Parade of Animals Modified Textbook

This textbook was modified based on the information in the Prentice Hall Science—Parade of Life: Animals textbook. The modified textbook is used with sixth, seventh, and eighth grade students. All of the pictures used in the text were obtained from the internet and cited on the photographs. One chapter was chosen for submission due to the length of the entire textbook. In addition, a few examples of the teacher-made materials used with this textbook are included. The materials include pre-reading, during-reading, post-reading, and vocabulary activities.

Educational Goals and Objectives:

Illinois State Goal 12: Students will understand the fundamental concepts, principles, and interconnections of life science. Objective 12.B.2b: Students will identify physical features of animals that help them live in different environments. Objective 12.A.3b: Students will compare characteristics of organisms produced from a single parent with those of organisms produced by two parents. Objective 12.A.3c: Students will compare and contrast how different forms and structures reflect different functions. Objective 12.B.3b: Students will compare and assess features of organisms for their adaptive, competitive, and survival potential.

This teacher-made text was modified and adapted from Parade of Life: Animals (Prentice Hall Science)

All pictures were obtained from the internet and cited on the pictures appearing in the text.

Chapter 1: Parade of Life Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1-1: The Animal Kingdom 1 1-2: Sponges 4 1-3: Cnidarians 5 1-4: Worms 8 1-5: Mollusks 10 Chapter 2: Arthropods and Echinoderms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2-1: Arthropods - “The Joint-Footed” Animals 15 2-2: Insects - The Most Numerous Arthropods 23 2-3: Echinoderms - “The Spiny-Skinned” Animals 28 Chapter 3: Fish and Amphibians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3-1: What is a Vertebrate? 33 3-2: Fish 35 3-3: Amphibians 41 Chapter 4: Reptiles and Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4-1: Reptiles 49 4-2: Birds 55 Chapter 5: Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5-1: What is a Mammal? 69 5-2: Egg-Laying Mammals 72 5-3: Pouched Mammals 74 5-4: Placental Mammals 77

A sea horse is an unusual animal.

It has a head and a neck like a horse, a

tail like a monkey, and the ability to

change color like a chameleon. It has

eyes that can look in different

directions. Also, it is the male sea

horses that give birth to baby sea

horses. The male sea horse can have

hundreds of babies at one time.

Sea horses are really fish. Sea

horses have gills and fins. In this

chapter, you will learn about sea horses

and other fish, and you will also learn about amphibians.

How are trout, frogs, snakes, turtles, robins, bats, and humans all

similar? All of these animals are vertebrates. A vertebrate is an animal that

has a backbone, or a vertebral column. The vertebral column protects the

spine which runs through the center of the back. The spine connects the

brain to the nerves that carry information throughout the body.

Photo by Jonathan Bird

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The vertebral column is part of the vertebrate’s inner skeleton. The

inner skeleton gives support and helps give shape to the vertebrate’s body.

The vertebrate’s inner skeleton grows as the animal grows.

All vertebrates have a nerve cord and a notochord. Fish and amphibians

have a throat with gills. The nerve cord is an empty tube near the animal’s

back. The notochord is a long, flexible support tube that runs through the

animal’s body. The notochord is the vertebral column. The gills of a fish and

an amphibian are in the throat. Water flows over the gills and lets oxygen go

into the blood and carbon dioxide go out into the water. Water animals, like

fish, use gills to breathe.

There are eight groups of vertebrates. Six groups are cold blooded and

two groups are warm blooded. Cold blooded animals, like fish, amphibians, and

reptiles, do not make heat inside their bodies. They need their environment

to get the heat they need. Their body temperatures change with the

environment temperatures. Warm blooded animals, like birds and mammals,

keep their body temperatures the same.

www.dkonline.co.uk Photo by Tom Davis

Picture 3-1 Vertebrates are animals that have a vertebral column. Examples of vertebrates include the frog and the bat. What other vertebrates can you think of?

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The first fish lived in the Earth’s

ocean 540 million years ago. These fish

looked very weird. They didn’t have jaws

and their bodies were covered with bony

plates, not scales. However, these fish

have the same characteristics as the fish

today.

www.terratropica.de

Member.nifty.ne.jp Picture 3-2 The iguana (left) is a cold-blooded animal. Its body temperature changes with the environment. The polar bears (right) are warm-blooded animals. What does it mean to be warm-blooded?

3-1 Section Review Questions

1. What are the characteristics of vertebrates? 2. What is a cold blooded animal? 3. What is a warm blooded animal? 4. What are gills? 5. Are you warm blooded or cold blooded?

