?” this is the demon-strative pronoun, and yours is the personal pronoun.
An indefi nite pronoun often does not refer to a specifi c or defi nite person or thing. It usually does not have a defi nite or specifi c antecedent as a personal pronoun does. In the sentence, “ Everybody will select another to help with everything, ” the three italicized words are all indefi nite pronouns since they take the place of a noun and do not refer to a specifi c or defi nite person or thing. These are all indefi nite pronouns:
all each more one
another either most other
any everybody much several
anybody everyone neither some
anyone everything nobody somebody
anything few none someone
both many no one
WRITING TIP Make sure that your pronouns are clear so that readers will not be confused. In the sentence, “John told Fred that he had been invited to Lucy’s party,” do we know who he is? Not really! Set up the situation preceding that sentence so that it is clear who he is.
1.2 Pronouns (Continued)
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Underline the two pronouns found in each sentence. Above each pronoun label its type using these abbreviations: personal (PER), refl exive (REF), demonstrative (DEM), interrogative (INT), or indefi nite (IND) pronoun.
1. This is the way to do it.
2. He hurt himself during gym class.
3. Can you and they fi nish the cleaning by three o’clock?
4. Who is the person with her?
5. I held the door for them.
6. Please tell him that we said hello.
7. Ours is older than theirs.
8. Neither of them is the clear winner of the race as of now.
9. Will she watch someone while Sarah goes shopping?
10. Those are the best ones to buy.
11. Please bring yours to us.
12. After Jerry spotted the giraffe, he photographed it.
13. Everything has gone well for us.
14. Will they be able to move the belongings by themselves?
15. All of the students know both.
1.2A Two at a Time (Pronouns)
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1. Name four three-letter pronouns:
2. Name four pronouns that start with the letter t:
3. Name six indefi nite pronouns:
4. Name three pronouns that end with -elves:
5. Name four pronouns that end with -self:
6. Name four interrogative pronouns:
7. Circle ten different pronouns in this paragraph. For the total of ten pronouns, if a pronoun appears more than once within the paragraph, count it only once.
I could not fall asleep last night. It felt as if somebody kept knocking on the window keep-
ing me up most of the night. This is pretty unusual. So I tried to calm myself down and
think about other things besides being unable to sleep. All of my work paid off when I
fi nally fell asleep.
1.2B Naming the Pronouns
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An adjective modifi es (qualifi es or limits the meaning of ) a noun or a pronoun. It answers the questions, What kind? Which one(s)? How many? How much?
Carrie read an interesting story. ( What kind of story?)
The recent article has that information. ( Which article?)
Kent owns those surfboards. ( Which surfboards?)
Wendy paid fi fty dollars for the jacket. ( How many dollars?)
Much space was devoted to her artwork. ( How much space?)
The words a, an, and the are the most frequently used adjectives. Although they are some-times referred to as articles or noun markers, they are really adjectives, plain and simple. Use a before words that start with a consonant sound ( a joking man or a lucky lottery player) and an before words that start with a vowel sound ( an hour’s wait or an interesting story).
An adjective can come before or after the noun or pronoun it describes:
Older cards are found on the table. ( Which cards?)
Tall players and intelligent coaches were interviewed by the interested reporter. ( Which players? Which coaches? Which reporter?)
Tired and hungry , the campers reached the lodge. ( What kind of campers?)
The campers, tired and hungry , reached the lodge. ( What kind of campers?)
There are several types of adjectives:
A proper adjective is formed from a proper noun.
Italian bread Herculean strength Midas touch Canadian sunset
A compound adjective is a word composed of two or more words. Sometimes these words are hyphenated.
landmark decision black-and-blue mark hometown hero
Do not use a hyphen after an adverb ending in - ly.
newly painted mural sickly sweet odor recently purchased
1.3 Adjectives
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People sometimes confuse adjectives with nouns or with pronouns. Here are some points to remember.
QUESTION 1: When is a word a noun? When is a word an adjective?
The magazine article applauded the students’ efforts in the charity drive. ( Magazine is an adjective that describes which article.)
The article about the students’ efforts in the charity drive was in the magazine . (Here magazine is a noun since it is the name of a thing and does not describe anything.)
Our Thanksgiving celebration was fun. (Thanksgiving is an adjective describing which celebration.)
We celebrated Thanksgiving . (Thanksgiving is the name of the holiday that was celebrated.)
