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Parasitic gastroenteritis

Prepared by-Dr. Babul R PaulM-5736

Introduction Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) is a disease complex associated with different species of parasite either singly or in combination. Nematode: Round wormCestode : Tape wormTrematode: FlukeProtozoa

PGE is of considerable economic importance in grazing livestock.

Etiology Trichostrongylus spp.Ostertgia spp.Cooperia sppNematodirus spp

Oesophagostomum spp.Ascaris spp.Haemoncus spp.Bunostomum spp.Monezia spp.Strongylus spp.

Scour wormsTrichostrongylus axei - abomasum of sheep, goat,cattle and stomach of pig, horse and donkey.Ostertagia - abomasum of sheep, goat,cattle Cooperia small intestine of ruminantsNematodirus - small intestine of sheep, goat,cattle and deer.

Hypobiosis It is an adaptation phenomenon, which happen during the period of adverse pasture conditions.The parasite pause their development and resume when environment become comfortable.

Outbreak of diseaseType I disease: when daily intake of infective larvae has increased to a sufficient level to overwhelm the developed immunity.

Type II disease: When previously hypobiotic larvae resume their development and cause disease outbreak.

Gastrointestinal disturbances diarrhoeaAcute casesSudden death, such animal neither emaciated nor anaemicLeg weakness unable to stand

Chronic casesvariable in appetite, emaciation, rough and dry hair coatalternatively constipation and diarrhoeanature of faeces- dark diarrhoea Black scour worms

Clinical signs:

Morocco lather.Ostertagiosis

Oesophagostomosis All farm animal except horse can harbor nematodes of genus oesophagostomum, causing a condition known as nodule worm disease or pimply gut.The important species are:

Sheep & GoatO.columbianum, O. venulosum, CattleO. radiatum, O. asperumpigO. dentatum, O.quadrispinulatum

Clinical finding: Sheep:Sever persistent diarrheaStiffness of gaitElevation of tail Calves:AnorexiaDiarrheaEmaciationAnemia

Necropsy findingMild catarrhal enteritisLarvae detected in scrapping of intestinal mucosaNodule present

Haemonchosis Synonym : Stomach worm , Barbers pole worm

Haemonchos contortus sheep & goatH.placei cattle

Blood sucking nematode -Vigorous blood sucking by parasite0.05 ml blood / worm

Clinical finding Acute :Sudden death without any premonitory signSever Anemia

Chronic: lethargy, muscular weakness,Pallor of the conjunctivaeAnasarca, particularly under the lower jaw and along the ventral abdomen

Self cure phenomenonIs an immunological phenomenonin haemonchosis inendemic areas in which as a result of this phenomenon adult worms are expelled out.

This phenomenon is induced by newly entering infective larvae (L3) insensitised sheep which have several previous exposure to this parasite.

It doesn't occur in sheep which carry an initial infection (first exposure).

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Ascarid infections Species Animal affected Ascaris suumPigParascaris equorum Horse Toxocara vitularumBuffalo

Life cycle of Toxocara vitularum

Clinical signPig:Signs of pneumonia- cough - retarded growth

Adult worm- heavy infection - diarrhoea - reduced weight gain

Breakdown of immunity in hog cholera vaccination with live virus are often attributed to this cause

Concurrent infection:A. suumwith Salmonellosis

Buffalo calves:Diarrhoea - steatorrhoea Mud coloured evil smelling faecesColic - signs resembling intestinal obstructionCalf hood mortality

Clinical sign

Bunostomosis Synonym : Hook worm of Ruminants

Bunostomum trignocephalum sheep & goatB.phlebotomum cattle

After skin penetration blood circulation heart lungs small intestine.Anemia , edema and ascites frequently observed.

Transmission:Skin penetrationOral route

Pathogenesis: Hookworms are active blood suckerThere is loss of whole bloodCauses sever anemia.hypoproteinemic edema Penetration of skin by larvae may causes sign of irritation and lead to the introduction of pathogenic bacteria

Monezia spp (double pored ruminant tapeworm)M.benedeni: cattleM. expansa : sheepHighly pathogenic in young animals causes malnutrition leading to reduced wool and meat production.The monieziosis predisposes the lambs to bacterial infection likeEnterotoxaemiacaused byClostridium Perfrigens- type D.

Strongylosis in horseAlso known as Redworm infestationCommonly found in large intestine of horse

Strongylus vulgarisS.edentatus

Pathogenesis and clinical signLarvae of S. vulgaris are the most pathogenic , causing arteritis, thrombosis, and thickening of wall of the cranial mesenteric artery.Emboli may break away and lodge in smaller blood vessels, leading to partial or complete ischemia in part of small intestine .Thus producing colic.Fever InappetencePoor weight gain

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Treatment1. Specific treatment:Albendazole @ 7.5 mg/kg bwFenbendazole @ 5mg/kg bwLevamisole @ 7.5 mg/kg bwIvermectin @ 0.2 mg/kg s/c inj.Morantel citrate - 10 mg / kgPiperazine - 250 mg / kgPraziquantel : 3.75 mg/ kg

single dose normally to be repeated after 21 days deworming at 3 months interval in endemic areas.

Treatment 2. Supportive treatment:Hematinic mixtures supplementationIron injection / liver extractMineral mixture -supplementation Protein rich diet

Control Hygiene and sanitationRegular fecal examination for ovaRegular dewormingAvoiding grazing in pastures contaminated with the feces of infected animalsRotational grazingBurning of pasture