part 2: on to the brain!!!. organization of the brain how can we describe the brain? how can we...
TRANSCRIPT
PART 2: On to the Brain!!!
Organization of the Brain
How can we describe the brain?Neural tissue
description(the look)Location description(the
place)NAT GEO photo gallery
General divisions of the nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)Spinal CordThe Brain
Reptilian BrainOld Mammalian BrainNew Mammalian Brain
(Neocortex)
Localization of function of the human brain
Structure and Function, Structure and Function
Subcortical areasStructure and FunctionStructure and FunctionStructure and Function
Neocortex
The look
The lobes
A review
NAT GEO web site for review
Let’s Look Into Your Brain!
Today’s topics Right/Left Brain Dysfunctions
How do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?
Lateralization of function of the human brain
Split Brain- although similarly located both cerebral hemispheres generally have similar functions, but. . .
There are some differences or lateralization of functions shown to exist
How did scientist figure this out???
How is this studied?
Electrical stimulation
PET scans
Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes), injury or lesioning Left/Right Side neglect
Split brain patients
Drugs affecting half of brain
Dichotic listening
Roger Sperry
According to Dr.Sperry, the brain has two hemispheres with different but overlapping functions. The right and left hemispheres of the brain each specialize in distinct types of thinking processes.
Left and Right Brain Specialization
Left Hemisphere Specialization
Speech and Language Functions
Wernicke’s AreaBroca’s Area
Right Hemisphere Specialization
Spatial Functions (patterns), visual configurations, color discrimination)
Musical Functions
Hemispheric Dysfunction
Broca’s Aphasia
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Anomic Aphasia
Global Aphasia
Developmental Dyslexia
Plasticity
Chudler/plasticity
The Brain 7 mins
Brain Dysfunction
http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html
Ted talks and strokes
Investigative Assignment
Brain Imaging and web search
Complete prior to slides 52- 70
Windows to the Brain
The Greeks
Franz Gall
Brain Damage – Phineas Gage\
Walter Hess
Lesion (ablation)
Imaging Techniques
The Greeks
Hippocrates460-377 BCEEmotions,
thought and mental health arise from the brain
Galen130-200 CEFluids in the
brain ventricles were responsible for sensations, reasoning, judgment and memories
What is Phernology Phrenology was a faculty
psychology. In layman’s terms – reading head features, size, & bumps to determine characteristics, personality, and intellect.
Phrenology was derived from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).
The basic tenets of Gall’s system:
1. The brain is the organ of the mind.2. The mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties.3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.4. The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.5. The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.6. As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies.
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Gall’s Contribution
32
American Phrenology Journal
33
Phineas Gage
A railroad construction worker in Vermont in 1848. Dynamite blew a tamper rod through his eye and out his skull. Remarkably, he survived, but was never the same. Once considerate and friendly, he was now overbearing, inappropriate, and indecisive.
What did we learn from Phineas Gage?
We developed a theory about the frontal lobe and we determined that the executive control system in prefrontal cortex was damaged.
Walter Hess Studied brain
function. First to discover function of hypothalamus and “start-stop eating” function
1955
Lesions Cutting of brain
tissue
Ablation – destroy brain tissue
(Essentially these are the same thing)
Brain Imaging Techniques
The are now many, highly specific methods to see into your brain.
Assignment yesterday helped you examine these.
As a review. . .
More modern approaches
EEG
CAT
MRI and fMRI
PET
MEG
SPECT
DTI
EEG
Transmit electrical activity (brain waves)
CAT or CT scan
Computerized axial tomography- computerized image of x-rays
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging – magnetic field to develop image of the brain
fMRI
Functional MRI – detect the use of oxygen in the brain
PET
Positron emission tomography- slightly radioactive solution injected to see metabolic activity in imaged part of the brain
MEG
Magnetoencephalography- detect activity too brief to be detected by PET or MRI
SPECT
Single photon emission computerized tomography- tracks cerebral blood flow as an indicator of neural activity in a specific region of the brain
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
An MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water within a cell to yield an image of axons and neural tracts