QUESTION 2: When is a word a pronoun? When is a word an adjective?
These demonstrative pronouns can be used as adjectives: that, these, this, and those.
These interrogative pronouns can be used as adjectives: what and which.
These indefi nite pronouns can be used as adjectives: all, another, any, both, each, either, few, many, more, most, neither, other, several, and some.
This problem is diffi cult. ( This is an adjective since it answers the question, Which problem?)
This is diffi cult. ( This is a pronoun since it takes the place of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.)
Some people are very funny. ( Some is an adjective since it answers the question, Which people?)
Some are funny. ( Some is a pronoun since it takes the place of a noun and does not modify a noun or a pronoun.)
WRITING TIP Adjectives tell more and help your reader know more about people, places, and things. Select the precise word to describe people, places, and things. Which is the most accurate adjective to describe the student: smart, brilliant, insightful, clever, brainy, or bright? Decide. Use a dictionary to fi nd the subtle difference in adjectives that are closely related in meaning.
Name Date Period
1.3 Adjectives (Continued)
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Sixteen of the words in this activity are not adjectives. Twenty-four are adjectives. On the line after each question number, write the fi rst letter of the twenty-four adjectives in this list below. Then write these twenty-four letters (consecutively) on the lines below Zoo Animals. These twenty-four consecutive letters spell out the names of fi ve animals found in a zoo.
1. nothing 21. plumber
2. pretty 22. brave
3. crust 23. interesting
4. faith 24. marry
5. attractive 25. smart
6. grabbed 26. old
7. nice 27. solitude
8. America 28. nasty
9. dainty 29. beautifully
10. agile 30. proud
11. mechanic 31. infantile
12. mean 32. earn
13. they 33. great
14. odd 34. forget
15. noisy 35. zany
16. nor 36. elegant
17. kind 37. boastful
18. neither 38. rigid
19. easy 39. decide
20. young 40. average
Zoo Animals:
1.3A And a Trip to the Zoo (Adjectives)
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1. Name three complimentary adjectives that describe one of your friends:
2. Name three adjectives that describe the beach on a summer’s day:
3. Name three adjectives that describe a Super Bowl crowd:
4. Name three adjectives that describe one of your Halloween costumes:
5. Name three adjectives that describe a famous actor or actress:
6. Name three adjectives that describe a book or magazine article that you recently read:
7. Name three adjectives that describe a typical spring day where you live:
8. Name three adjectives that describe your favorite song:
9. Name three adjectives that describe one of your recent math tests:
10. Name three adjectives that describe one of your most diffi cult experiences:
Name Date Period
1.3B Listing Three Adjectives
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There are several types of verbs to be studied: the action verb, the linking verb, and the help-ing verb.
7 Action Verbs
An action verb tells what action (often a physical action) a subject is performing, has per-formed, or will perform.
My father delivers packages to department stores each day.
Louie bowled a perfect game last night.
Suzanne skated across the rink in Central Park.
Turn at the next corner, Noel.
Oscar will help Petra with the project.
7 Linking Verbs
A linking verb connects (or links) a subject to a noun or an adjective in the predicate. The most common linking verbs are the forms of the verb “to be” ( is, are, was, were, been, being, am ) and appear , become, feel, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, and turn.
My sister is a doctor. (The linking verb, is, connects the subject, sister, with the predicate nominative, doctor. )
My sister is studying to become a doctor. (In this sentence the word is is a helping verb for the main verb, studying. Is does not function as a linking verb.)
He appeared tired. (The linking verb, appeared, links the subject, He, with the predicate adjective, tired. )
He appeared at the game. (In this sentence the verb, appeared, is an action verb, not a linking verb.)
In the following group of sentences, the odd-numbered sentences exemplify the linking verb and the even-numbered sentences show the same verb used as either an action verb or a helping verb. Discuss why each verb functions as it does.
1. Reggie looked confused.
2. Reggie looked for his missing wallet.
3. Tammy grew tired during the long concert.
4. Tammy grew tomatoes in her garden this year.
5. I feel confused in math class.
6. I feel the penny at the bottom of this pool.
1.4 Verbs
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1.4 Verbs (Continued)
7 Helping Verbs
A helping verb assists the main verb in a sentence. There can be more than one helping verb in each sentence. In a questioning (interrogative) sentence, the helping verb is usually separated from the main verb. The common helping verbs are am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being, has, had, have, do, does, did, may, might, must, can, could, shall, should, will, and would. The italicized word in each sentence below is the helping verb. The underlined word is the main verb.
