PARASITIC PLANTS ON

MEDICINAL PLANTS: STUDY IN

PURWODADI BOTANIC GARDEN

Solikin

Purwodadi Botanic Garden-Indonesian Institute of Sciences

Jl.Raya Surabaya Malang km 65 Purwodadi Pasuruan East Java

Email; solikin@lipi.go.id; lipisolikin@gmail.com

The parasitic plants account for about 1% of flowering plants, with more than 3,000 species distributed in 16 families (Kuijt, 1969). Backer and Van den Brink (1965) reported that in Java there were 8 families including the family Loranthaceae(37 species). The family Loranthaceae and Viscaceae have the most species in the world each were 546 and 900 species (Nickrent and Musselman, 2010) that distribute widely throughout Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia (except Tasmania), ranging from boreal climates to temperate, tropical, and arid zones, and absent only from extremely dry or cold regions (Barlow, 1983; Kuijt,1969; Raven & Axelrod, 1974; Watson,2001).

The presence of the parasites inhibit plant growth and cause brooming, dieback , yield

and quality also increase operation and protection costs for planning, harvesting, regeneration, and fuel management. Death of distal branches caused by the parasites can reach 30% of the 253 branch

Parasitic plants on different plant species are disease curing specificity, for example, mistletoe

grown on Guava, Kolanuts and Citrus are specific for curing diseases like cancer, hypertension, nervousness and insomnia, while those grown on cocoa is best used for curing diabetes( Ekhaise et al., 2010)

Chemicals content in the parasitic plants were alcaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols,

alcaloid and steroids (Daniel et. al., 2012) The research aimed to invent and to determine composition and dominance of the

parasitic plants on the medicinal plants in Purwodadi Botanic Garden

Research was conducted in Purwodadi Botanic Garden in April- June 2013 by cruising and

vegetation analysis methods

The potential of the medicinal plant species refers to : Burkill (1966), Heyne (1987), PT Eisei

(1995); de Padua, Bunyapraphatsara and Lemmens (1999); van Valkenburrg and

Bunyapraphatsara (2002); Lemmens and Bunyapraphatsara (2003). Identification of the

parasites using the Uji and Samiran (2005). To determine the level of dominance of the

parasites be calculated Relative Density(RD), Relative Frequency (RF) and Importance Value

Index (IVI) with a modified formula (Gopal and Bhardwaj, 1979; Krebs, 1994; Indriyanto,

2006):

RD = total a species specimen number x100%

total specimen number of all species

RF = frequency of a species x 100%

total frequency of all species

Frequency Frequency of host plant = specimens number of the host plant species

total specimens number of the host plants

Frequency of parasitic plant = parasitic species found on the host -i

total number of host specimens

Frequency of branch = branches number to -i found parasite

total number of branches found parasite

Importance Value Index (IVI) = RD + RF

No Species RD RF IVI 2005 2006 2013

1

Macrosolen tetragonus

(Blume)Miq. 9,412 2,565 11,98 + + +

2

Dendrophthoe pentandra

(L.)Miq. 61,76 16,83 78,59 + + +

3

Scurrula atropurpurea

(Blume)Dans. 6,471 1,763 8,234 + + +

4 Viscum articulatum Burm.f. 18,24 4,969 23,2 + + +

5 Viscum ovalifolium Wall ex DC. 4,118 1,122 5,24 + + +

The composition of the parasites and found in Purwodadi Botanic Garden

Notes : - = not found; + = found

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Dendrophthoe pentandra (L.) Miq

Macrosolen tetragonus (Blume)Miq

Scurrula atropurpurea (Bl.) Dans

Viscum ovalifolium DC

Viscum articulatum Burm. f.

No. Species Local name Family RD RF IVI (%)

1 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. maja legi Rutaceae 0,545 0,758 1,303

2 Albizia chinensis (Osb.)Merr. sengon Mimosaceae 10,627 7,576 18,202

3 Albizia lebbekoides (DC)Bth. sengon tekik Mimosaceae 0,545 0,758 1,303

4 Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.)Lesch. Ipoh, upas Moraceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

5 Antidesma montanum Blume Wunen,wuni Euphorbiaceae 0,817 1,515 2,333

6 Averrhoa carambola L. blimbing Averrhoaceae 0,545 0,758 1,303

7 Barringtonia asiatica (L) Kurz. keben Lecytidaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

8 Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masters karmuna Boraginaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

