part 2. notable disasters of 2014: volcanic eruptions

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NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014 HIGHLIGHTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

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Volcanic Eruptions Are Awesome Manifestations Of Heat Flowing Non-Explosively As A Result Of Mantle Hot Spots (E.G., Hawaii And Iceland) Or Erupting Explosively (e.g., The Pacific Rim, Atlantic Ridge). Volcano Hazards Can Have Far Reaching Impacts Lava Flows: Lahars (Can Bury Villages); Earthquakes (Related To Movement Of magma); “volcanic Winter” (Causing Famine And Mass Extinctions). The Reasons For A Disaster To Occur: The Community Is Un-Prepared For What Will Likely Happen, Not To Mention The Low-Probability Of Occurrence—high-Probability-Of-Adverse- Consequences Event. The Community Has No Disaster Planning Scenario Or Warning System In Place As A Strategic Framework For Early Threat Identification And Coordinated Local, National, Regional, And International Countermeasures. The Community Is Inefficient During Recovery And Reconstruction Because It Has Not Learned From Either The Current Experience Or The Cumulative Prior Experiences. The Keys To Resilience: 1) Know The Eruptive History Of Your Region’s Volcanoes, 2) Be Prepared (e.g., exposure analysis (it is not enough to analyse the hazard) and then systematically analyse vulnerability/fragility of the exposed elements. 3) Have A Warning System 4) Evacuate 5) Learn From The Experience And Start Over. Presentation courtesy of Dr Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

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Page 1: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014

HIGHLIGHTS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Page 2: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

are awesome manifestations

of heat flowing non-

explosively as a result of

mantle hot spots (e.g., Hawaii

and Iceland) or erupting

explosively in subduction

zones (e.g., the Pacific Rim).

Page 3: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

ELEMENTS OF VOLCANIC

HAZARDS AND RISK

Page 4: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

HAZARDS

ELEMENTS OF RISK

EXPOSURE

VULNERABILITY LOCATION

RISK

Page 5: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LOCATIONS OF ACTIVE

VOLCANOES

Page 6: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

VOLCANO HAZARDS

CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS

• VERTICAL PLUME (can affect

jet aircraft)

• ASH AND TEPHRA

• LATERAL BLAST

• PYROCLASTIC CLOUDS,

BURSTS, AND FLOWS

Page 7: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

VOLCANO HAZARDS

CAN HAVE FAR REACHING IMPACTS

• LAVA FLOWS

• LAHARS (can bury villages)

• EARTHQUAKES (related to

movement of lava)

• “VOLCANIC WINTER” (causing

famine and mass extinctions)

Page 8: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LATERAL BLAST

VOLCANIC

ERUPTIONS

PYROCLASTIC FLOWS

FLYING DEBRIS

ASH PLUME AND

GASES

LAVA FLOWS

LAHARS

TOXIC GASES

CAUSES

OF RISK

CASE HISTORIES

Page 9: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

AIRLINES ON RED ALERT

AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION

IN ICELAND

August 23, 2014

Page 10: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

BARDARBUNGA ERUPTS

Page 11: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT HAPPENED?

• After a week of seismic activity

rattled the uninhabited area 200

miles (320 kilometers) east of the

capital of Reykjavik with thou-

sands of earthquakes, Iceland's

Bardarbunga volcano began

erupting Saturday (Aug. 23rd) under

the country's largest glacier.

Page 12: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT HAPPENED?

• An Iceland volcanologist said it

was not clear when, or if, the

eruption would melt through the

ice — which is between 100 and

400 meters (330 feet and 1,300 feet)

thick — and send steam and ash

into the air.

Page 13: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN?

• She said it could take up to a

day for the ice to melt — or the

eruption might remain

contained beneath Europe's

largest glacier.

Page 14: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

OFFICIALS TAKE ACTION

• On Saturday, Icelandic authorities

declared a no-fly zone of 100 nautical

miles by 140 nautical miles around the

eruption, but did not shut down flights

in the rest of the country's airspace.