The members are going to the city tomorrow evening.
Are the members going to the city tomorrow evening?
That joke has been heard around the offi ce.
Has that joke been heard around the offi ce?
Her brothers are leaving for the train.
Are her brothers leaving for the train?
Think you know your verbs? On the lines below, write a verb that starts with the letter a, and then one that starts with the letter b, and so forth until you have written a verb for each of the twenty-six letters of the alphabet. These verbs can be action, linking, or helping verbs.
WRITING TIP Use the precise verb for each situation. Walk might not suit the situation as well as stroll, pace, totter, or saunter. Use a dictionary or a thesaurus to help you along.
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Underline the verb in each of the following sentences. Then on the line before each sentence, write the fi rst letter of the verb found in that sentence. Finally, write the twenty consecutive let-ters on the lines below the last numbered item to identify the names of fi ve boys.
1. Will he remember the name of the boys?
2. Yes, she understands your explanation.
3. Please shuffl e the cards now.
4. Send the messenger to the principal’s offi ce.
5. Juan jokes around most of the time.
6. You omitted several names of tonight’s program.
7. The scientists simulated the rocket’s path.
8. Mrs. Simmons, our teacher, erased the board quickly.
9. The plant withered last week.
10. Coach Albers inspired us before the big football game last week.
11. The runner leaped with enthusiasm after her record-breaking performance.
12. They loved last night’s dance recital.
13. The cyclists pedaled through the mountains during the grueling segment of the Tour de France.
14. He envies the other players.
15. I told you that earlier.
16. The artist etched the rough outline.
17. I forgot my jacket in the music room.
18. They easily recalled the unforgettable incident.
19. That game ended his hopes for a professional career.
20. Her parents decided that long ago.
The names of the fi ve boys are , ,
, , and .
Name Date Period
1.4A Where the Boys Are (Verbs)
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Thirty verbs are listed alphabetically in the box below. Show your vocabulary knowledge by placing each specifi c verb in its proper space underneath one of the fi ve less specifi c general verbs that follow. Each less specifi c general verb should have six specifi c verbs below it. Use each specifi c verb only once.
accomplish achieve apprehend chatter chuckle
claw collar confess conquer corral
giggle gossip guffaw howl meander
overcome parade plod pronounce roar
score shuffl e snare snicker soliloquize
stride trap trek triumph verbalize
Walk:
Talk:
Laugh:
Succeed:
Catch:
1.4B Connecting Verbs and Vocabulary
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1.4C You Will Not Need Help Here (Verbs)
Fill in the blanks in each sentence with a helping verb or a main verb.
1. We should by tomorrow afternoon.
2. Joey would your phone number anyway.
3. None of us that you remembered his locker combination.
4. The president many television appearances.
5. They had in the fi fty-mile run.
6. Our friends have several wild animals.
7. She is a great time at the dance.
8. You the election by many votes, Teresa.
9. I am to the rodeo with Todd and Frank tomorrow.
10. Roberto and Herm are the fl oat for the homecoming parade.
11. All of us can to your interesting story.
12. He will probably your help installing the air-conditioner.
13. I be with you if I need a ride tonight.
14. Most of the actors were certainly to the Academy Awards that evening.
15. The passengers being at the airport gate.
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An adverb is a word that modifi es (qualifi es or limits) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
◗ Many adverbs end in - ly .
◗ Adverbs answer any of these four questions: Where? When? How? To what extent?
◗ Adverbs make writing more specifi c and more exact.
◗ Here are some adverbs that do not end in - ly :
again almost alone already also
always away even ever here
just later never not now
nowhere often perhaps quite rather
seldom so sometimes somewhat somewhere
soon then there today too
very yesterday yet
Adverbs modify verbs:
John ate quickly . ( How did he eat?)
I walk there . ( Where did I walk?)
Ashleigh will eat soon . ( When will Ashleigh eat?)
Adverbs modify adjectives:
Rex is very happy. ( Very modifi es the adjective happy and answers the question, To what extent?)
The program was too unrealistic. ( Too modifi es the adjective unrealistic and answers the question, To what extent?)
Adverbs modify other adverbs:
Warren walks too quickly. ( Too modifi es the adverb quickly and answers the question, How quickly?)
