parasites in marine fish

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    Literature Review

    According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United

    Nations (1997) in Tidwell and Allans report aout !cological and !cono"ic #"pacts

    and $ontriutions of Fish Far"ing and $apture Fisheries (%&&1)' fishes pla an

    i"portant role as food source for hu"ans As food source' consu"ing fishes has its

    health enefits as well Fishes contains low fat and high protein and also has

    o"ega*+ fatt acids that are great for our diet and are good for the rain and heart

    as well #n addition' fishes ha,e these two -inds of o"ega*+ fatt acids which are

    eneficial to a persons heart and rain na"el. !/A or eicosapentaenoic acid and

    0A or docosahe2aenoic acid These fatt acids aid in reducing the ris- of ha,ing

    cardiac related illnesses through lowering lood pressure #t also aids in health

    rain function and infant de,elop"ent of ,ision and ner,es during pregnanc #t also

    decreases the ris- of depression' A00' Alzhei"ers disease' de"entia' and

    diaetes

    Fishes can e otained ,ia capturing or fish cultures $apturing is done

    fishing i""ediatel in the sea while fish culture or a3uaculture is done the opposite

    around 4pecific fishes are grown in either "an*"ade ponds or pens #n the

    /hilippines' there were popular trends in raising fishes na"el fish pens' cage

    culture and rice far"ing Fish pens and cage culture are al"ost si"ilar howe,er5

    fish pens are i""o,ale co"pared to the cages in cage culture (6utt and

    $a"pell' 197) Further"ore' fish pens are wa "ore e2pensi,e than fish cages

    8astl' in the rice far"ing' it has the idea of growing rice and at the sa"e ti"e raising

    fishes on its irrigation water (ap' 1999)

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    8i-e an other organis"s' fishes are also prone to parasite infestation

    /arasite infection could har" the organis"s eha,ior oth directl and indirectl

    0irect "echanis"s of eha,ioral "anipulation are those in which the parasites

    the"sel,es' or their ioche"ical secretions' act directl on the hosts sste" of

    eha,ioral control 4o"e of these parasites are zoonotic tpe which "eans these

    parasites could inflict har" to hu"an eings li-e for e2a"ple the ne"atode genus of

    Anisakis, specificall Anisakis simplex or herring wor" which causes anisa-iasis

    (Nawa' %&&:) Anisa-is could e found in sto"achs of its definiti,e host which are

    "a""als #ts life ccle egins with the eggs are produced the fe"ale ne"atode

    pass in the feces and e"ronate in the ocean waters Then the lar,ae would hatch

    fro" the eggs and would enter s"all "arine "icro*in,erterates and then would

    de,elop into third*stage lar,ae ;hen the crustacean is eaten a fish or s3uid

    paratenic host' the lar,ae are released and pass through the gastrointestinal tract'

    then would enter in the "esenteries' ,iscera or "uscle #f the infected fish or s3uid is

    eaten a "arine "a""al' the lar,ae are released and eco"e estalished in the

    sto"ach ;hen hu"ans eat the paratenic hosts (the infected fish)' the lar,ae "a

    enter the tissue of the gastrointestinal tract and cause disease anisa-asis (Ada"s et

    al' 1997)

    #n a stud of

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    weight and length are strongl correlated (/earson>s correlation &%5 p ? &&&1)

    Further"ore' their ris- factor "ulti,ariate analsis showed that the ris- of infection

    increases 1@ ti"es for e,er additional c" in the length of the sardines #n the

    /hilippines' there is also a stud conducted uiazon et al (%&1+) where the

    identified the anasa-id ne"atode in the ne"atodes final host' 6ogiid whale (0warf

    4per" ;hale' Kogia sima) that stranded off the southern part (0a,ao Bulf) of the

    /hilippine archipelago /ri"ar identification was carried out oser,ing its

    "orphological characteristics with the help of light and scanning electron

    "icroscop Then the identification to species le,el was carried out "olecularl using

    /$C*CF8/ and se3uencing of the #T4 (#T41D:s rCNAD#T4%) and "t0NA co2%

    regions Then it was re,ealed that there was a presence of two Anisa-is species (A.

    brevisculata and A. typica) nd two un-nown Anisa-is species that are geneticall

    close' at "t0NA co2% region' to A paggiae and A ziphidaru" Apparantl' these

    species of Anisa-is are not fa"ous for inflicting anisa-is infection in hu"ans

    There is also a stud aout sur,e of anisa-ids in co""ercial teleosts fro"

    the western

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    for anisa-id parasitization 8astl' there is no correlation was oser,ed etween

    anisa-id pre,alence and geographical sector

    Another zoonotic ne"atode is Capillaria sp One of the har"ful one is the

    Capillaria philippinesis in which this ne"atode li,es in hu"ans s"all intestine and

    causes a se,ere enteropath and at ti"es death in hu"ans and causes capillarisis

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    !ysterothylacium aduncum, Anisakis pegre""ii, #rachurus mediterraneus and