Page 15: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

Officials Remembered the

Eruption of the

Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in

Southern Iceland

MARCH 20, 2010

Page 16: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

The 2010 eruption of Iceland's

Eyjafjallajokul volcano

produced an ash cloud that

caused a week of international

aviation chaos, with more than

100,000 flights cancelled.

Page 17: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN JAPAN

Saturday, September 27, 2014

Page 18: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE

ERUPTS AFTER 35 YEARS

OF DORMANCY

ONTAKE, ONE OF 100 ACTIVE

VOLCANOES IN JAPAN, ERUPTED A

LITTLE BEFORE NOON ON

SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

Page 19: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY,

SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

Page 20: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY,

SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

Page 21: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE: SATURDAY,

SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

Page 22: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

PHYSICAL IMPACTS

• With a sound likened to thunder,

the 10,065 foot (3,067 m) high

volcano spewed large white

plumes of gas and ash high into

the atmosphere and blanketed the

top and surrounding area with

volcanic debris and ash reaching

thicknesses of 50 cm or more.

Page 23: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE COVERED WITH ASH

Page 24: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE COVERED WITH ASH

Page 25: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LOCAL IMPACTS

The mountain is a popular climbing

destination, and an estimated 303 people

were initially trapped on the slopes.

At least 36 were killed; most made their

way down by Saturday night, but the

injured, unable to descend the 10,062-

foot mountain on their own, stayed in

mountain lodges.

Page 26: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

HIKERS RETURNING: SATURDAY,

SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

Page 27: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

HIKERS RETURNING: SATURDAY,

SEPTEMBER 27, 2014

Page 28: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

INJURED HIKERS HAD TO TAKE

REFUGE IN ASH-COVERED LODGES

Page 29: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

SATURDAY: INITIAL S AND R WITH

HELOCOPTERS

Page 30: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

THE REST OF THE STORY

• On Sunday, a large plume of ash

continued to rise from the ash-covered

summit of Mount Ontake.

• A convoy of red fire trucks, sirens

blaring, rescue workers on foot, and

helicopters headed into the restricted

zone around the mountain for search

and rescue operations.

Page 31: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

SUNDAY: BEGINNING OF S AND R

OPRATIONS

Page 32: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MOUNT ONTAKE: SUNDAY,

SEPTEMBER 28, 2014

Page 33: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

SUNDAY: S AND R WORKERS

GOING THE WRONG WAY

Page 34: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

Sunday: Rescue workers

had to suspend S and R

operations due to toxic

gases and volcano-induced

seismic activity

Page 35: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MONDAY: RESCUE WORKERS ABLE

TO REACH ASH-COVERED TOP

Page 36: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

MONDAY: RESCUE WORKERS ABLE

TO REACH ASH-COVERED TOP

Page 37: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

A HORRIFIC SCENE

• Rescue crews found harrowing

situations near the mountaintop;

the typical scenes were of victims

buried in ash with their arms and

legs emerging from gray volcanic

dust, or of bodies pressed between

rocks where they were trying to

find shelter.

Page 38: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

Tuesday: SAR operations

were suspended as Mount

Ontake continued shaking

violently and coughing out

toxic steam.

Page 39: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

DEATH TOLL REACHED 36

AT LEAST 69 INJURED

Page 40: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LAVA FLOW—A SILENT

VOLCANIC HAZARD IN HAWAII

Thursday, October 30, 2014

Monday, November 10, 2014

Page 41: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LAVA FLOW MOVING AT 5 M PER

HOUR TOWARDS PAHOA

Page 42: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT HAPPENED?

• The lava from Kilauea, a non-

explosive volcano, that has been

erupting for years, emerged from a

vent in June.

• Traveling slowly, it entered Pahoa

on Oct. 26, when it crossed a

country road at the edge of town.