He moved rather recently. ( Rather modifi es the adverb recently and answers the question, How recently?)
1.5 Adverbs
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1.5 Adverbs (Continued)
When is a word an adjective, and when is it an adjective? Adjectives describe nouns and pro-nouns. Adverbs do not. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adjectives do not.
Helen has a yearly membership at the local health club. ( Yearly is an adjective since it modi-fi es the noun membership and tells which membership.)
Helen contributes yearly . ( Yearly is an adverb since it modifi es the verb contributes and answers the question, When does Helen contribute ?)
Mike arrived late . ( Late is an adverb since it tells when Mike arrived.)
The late delivery cut down on sales in the supermarket. ( Late is an adjective because it tells which delivery.)
WRITING TIP Adverbs help readers visualize actions better. Select the precise adverb to help your reader see more clearly. Slowly might not be as accurate as gradually, leisurely, or unhurriedly. Use a dictionary or thesaurus for help.
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1.5A Scrambled Up for You! (Adverbs)
In each sentence, the letters of the underlined adverb are scrambled. Unscramble the letters, and write the word on the line provided before the sentence.
1. He walks tsaf.
2. Do you want to stop ehre ?
3. He visits his grandmother ywlkee.
4. Do you feel lewl enough to go on the trip?
5. Have you erve been to Mexico City?
6. I wasaly run errands for her.
7. Have I met you foebre ?
8. I would raerht drive to your house tonight.
9. Are you ilslt going to go to summer school?
10. I am tno trying to insult you, Nick.
11. Will you bat frsit tonight?
12. Are you ftneo at this location, Mitch?
13. Let’s start the performance onw.
14. May I aosl assist you, Helene?
15. Thank you nlidyk.
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1.5B Dressing Up (Adverbs)
On the line next to the sentence number, tell whether the underlined adverb modifi es a verb, an adjective, or another adverb by writing the correct answer’s corresponding letter. Then fi ll in the spaces within the three sentences after sentence 15. If your answers are correct, you will under-stand this activity’s title.
1. Patricia slept peacefully. (b) verb (c) adjective (d) adverb
2. Our teachers are very happy with the results. (t) verb (s) adjective (l) adverb
3. Larry’s unusually good cooking skills came in handy last weekend. (b) verb (h) adjective (o) adverb
4. He ran swiftly away from the tackler. (e) verb (a) adjective (i) adverb
5. She danced so gracefully in the competition. (d) verb (m) adjective (p) adverb
6. They sang beautifully during the entire winter concert. (l) verb (n) adjective (p) adverb
7. My aunt was extremely hungry after we completed the three-hour hike. (r) verb (o) adjective (d) adverb
8. We had met somewhat earlier than you think. (v) verb (n) adjective (a) adverb
9. Are they going away ? (t) verb (e) adjective (r) adverb
10. His rather clever remarks were not appreciated. (g) verb (e) adjective (u) adverb
11. These stories seem strangely familiar to me. (x) verb (s) adjective (o) adverb
12. They will hardly try to win. (n) verb (r) adjective (s) adverb
13. Francine earns high grades quite often. (t) verb (e) adjective (t) adverb
14. Do not walk alone in the forest. (s) verb (u) adjective (f) adverb
15. We met only recently. (g) verb (h) adjective (s) adverb
The five sentences that illustrate an adverb modifying a verb are numbers , , , , and . Their corresponding letters spell the word
.
The fi ve sentences that illustrate an adverb modifying an adjective are numbers , , , , and . Their corresponding letters spell the word
.
The fi ve sentences that illustrate an adverb modifying another adverb are numbers , , , , and . Their corresponding letters spell the word
.
Name Date Period Name Date Period
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1.6 Prepositions
A common preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence.
The man swam under the bridge. ( Under connects the idea of swam and bridge .)
She walked down the aisle. ( Down connects walked and aisle .)
Julie walked around the campus and toward town. ( Around connects walked and campus. Toward connects walked and town. )
Here are the most commonly used prepositions:
aboard about above across
after against along among
around as at before
behind below beneath beside
besides between beyond but
by concerning despite down
during except for from
in inside into like
near of off on
onto opposite out outside
over past since through
throughout till to toward
under underneath until up
upon with within without
But is a preposition only when it can be replaced by the word except. So in the sentence, “All but Teddy went inside,” but is a preposition since it connects All and Teddy and can be replaced by the word except. A way to get to know these fi fty-six prepositions is to remember this sentence: The plane, Prepi I, fl ew the clouds. Any single word that can logically be placed into this space is a preposition, so the only words that you would still have to memorize are those that do not logi-cally fi t into this space. Compose the list of these words, memorize the Prepi I sentence, and you will know your prepositions!