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Fish are vertebrates that live in water. They have scales, fins, and gills.

However, not all fish have all of these characteristics. For example, a sea

horse does not have scales. Most fish have fins, but the fins look different

and have different jobs for each kind of fish. Some fish use their fins to

keep from tipping upside-down. Other fish use their fins to steer and to

stop. As the tail fins move side-to-side, the fish moves through the water.

One characteristic that all fish share is gills. All fish have gills.

Fish eat almost everything. Some fish eat small algae and some eat

worms. Other fish eat dead fish. The parrotfish eats coral. Fish have

different ways of catching and eating their food.

Fish that are active during the day can see color. Fish that are active

during the night have large eyes, just like other nocturnal animals.

Many fish have a very good ability to smell and taste. Sharks can smell a

drop of blood from far away. Fish cannot hear sounds well, but they can feel

vibrations. There are three main groups of fish: jawless fish, cartilaginous

fish, and bony fish.

coexploration .org

www.chesapeakebay.net

Photo by Keoki & Yuko Stender

www.aims.gov.au

Parrotfish Oyster toadfish Yellow tang Shark

Photos by Keoki & Yuko Stender

Picture 3-3 Fish are all shapes and sizes. They eat many different things. www.marine-

corrosion.com Photo by Keoki & Yuko

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Jawless fish do not have jaws or scales. Their skeleton is made of

cartilage. Cartilage is the flexible material that your nose is made of.

Jawless fish are vertebrates that have no bones. Jawless fish are really

flexible.

There are only two species of jawless fish that are still alive. They are

lampreys and hagfish. A lamprey looks like an eel with a suction-cup mouth. A

lamprey sticks itself to a fish like a trout, a whale, or a dolphin. It scrapes

the fish’s skin with its teeth and tongue. Then it sucks liquids out of its prey.

A hagfish has a body like a worm. The hagfish eats dead and dying fish.

It tears out pieces of the fish with its tongue.

Picture 3-4 The lamprey on the left is a jawless fish. It attaches itself to other fish, then sucks the liquid out of them.

Picture by John H. Youson soma.npa.uiuc.edu

Picture 3-5 The hagfish on the right is also a jawless fish. It eats dead and dying fish.

corbis.com

oceanlink.island.net

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Sharks, rays, and sawfish are cartilaginous fish. Like jawless fish,

cartilaginous fish have skeletons made of cartilage. The difference between

cartilaginous fish and jawless fish is that cartilaginous fish have jaws.

A shark has skin that feels like sandpaper. There are more than 2,000

kinds of sharks. They have long, thin bodies, curved tails, and round noses

with a mouth underneath.

A shark that eats fish has 3,000 very long teeth that are in six to

twenty rows in its mouth. The sharks use the first one or two rows of teeth

to eat. The rest of the rows are new teeth. The newest teeth are in the last

row. If a tooth in the front breaks or falls out, a new tooth moves forward.

During its life, a shark may use 20,000 teeth.

Some sharks do not eat fish. The sharks that eat mollusks and

crustaceans have flat teeth that help them crush the shells of their prey.

www.aims.gov.au

www.billybear4kids.com

www.cbu.edu

Picture 3-6 There are 2,000 different kinds of sharks. Some sharks have sharp teeth that help them eat other fish. These sharks may have several rows of teeth like the picture on the right. Other sharks have flat teeth to eat crustaceans.

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Rays are different than sharks. A ray’s body is flat like a pancake. Rays

are sometimes called pancake sharks. These cartilaginous fish have two

large, wide fins that stick out from their sides. They use these fins, like

birds use wings, to swim through the water. Rays usually lie on the ocean

floor and use their fins to cover themselves with sand. When a fish comes

near, the ray hides from the fish until it is ready to catch it. Some rays have

a poisonous tail that they use to protect themselves. Other rays, like electric

rays, can electrocute their prey.

Bony fish have a hard skeleton made of hard bones. Tuna is a bony fish.

Tuna travel together in groups. A group of fish is called a school. When fish

travel in a school, fisherman can catch many fish in a net.

Picture 3-6 Rays are cartilaginous fish that are shaped like pancakes. Rays eat other fish. Some have poisonous tails.

www.chimere.org www.metridium.com

www.hogllc.com

Picture 3-7 Some fish swim together in a group called a school. The picture on the right shows a school of tuna.