Page 43: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LAVA FLOW FROM KILAUEA CONTINUES

ITS ADVANCE TOWARD PAHOA

Page 44: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

PAHOA HAWAII

• A contingent of National Guard

troops was dispatched to Pahoa on

Thursday, October 30, to provide

security to the Big Island

community that was being

threatened by the slow-moving

river of molten lava creeping

slowly towards the town's center.

Page 45: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT HAPPENED?

• The leading edge of the molten rock

stalled at the edge of town on Oct. 30,

but lava began to break away at several

other upslope spots..

• Between October 30 and November 10,

the flow smothered part of a cemetery,

and burned down a garden shed, tires,

some metal materials, and vegetation.

Page 46: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

Monday, November 10, 2014

Page 47: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LAVA FLOW ARRIVES AND SETS FIRE

TO FIRST HOUSE

Page 48: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT HAPPENED?

• The 200 degree molten rock set fire to

the first house in Pahoa around midday

on Monday, November 10th .

• The house was allowed to burn as

firefighters took actions to prevent its

spread to other houses.

• The home's occupants had already left

the residence.

Page 49: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT IS NEXT?

• Officials were working on safe

evacuation routes and plans.

• Many residents had evacuated.

• Having put their belongings in

storage, others were prepared to leave

for a friend’s house, or elsewhere, if

necessary when the lava got closer.

Page 50: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

THE REASONS FOR A

DISASTER TO OCCUR. . .

• The community is UN-

PREPARED for what will likely

happen, not to mention the

low-probability of occurrence—

high-probability-of-adverse-

consequences event.

Page 51: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community has NO DISASTER

PLANNING SCENARIO or

WARNING SYSTEM in place as a

strategic framework for early threat

identification and coordinated

local, national, regional, and

international countermeasures.

Page 52: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community LACKS THE

CAPACITY TO RESPOND in a

timely and effective manner to

the full spectrum of expected

and unexpected emergency

situations.

Page 53: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

THE REASONS ARE . . .

• The community is INEFFICIENT

during recovery and

reconstruction because it HAS

NOT LEARNED from either the

current experience or the

cumulative prior experiences.

Page 54: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LEARNING FROM GLOBAL

VOLCANIC-- ERUPTION

DISASTER LABORATORIES

Page 55: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

WHAT MAKES THESE 11

VOLCANOES DANGEROUS

• Eyjafjallajökull

and Katla

(ICELAND)

• Chaiten

• Krakatau

• Merapi

• Vesuvius

• Pinatubo

• Mount Rainier

• Nevada del Ruiz

• Popocatepl

• Nyirangongo

(CONGO)

Page 56: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

ELEVEN OF THE WORLD’S

NOST DANGEROUS

VOLCANOES

THE NEXT ERUPTION OF THESE 11

ACTIVE VOLCANOES IS LIKELY TO BE

DEVASTATING LOCALLY, REGIONALLY,

AND GLOBALLY

Page 57: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

LOCATED NEAR CITIES AND

INTERNATIONAL AIRLINE ROUTES

An eruption of any one of these

eleven volcanoes is certain to be

devastating to people, their

property, their health, the

economy, and, sometimes, the

regional air space.

Page 58: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

COMMUNITYDATA BASES

AND INFORMATION

HAZARDS:GROUND SHAKING

GROUND FAILURE

SURFACE FAULTING

TECTONIC DEFORMATION

TSUNAMI RUN UP

AFTERSHOCKS

•HAZARD MAPS

•INVENTORY

•VULNERABILITY

•LOCATION

RISK ASSESSMENT

RISK

ACCEPTABLE RISK

UNACCEPTABLE RISK

VOLCANO DISASTER

RESILIENCE

•PREPAREDNESS

•PROTECTION

•EMERGENCY RESPONSE

•RECOVERY and

RECONSTRUCTION

POLICY OPTIONS

Page 59: Part 2.  Notable Disasters of 2014:  Volcanic Eruptions

THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE ERUPTIVE HISTORY OF

YOUR REGION’S VOLCANOES,

2) BE PREPARED

3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM

4) EVACUATE

5) LEARN FROM THE

EXPERIENCE AND START OVER