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Another type of preposition is the compound preposition. It does the same as a common preposition but is composed of two or more words. Here are the most common compound prepositions:
according to ahead of apart from as of
aside from because of by means of in addition to
in back of in front of in place of in spite of
instead of in view of next to on account of
out of prior to
Adverb or preposition? The difference between a preposition and an adverb is that an adverb answers the questions, Where? When? How? To what extent? by itself. Both common and compound prepositions need more than just themselves to answer the same questions:
He fell down . ( Down is an adverb because it takes only one word to tell where he fell.)
He fell down the stairs. ( Down is a preposition because it takes more than a single word to tell where he fell.)
Trey walked aboard . ( Aboard is an adverb because it takes only one word needed to tell where Trey walked.)
Trey walked aboard the ship. ( Aboard is a preposition because it takes more than one word to tell where Trey walked.)
WRITING TIP Know when a word is a preposition and when it is an adverb. In the sentence “The captain walked aboard,” aboard is an adverb because it does not start a prepositional phrase. In the sentence “The captain walked aboard the ship,” aboard is a preposition that begins the prepositional phrase, aboard the ship. Look for the prepositional phrase to check that the word is a preposition and not an adverb.
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1.6 Prepositions (Continued)
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1.6A Finding the Four Words (Prepositions)
Underline the preposition in each of the following sentences. Then write the fi rst letter of the preposition on the line before the sentence. Transfer the fi fteen consecutive letters to the lines below the last numbered sentence to form four words.
1. The teammates walked beyond the bleachers.
2. The track team ran into the hills.
3. The temperature is several degrees below zero.
4. Call me around four o’clock.
5. It is a matter concerning bad behavior.
6. The parents joined in the conversation.
7. Ronnie fell asleep during the professor’s lecture.
8. We found the sleeping cat underneath the blanket.
9. The couple walked near the bridge.
10. The children slid down the slide yesterday.
11. We lost contact over time.
12. This letter is addressed to your sister.
13. The strong man swam across the wide lake.
14. This group is under great suspicion.
15. I pointed toward the tall building.
The four words are , , , and .
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1.7 Conjunctions
A conjunction connects words or group of words . There are three types of conjunctions: coor-dinating conjunctions , correlative conjunctions , and subordinating conjunctions. The fi rst two types of conjunctions are discussed below, and the third type is discussed in lesson 2.19.
A coordinating conjunction is a single connecting word. These seven words are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
The boys and girls worked at the fair. ( And joins the names boys and girls. )
Paula or Jeannine can go with you tonight. ( Or joins the names Paula and Jeannine. )
I would like to help you, but I will be busy tonight. ( But joins two sentences or complete ideas.)
We must leave early so we can get to the wedding reception on time. ( So joins two sen-tences or two complete ideas.)
Remember the made-up word FANBOYS when you memorize the coordinating conjunc-tions. Each letter in this word ( F or, A nd, N or, B ut, O r, Y et, S o) stands for a coordinating conjunction.
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of connecting words. These fi ve pairs of words are both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also, and whether/or.
Both Henry and Henrietta are leaving the dance now. (The correlative conjunctions join two names.)
Not only will they leave now, but they will also not be here to help clean up. (The correla-tive conjunctions join two sentences or complete ideas.)
Either go with them or stay here and help. (The correlative conjunctions illustrate a choice.)
He went neither to the stadium nor to the concert hall during this vacation. (The correla-tive conjunctions join two prepositional phrases.)
WRITING TIP Using conjunctions adds sophistication to sentences. Rather than using two very simple sentences such as, “The monkey climbed the tree,” and “The monkey threw down a banana,” combine them by using the conjunction and: “The monkey climbed the tree and threw down a banana” is a more sophisticated sentence. Make good use of the conjunctions for combining ideas.
