partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate by … · partial replacement of cement and fine...

International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 39 Number 6- September 2016

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 326

Partial Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregate by using Bentonite and Waste

Sheet Glass Aggregate Abhinav Kumar#1, Er. Shweta Puri*2

#1M. Tech student, Department of Civil Eng., Sri Sai University, Palampur (H.P), India

*2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Eng., Sri Sai University, Palampur (H.P), India

Abstract — As construction in India and other developing countries increases, the consumption of energy and resources is also increasing in an alarming way. Most of the developing nations have reduced the usage of virgin material like aggregates in construction, due to consumption of energy and resources is increasing in an alarming way, so they focused on the environment and safeguarding of natural resources and recycling of wastes materials. Many industries produce lot of waste products which is disposed into landfills. This material can be used in construction industry as alternative to conventional materials. Such practice conserves natural resources and reduces the space required for the landfill disposal of these waste materials. The objective of Present work is to find out the effectiveness of the bentonite and recycled waste glass aggregate based concrete. In this investigation it was proposed that the use bentonite as cement replacement material and recycled waste glass as fine aggregate material partially in concrete. Cement is partially replaced (5%, 10%, 15%) with Bentonite and Natural sand was partially replaced (10%, 15%, 20%) with sheet glass aggregate. Compressive strength of cubes at 7days and 28 days of duration and flexural strength at 28 days were studied and compared with conventional concrete. Fineness modulus, specific gravity, moisture, water absorption was also studied. Based on the test results, the ideal percentage of mix which shows maximum compressive strength was identified. Keywords — Recycled Waste Glass Aggregate, Bentonite, workability, Compression strength.

I. INTRODUCTION A large number of researches have been directed

towards the utilization of such materials which are easy available and cheaper in cost. For the construction industry, the development and use of blended cements and use of recycled material as aggregate substitute is growing rapidly Construction industry need huge amount of construction material and continuous dependence on natural virgin material will lead scarcity of the construction material and increase in cost of material and construction. To overcome such situation researchers

introducing some substitution of material which is cheaper in cost and easily available like bentonite is receiving more attention of users and use of industrial waste in concrete as aggregates. Use of such material not only related to the energy efficiency and environmental aspects of the cement industry, but also improves the durability and life cycle performance and costs of the concrete structures.

A. Bentonite Bentonite is clay generated frequently from the

alteration of volcanic ash, consisting mostly of Montmorillonite of smectite group. It contains variety of accessory minerals in addition to montmorillonite, these minerals may include quartz, calcite, feldspar and gypsum. Bentonite presents strong colloidal properties when comes in contact with water, its volume also increases several times, creating gelatinous and viscous fluid. Bentonite has special properties like hydration swelling, water absorption, viscosity and thixotropy which make it a valuable material for wide range of uses and applications.

Bentonite is extracted by quarrying deposits. Extracted bentonite is distinctly solid fine grained rock, contains moisture approximately 30%. The raw material is first crushed then soda ash (NA2CO3) is added if necessary. Secondly, bentonite is dried (air or forced drying) to reach moisture content of approximately 15%. Thirdly, according to its application either it is sieved (granular form) or milled into powder or super fine powder form. Bentonite is purified by removing Gangue minerals, treated with organics to produce organoclays and treated with acids to produce acid activated bentonite as per required applications.

Bentonite acts as natural pozzolan in ordinary portland cement. A pozzolan is siliceous or aluminous material which itself possesses equalant to zero percent cementing properties, but in the presence of moisture it chemically reacts with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. When water is added in a mixture of OPC and pozzolan, its silica component reacts with liberated calcium hydroxide in hydrated cement paste. In the



presence of water it forms calcium silicate hydrates. This reaction is lime consuming, instead of lime producing, this improves its durability of hydrated cement paste in acidic environments. Reaction products of hydrated pozzolanic cements are very efficient in filling up larger capillary pores this helps in improving the impermeability and strength of concrete.

B. Waste Glass Aggregate Glass is a 100% recyclable material it can be

recycled without any loss of quality. Now a day’s many recycling companies realize that they have a loss in processing glass because recycling process involves collecting, sorting, transporting, beneficiating and manufacturing glass back into new glass products and has cost embedded in each step of the process. In 2011, 506000 tonnes of glass was sent for recycling and bought in 200000 tonnes. 27300 tonnes of glass couldn’t be recycled and sent for disposal. Glass industry produces approximately 0.7% of waste broken glass, which comes under Non hazardous waste. This can be recycled and utilized under building application. Every metric ton of waste glass recycled into new product saves 315 kilograms of carbon dioxide from being released into atmosphere during creation of new glass. If glass waste disposed into landfills it can possibly take million or more years to breakdown. In order to avoid environmental problem that would be created if they were sent to landfills, this need to be recycled and reused. Glass is 100% recyclable material, it can be recycled without any loss of quality for example use of waste glass as cullet in glass production, as an aggregate substitute in concrete, used in reflective paints for highways, to produce fibreglass, as raw material for production of abrasives, in sand blasting, etc.