    Ascarophissp The identification of the said parasite was ased on the descriptions

    on the wor-s of a"aguti (19@+a' 19@+)' Bol,an (19@9)' or-e and

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    %&1:) A"ong all the species of $iphyllobotrium, $. latum and$. dendriticum eing

    the "ost pre,alent (Ada"s et al' 1997)

    #n the /hilippines' there was also another stud conducted in Jisaas

    /etersen et al (199+) aout "arine fish parasites The collected E fishes

    elonging to +& species These fishes were ought either fro" local "ar-ets or

    directl fro" fisher"en on the islands of $eu'

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    zoonoses' especiall anisa-iasis (Nawa %&&:) Further"ore' in the sa"e article' it

    was stated that it was not onl applicale in Kapan ut also in other Asian countr

    that has so"ehow si"ilar preparation "ethod #n the /hilippines' Filipinos eat raw

    fish as well and the dish is called kinila&. #n which raw fish is eing "arinated with

    ,inegar (tuba) together with so"e spices and coconut "il- for so"e

    There are also fish parasites that are not zoonotic tpes #n an article

    To"=L 4cholz (1999)' he listed four different fish parasites present in far"ed fishes

    First was protozoan These organis"s are unicellular and eu-arotic and di,ide

    ase2uall ,ia inar fission (aron et al' 199@) 4o"e of the e2a"ples were

    'chthyophthirius multi"iliis that is prett co""on in tropical' sutropical and

    te"perate zones that causes #chthophthiriasis or Mwhite spot disease of fresh water

    fishes This parasite would in,ade the fishs gills' ees' uccal epitheliu" and the

    tongue which will result to deficienc of os"otic alance Another e2a"ple is

    Amphi(oic amoebae that cause a"oeic gill disease (AB0) in sal"onid culture

    The infection starts with necrosis of epithelial cells followed suse3uent

    hpertroph and hperplasia of cells in contact with a"oeae and fusion of

    secondar la"ellae lastl is through des3ua"ation of the epitheliu"' local

    disturances of lood circulation and progressi,e changes represented

    infla""ation Then it would result in decrease or loss of gill respirator surface area

    Ne2t is Myxo(oa which is a co"ination of two Bree- words "2o which "eans

    sli"e and zoa which "eans ani"al thus' Myxo(oa "eans sli"e ani"als and are

    co""on intracellular parasites in fishes

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    of the genus Kudoaor )nicapsula seriolaethat cause "oli3uefaction (M"il-flesh)

    in "arine teleosts' or Ceratomyxa shasta which is a dangerous pathogen pro,o-ing

    se,ere prole"s in cultured and wild populations of sal"onids off the western coast

    of North A"erica The third one are the hel"inthes which include the ne"atodes

    (roundwor"s)' cestodes (tapewor"s) and tre"atode (flu-es) and other classes

    elonging to phlu"s /lathel"inthes and Ne"atoda 4o"e of the e2a"ples were

    *othriocephalus acheilognathi, also -nown as Asian tapewor"' +yrodactylus salaris

    which caused eli"ination of se,eral sal"on populations in Norwegian ri,ers'

    Anguillicola crassus which is a dracunculoid ne"atode and could e found

    specificall in eels and was assu"ed to e nati,e in 4outh !ast Asia The last one

    is parasitic crustaceans and holds one e2a"ple' sea lice which are an ectoparasitic

    copepod under in the genera epeophtheirus and Caligus that would parasitize

    cultured fish and "a cause diseases with da"age to the epider"is and in se,ere

    cases death through os"oregulator failure or secondar infection

    #n a stud conducted u' 4ong and ;arren (%&&%)' the e2a"ined se,en

    coastal fishes fro" $hinese and 6orean coastal regions na"el. !exagrammos

    otakii, Agrammas agrammas, Sebastes schlegeli, Kareius bicoloratus,

    !emitripterous villosus and Navadon septentrionalis for the presence of a gill

    ectoparasite species elonging to the phlu" $iliophora which was #richodina

    The oser,ed the presence of the said ciliate in a wet "ount using a dissecting

    "icroscope and saw 11 species of #richodina na"el' #richodina rectispina n. sp.,

    #. "re-uentis, #. ovonucleata, #. rectuncinata, #. hexagrammi, aratrichodina

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    globonuclea, #. jadranica, #. circinantis n. sp., aratrichodina obli-ue, #richodina

    jarmilae and #richodina minima

    #n another stud conducted