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1.7A Appropriately Chosen! (Conjunctions)
Circle the conjunction or pair of conjunctions in each sentence:
1. Lyle chose both steak and salad for his dinner.
2. I chose neither steak nor salad for my dinner.
3. Either you or he can drive Dad to the train station tomorrow morning.
4. The panda wanted to eat, for he was hungry.
5. Peanut butter and jelly is Rex’s favorite sandwich.
6. Not only the girls but also the boys will be invited to the assembly.
7. Sara did not know whether to swing at the ball or take the pitch.
8. Mark would like to go, but he cannot.
9. Rich likes the food at this restaurant, yet he seldom eats here.
10. Run with him or her.
Use these coordinating and correlative conjunctions in your own sentences:
11. Use neither . . . nor:
12. Use but:
13. Use for:
14. Use or:
15. Use either . . . or:
Name Date Period
1.7A Appropriately Chosen! (Conjunctions)
Name Date Period
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1.8 Interjections
An interjection is a word that expresses strong feeling or emotion:
◗ An interjection usually comes at the beginning of the sentence.
◗ An interjection is often followed by an exclamation point (!) when the emotion is strong or a comma (,) when the emotion is mild.
◗ Do not overuse interjections. Include one when you want to make your point. If you use too many interjections, your writing loses its power and effectiveness.
◗ Here are some common interjections:
Aw Bravo Darn Dear me
Eek Eh Gee Golly
Goodness gracious Gosh Hallelujah Hey
Horrors Hurrah Hurray Mmm
Oh Oh no Oops Ouch
Phew Rats Really Ugh
Well Whoa Whoops Wow
Yea Yeh Yes Yippee
WRITING TIP Interjections express emotion. Do not overuse this part of speech, which generally is found in dialogue.
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Write an appropriate interjection for each of the following sentences in the space provided. There may be more than one answer for each space.
1. ! I smashed my fi nger with the hammer.
2. , all right, Nick.
3. ! We have fi nally beaten that team!
4. , take it easy, Reggie!
5. , I think we better look over this paper immediately.
6. , I forgot to take out the garbage this morning.
7. ! The tickets for his concert are incredibly expensive!
8. ! You did so well in tonight’s school play!
9. ! You have no right to say that to him!
10. , now I see what you are trying to say.
11. . I am not very keen on that idea.
12. , what did Mike say about his tryout?
13. ! Does your hand still hurt from the accident?
14. ! Get away from my new car, kid!
15. , this food is absolutely delicious!
1.8A With Great Feeling!!! (Interjections)
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Review Activities
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Name Date Period
REVIEW ACTIVITY 1 O WHAT AN ACTIVITY!(PARTS OF SPEECH)
E very word in Group One begins with the letter o. Match each with its description found in Group Two. Each item in both groups is used only once. Write the correct number in the appro-priate box of the magic square. If your answers are correct, each row, each column, and each diagonal will add up to the same number.
Group One Group Two A. our 1. possessive pronoun
B. outside 2. present tense verb
C. Ohio 3. plural noun
D. or 4. conjunction
E. one 5. singular noun
F. ours 6. adverb and preposition
G. Oh 7. adjective
H. oafi sh 8. past tense verb
I. own 9. proper noun
J. off 10. adverb only
K. ordered 11. adverb, adjective, noun, and preposition
L. only 12. adjective, pronoun, and noun
M. owl 13. adjective, conjunction, and adverb
N. oneself 14. interjection
O. owners 15. pronoun and adjective
P. originally 16. refl exive pronoun
A � B � C � D �
E � F � G � H �
I � J � K � L �
M � N � O � P �
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REVIEW ACTIVITY 2 FINDING THE MISSING LINK (PARTS OF SPEECH)
Fill in each sentence’s blank with an appropriate word. Reread the sentence to ensure that the sentence makes sense with the new word in it. Then, on the line next to the sentence’s number, write the part of speech (use the key below) of the word that you used to fi ll in that particular blank. Then you have found the missing link!
adjective � ADJ interjection � I pronoun � PN
adverb � ADVB noun � N verb � V
conjunction � C preposition � P
1. the answer is correct, circle the letter.
2. They had time to down their meal before the taxi arrived.
3. These fl owers make such a beautiful sight in our backyard.
4. ! I could not believe how much his crushing tackle hurt me.
5. Dwayne carried the fi ve gifts the room.
6. of these towels could be folded more neatly.