Fig. 1 Crushed Waste Glass

Recycling of waste glass by converting it into aggregates saves landfill areas and also reduces the demand for extraction of natural raw material for construction activity. This thing really helps to conserve the conventional natural aggregate for other important works.

II. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

A. Experimental Program To achieve the objectives, an experimental

program was planned to investigate strength properties of concrete containing Bentonite as partial replacement of cement and recycled waste glass as partial replacement of natural fine aggregates. Sixteen concrete mix samples containing different percentage of bentonite and recycled waste glass was used in this study. The concrete mixes for the investigation of different percentages of concrete using bentonite and RWG were designated as MX 01, MX 02, MX 03, MX 04, MX 05, MX 06, MX 07, MX 08, MX 09, MX10, MX 11, MX12, MX 13, MX14, MX 15 and MX 16

B. Material In the present work, various materials like

Bentonite, Cement, Recycled waste glass aggregate, Sand, Coarse aggregate, Water and Super-plasticizer were used. Cement used was Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of 43 grade throughout the work. From the experimental results it was found that the specific gravity, Initial setting time, Final setting time of cement was 3.15, 58 minutes, and 375 minutes respectively. Fine aggregate used in this investigation was locally available clean river sand passed through 4.75 mm IS sieve. It was found that the Specific gravity and Fineness modulus of fine aggregate was 2.70 and 2.715 respectively. Coarse aggregate are the crushed stone used for making concrete, were obtained from local quarry. The maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate was 12.5mm. It was found that the specific gravity, Fineness modulus and average water absorption of course aggregate was 2.75, 7.36 and 1.506 respectively. Bentonite used is sodium bentonite of yellow colour in powder form having specific gravity 2.29. Waste glass used is obtained from local glass market. It was found that the Specific gravity and Fineness modulus of fine aggregate was 2.18 and 2.35 respectively.

B. Mix Design for M30

Mix design is prepared as per IS- 10262:2009. This standard provides the guidelines for proportioning and preparing concrete mixes as per the requirements using the concrete making materials. Two type of mix is prepared one is plain concrete mix using cement, sand and coarse aggregate in proportion 1:2.995:1.775:0.375 and the other concrete mix is prepared using bentonite 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% as partial replacement of cement, and crushed glass as 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% as partial replacement of fine aggregate. With the same amounts of coarse aggregate and water-concrete ratio as in the plain mixes.


ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org 28

C. Specimen Details For obtaining compression strength, compression

test can be conducted either on cubical specimen or on cylindrical specimen. But here we used 150 X 150 X 150 mm size cubes and for obtaining flexural strength, specimens of rectangular beam with square cross-sections of size 100 X 100 X 150 mm are used. The specimens is prepared in steel or cast iron moulds, should be such that moulded specimen can be removed easily, the moulds are of split type, and are provided with a metal base plate having a plane surface. The molds were coated with mineral oil to ensure that no water escaped during casting and to prevent adhesion of concrete.

D. Casting and Curing A suitable control mix was prepared and

subsequently mixes containing replaced cement with bentonite and fine aggregates with recycled waste glass were obtained. Each batch consisted six standard cubes for determination of 7-days & 28-days compressive strength. For each batch of concrete mixed the quantities of various ingredients i.e. cement, bentonite, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, recycled waste glass, water, super plasticizer were kept ready in required proportions. Firstly the cement, bentonite and fine aggregates were mixed thoroughly to get a uniform mix in dry form indicated by the uniform colour and no concentration of either material was visible. Then, coarse aggregate were added to this dry mix and turned over twice or thrice in dry state for one minute. Then water was added in to the mix. The concrete mix was filled in the cube specimen in layers each layer compacted either by vibrator or hand and the surface of cubes was finished.