9 Casssia fistula L. trengguli Caesalpiniaceae 25,341 15,152 40,492

10 Ceiba pentandra (L.)Gaertn. randu Malvaceae 4,905 8,333 13,238

11 Citrus hystrix DC. jeruk purut Rutaceae 0,817 1,515 2,333

12 Croton triglium L. cerakem Euphorbiaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

13 Diospyros blancoi A. DC. bisbul Ebenaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

14 Diospyros malabarica(Desr.)Kostel. kreco Ebenaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

15 Eugenia uniflora L. dewadaru Myrtaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

16 Excoecaria cochinchinensis Lour. Sambang darah Euphorbiaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

17 Feronella lucida (Scheff.)Swingle kawisto krikil Rutaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

18 Ficus callosa Willd. ilat-ilat Moraceae 0,545 0,758 1,303

19 Ficus racemosa L. elo Moraceae 1,907 1,515 3,423

20 Ficus religiosa Linn. kayu bodi Moraceae 9,264 3,788 13,052

46 species and 36 genera of the medicinal plants as the hosts the parasitic

plants

21 Ficus rumphii Blume bandira Moraceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

22 Ficus variegata Bl. gondang Moraceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

23

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz. Var. pyriformis

Boerl. mundu

Clusiaceae 1,090 0,758 1,847

24 Glycosmis trifoliata (Bl.) Sprengel merapi Rutaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

25 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.)Corr. - Rutaceae 3,270 3,030 6,300

26 Lagerstroemia loudoni T&B. bungur Lytheraceae 1,090 1,515 2,605

27 Lansium domesticum Corr. langsep. duku Meliaceae 1,090 2,273 3,363

28 Legerstromia indica L bungur Lytheraceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

29 Limonia acidissima L. kawista batu Rutaceae 1,362 0,758 2,120

30 Mangifera indica L. mangga, pelem,poo, Anacardiaceae 3,815 7,576 11,390

31 Mangifera longipes Griff. - Anacardiaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

32 Morinda citrifolia L. kudu, mengkudu Rubiaceae 1,090 0,758 1,847

33 Morus alba L. besaran Moraceae 1,635 0,758 2,392

34 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. kemuning Rutaceae 0,817 2,273 3,090

35 Osmanthus fragrans Lour. ui hoa Oleaceae 1,362 0,758 2,120

36 Parkia timoriana (DC.)Merr. kedawung Mimosaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

37 Persea americana Mill. alpokat Lauraceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

38 Pithecelobium dulce (Roxb.)Bth. asam keranji Mimosaceae 10,627 15,909 26,536

39 Sandoricum koetjape(Burm.f.)Merr. kecapi Meliaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

40 Scolopia spinosa (Roxb.) Warb.

kemanden, rukem

karang Flacourtiaceae 2,180 0,758 2,937

41

Stelecocrpus burahol (Blume) Hook.f. &

Thomson kepel

Annonaceae 1,635 2,273 3,908

42 Streblus asper Lour. serut Moraceae 2,180 0,758 2,937

43 Syzigium cumini (L.)Skeels. juwet, jamblang Myrtaceae 0,817 0,758 1,575

44 Syzygium samarangense (Bl.) Merr.&Perry klampok, jambu air Myrtaceae 0,272 0,758 1,030

45 Tectona grandis L. f jati Verbenaceae 1,090 1,515 2,605

46 Terminalia catappa L. ketepeng Combretaceae 0,817 1,515 2,333

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The medicinal plants in Purwodadi Botanic

Garden becoming new host for the parasitic plants

as many as 23 species. They have not been found or

reported previous researchers such as Morinda

citrifolia, Excoecaria cochinchinensis, Citrus hytrix,

Terminalia macrocarpa and several plant species .

Cassia fistula was used against wide range of ailments. It has been reported to posses various activities such as anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifeed

ant and larvicidal, antifertility antifungal, antiinflammatory and antioxidant,antileishmaniatic, anti

microbial, antiparasitic, antipyretic, antitumor, antitussive, clastogenic effect,CNS a, hepatoprotective hypocholesterolemic and hypogly

caemic, hypolipidemic, larvicidal and ovicidal, laxative, leukotriene inhibition, sedative effect and anti-anxity effect, and wound healing (Thirumal et. al., 2012)

Cassia fistula

Parametre

Branches

I II III 1V V VI VII

RD 2,43 10,03 23,4043 30,395 21,28 7,903 4,559

RV 3,09 11,856 26,2887 28,866 17,53 8,247 4,124

IVI 5,52 21,886 49,6929 59,261 38,8 16,15 8,683

Table 4.The distribution of the parasites on the branches of

the medicinal plants

The presence of the parasitic plants can cause drying and

death of distal branches of Cassia fistula with frequency

until 75,27 %.

In Purwodadi Botanic garden was found 5 species and 4 genera of the parasitic plants namely Dendrophthoe pentandra (L) Miq., Scurulla atropurpurea (Bl) Dans., Viscum articulatum Burm. f., Viscum ovalifolium DC. and Macrosolen tetragonus (Bl) Miq. which grow as parasite on 46 species and 36 genera of the medicinal plants. The dominant host plant and the parasitic plant each were Cassia fistula and Dendropthoe pentandra with IVI respectively 40,40% and 78,59%. The occurance of the parasitic plants can cause drying and death of distal branchs of Cassia fistula with relavely frequency until 75,27 %.