7. My sister’s had to be towed to the body shop yesterday.
8. The older computer was by my neighbor in just over an hour.
9. We a colorful poster from the local car salesman.
10. Tall, dark, and , my sister’s boyfriend makes his presence known immediately.
11. I have not spoken to the principal this important issue yet.
12. Neither of had been invited to the retirement party.
13. Yes, I would love to be there, I have already made other plans.
14. Rita was selected as our next .
15. The police offi cers had trouble catching up to the car.
16. All of the invitees approached the host and hostess.
17. I could do much with that intricate design.
18. Lonnie thanked the for all that they had done for him.
19. Most of the restaurant patrons wanted to see the who had just entered the building.
20. The truck was carefully by the experienced driver.
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Name Date Period
REVIEW ACTIVITY 3 CHECKING OUT THE TWO SENTENCES (PARTS OF SPEECH)
Fill in the correct letters within the crossword puzzle. Here are the two sentences that you will use to do so.
Sentence 1: They waited patiently inside the arena to meet the star of the game, but she went out the other door.
Sentence 2: You can help these older people with the heavy packages and then report to me again, Rich.
Across 2. the last adverb in the second sentence
5. the fi rst verb in the fi rst sentence
6. the second pronoun in the fi rst sentence
8. the helping verb in the second sentence
10. the fi rst pronoun in the fi rst sentence
11. the pronoun-adjective in the fi rst sentence
13. the only proper noun in either sentence
14. the number of nouns in the fi rst sentence
16. the part of speech of people in the second sentence
17. the last pronoun in the second sentence
Down 1. the conjunction in the fi rst sentence
2. the conjunction in the second sentence
3. the fi rst preposition in the fi rst sentence
4. the fi rst main verb in the second sentence
5. the fi rst preposition in the second sentence
7. the adverb in the fi rst sentence
9. the number of prepositions in the fi rst sentence
10. the number of articles in the fi rst sentence
12. the last verb in the second sentence
15. the adjective describing people in the second sentence
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REVIEW ACTIVITY 3 CHECKING OUT THE TWO SENTENCES (PARTS OF SPEECH) (Continued )
1 2 3
4
6
1211
14 15
17
16
13
10
8
7
5
9
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Final Tests
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FINAL TEST 1 PARTS OF SPEECH
Decide whether each underlined word is a noun (N), pronoun (PN), verb (V), adjective (ADJ), adverb (ADVB), conjunction (C), preposition (P), or interjection (I). Then write its abbreviation on the line before the sentence. Each correct answer scores 5 points.
1. Slow down.
2. I would like to go, but I have to help my sister.
3. Can you please drive more slowly ?
4. He is our legislator.
5. The captain looked for a better route.
6. Wow ! Are we there already?
7. The pictures fell from the table.
8. I can certainly use your help during the ordeal.
9. This extravagant home is overpriced even for today’s market.
10. Mom and Dad just returned from Charlotte, North Carolina.
11. Diplomacy is the best tactic.
12. They think that their dog will like it.
13. Some of these stories are discussed often.
14. Either the giraffe or the monkey will be fed now.
15. We will probably hinder the process if we try to help them.
16. Helene cautiously approached the dog.
17. Can you help with the moving?
18. They will do most of the moving themselves.
19. I am not hungry.
20. This is a very pretty necklace.
Number correct � 5 � %
Name Date Period Score %
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FINAL TEST 2 PARTS OF SPEECH
How well do you know the eight parts of speech? This activity will test your mettle! Write ten sentences using the parts of speech in the order specifi ed. If the abbreviations are capitalized, the word in the sentence should be capitalized as well. Here is the abbreviation code: n � noun; pro � pronoun; adj � adjective; v � verb; advb � adverb; c � conjunction; prep � preposition; hv � helping verb; mv � main verb; pro-adj � pronoun-adjective (such as these ); art � article ( a, an, or the ) .
1. Pro / hv / mv / art / n / prep / pro.
2. Pro / prep / pro-adj / n / v / adj.
3. MV / pro-adj / n / advb.
4. N / conj / N / hv / mv / prep / N.
5. Pro-adj / n / hv / conj / hv / mv / prep / pro-adj / n.
6. HV / pro / mv / art / adj / n / prep / art / adj / n?
7. Pro / hv / mv /, conj / pro / v / n.
8. N / v / pro / advb / advb.
9. Art / n / advb / v / pro-adj / n / advb / prep / art / n.
10. Prep / pro-adj / noun, art / n / v / prep / art / n.
Name Date Period Score %
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