As soon as moulding is complete, the specimens were allowed to harden for 24 hours at temperature 27o ± 2oc. These were then removed from the moulds and were marked with their respective designations and placed in the curing tank which is filled with clean water. The cube specimens were removed from water after 7 days and 28-days and were tested to obtain the compressive strength and flexural strength results.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Slump Test

In this experiment, slump of all mixes with constant water to cement (w/c) ratio for the same group were measured to get information about workability changes due to bentonite and recycled waste glass. When concrete mix with cement substituted bentonite and fine aggregates with

recycled waste glass shows slump reduction than the control mix as shown in table I.

TABLE I

WORKABILITY RESULTS OF ALL MIXES

Mix Partial Replacement

of Cement by

Bentonite %

Partial Replacement

of Sand by Glass

Aggregate %

Slump in

mm

MX 01

0 0 124

MX 02

0 10 122

MX 03

0 15 119

MX 04

0 20 115

MX 05

5 0 118

MX 06

5 10 115

MX 07

5 15 114

MX 08

5 20 105

MX 09

10 0 109

MX 10

10 10 104

MX 11

10 15 102

MX 12

10 20 95

MX 13

15 0 85

MX 14

15 10 82

MX 15

15 15 74

MX 16

15 20 65

B. Compressive Strength Test

The average compressive strengths of casted cubes was determined as per IS 516-1959 using bentonite and recycled waste glass at the age of 7 & 28 days and reported in Table II. Variation of compressive strength of all the mixes cured at 7-days and 28-days is also shown in table II and Fig 2.



TABLE II

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT

Mix ID Cement %

Partial replacement of

cement by Bentonite %

Sand %

Partial replacement of sand by glass aggregate %

Coarse Aggre.

Compressive strength N/mm2

7 days

28 days

MX 01 100 0 100 0 100 24.67 41.11 MX 02 100 0 90 10 100 25.33 40.77 MX 03 100 0 85 15 100 27.56 41.77 MX 04 100 0 80 20 100 24 35.44 MX 05 95 5 100 0 100 15.56 36.77 MX 06 95 5 90 10 100 14.67 35.67 MX 07 95 5 85 15 100 14.67 34.67 MX 08 95 5 80 20 100 15.11 35.67 MX 09 90 10 100 0 100 16.56 41.22 MX 10 90 10 90 10 100 20.33 42.44 MX 11 90 10 85 15 100 16.22 38 MX 12 90 10 80 20 100 13.33 36.22 MX 13 85 15 100 0 100 15.78 38.67 MX 14 85 15 90 10 100 13.78 34.78 MX 15 85 15 85 15 100 13.33 32.44 MX 16 85 15 80 20 100 12.22 28.67

24.6725.33

27.5624

15.5614.67

14.6715.11

16.5620.33

16.2213.33

15.7813.78

13.3312.22

41.1140.7741.77

35.4436.7735.67

34.6735.67

41.2242.44

3836.22

38.67

34.7832.44

28.67

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

MX 01

MX 02

MX 03

MX 04

MX 05

MX 06

MX 07

MX 08

MX 09

MX 10

MX 11

MX 12

MX 13

MX 14

MX 15

MX 16

Com

pres

sive

stre

ngth

, N/m

m2

Mix ID

7 days

28 days

Fig. 2 Compressive Strength for Concrete Mixes (7 and 28 days)

IV. CONCLUSIONS I. The investigation revealed that, as the partial

replacement of cement by bentonite and fine aggregates by recycled waste glass in concrete mix increases, the workability of concrete mix decreases.

II. The partial replacement of cement is 0% and fine aggregate is replaced by 15% recycled waste glass, compressive strength increased by 1.6% when compared with control concrete.



III. The partial replacement of cement by 10% bentonite and fine aggregates by 0% recycled waste glass in concrete mix results in Increase of compressive strength by 0.27% as compared to controlled mix.

IV. The maximum increase in compressive strength was found when partial replacement of cement with bentonite at 10% and partial replacement of natural fine aggregates with recycled waste glass at 10% was 20.33 N/mm2 for 7 days and 42.44 N/mm2 for 28days.

V. The optimum mix was taken as that mix in which the partial replacement of cement with bentonite and recycled waste glass gives the maximum value of compressive strength. From table II, MX 10 mix was selected as optimum mix in which Cement and coarse aggregates is partially replaced with bentonite with 10 % and recycled waste glass with 10% and gives the highest compressive strength of 42.44 N/mm2 for 28days

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I am thankful to Civil Engineering, Sri Sai

University, Palampur for providing the necessary backing in completing this research work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my guide Er. Shweta Puri for the continuous support for my project study and research. I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents & member of Sri Sai University for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help me in completion of research.

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partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate by … · partial replacement of cement and fine...

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