Picture by NOAA

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Bony fish have swim bladders. A swim

bladder is a sac that is filled with air. The swim

bladder helps the fish float in water. By making

the swim bladder different sizes, the fish can

swim at different levels in the water.

There are many kinds of bony fish. Some examples of bony fish are the

electric eel, remora, flounder, lantern fish, mudskippers, African lungfish,

perch, and sea horses.

An electric eel uses electricity to shock its prey and to protect itself.

A remora uses its sucker to attach itself to sharks and eat little pieces of

food they leave behind. Can you see why a remora is called a shark sucker?

The flounder lives on the bottom of the ocean. It can change color so it

matches the ocean floor. This protects the fish from predators. Lantern

fish live deep in the ocean. They light up. This light makes prey come toward

it. Mudskippers can come onto land. They use their fins to walk or “skip” on

land during low tide. When it is on land, the mudskipper can breathe air

through its skin. The African lungfish can also live on land for a short time.

projects.edtech www.scubaclicks.com www.offshoreem.ca projects.edtech.sandi.net

Electric eel remora on a shark flounder lantern fish

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Amphibians are cold-blooded vertebrates

that first lived on Earth 360 million years ago.

The word amphibian means double life because

most amphibians do have a double life.

www.aquanet.com www.wildlifewebsite.com Picture by James www.saintpauls.edu

Picture 3-8 Bony fish come in many different sizes and shapes. The angelfish (left two pictures) has a flat colorful body. The moray eel (middle right) has a narrow, snake-like body. The catfish (right) is fat and has whiskers.

3-2 Section Review Questions

1. What are the main characteristics of fish? 2. What are the three groups of fish? 3. What are the two species of a jawless fish? 4. What are three examples of cartilaginous fish? 5. What are four examples of bony fish? 6. What is the job of the swim bladder?

www.minisink.com

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Amphibians are vertebrates that are like fish because they breathe

through gills and live in the water when they are young. When they are

adults, they live on land and breathe through lungs. This is how they have a

double life. They do not have scales or claws.

Most amphibians live in water when they are young, and on land when

they are adults. All amphibians live in wet areas. Why do they have to live in

wet areas? One reason is that their eggs do not have a hard shell. The eggs

have to be put in water. Another reason is that adult amphibians breathe

through lungs and through their skin. To breathe through their skin, the skin

has to stay wet. If the skin becomes dry, the amphibian would not be able to

breathe and it would die.

Amphibians have a heart that gives blood to the lungs or gills and to the

rest of the body. They have two kidneys that take waste materials out of the

blood. These wastes are urine. The urine is taken out of the body by tubes.

Amphibians have large eyes on the sides of the head. These large eyes

give them great vision.

www.fsl.orst.edu

www.eden-project.co.uk

www.accesskansas.org

Picture 3-9 The newt (left), the tree frog (middle), and the salamander (right) are all examples of amphibians. What are the characteristics of amphibians?

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Many amphibians reproduce sexually. A male and a female are needed to

make eggs. For example, frogs put their eggs into water. When in the water,

the eggs stick to plants. In a few weeks, the eggs hatch into tadpoles. A

tadpole has gills to breathe under water. A tadpole eats plants. Soon

metamorphosis starts to occur. Metamorphosis is many changes in

appearance of a body. During metamorphosis, many changes occur to the

tadpole. It loses its tail and develops four legs. The gills disappear and its

lungs finish developing. The tadpole is now an adult and is ready for life.

Not all amphibians lay eggs. Some amphibians have eggs that grow inside

their body. There are three kinds of amphibians: frogs and toads,

salamanders, and newts. Keep reading to find out about each of these groups.

Do you wonder what happens to frogs and toads in the winter when it is

cold? Frogs and toads and all other amphibians cannot move to a warmer

place. They can live in the cold. Frogs bury themselves under the muddy

floor of a lake in the winter. Toads dig through the dry ground under the

frozen ground. Then these amphibians go into a winter sleep called

hibernation. During hibernation, all body activities slow down so the animal

Picture 3-10 The pictures show the life cycle of a frog, from tadpole to adult.

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can live with only the food saved inside the body. When the weather becomes

warmer, the frogs and toads wake up.

Frogs and toads look the same, but their skin is very different. Frogs

have smooth, wet skin. Toads have dry skin that is covered with bumps. Many

toads keep poisonous liquid in the bumps behind their eyes. If another animal

scares it, the toad will spray the poison. The other animal will become sick

and die.

Both frogs and toads can jump very well. Their back legs are longer

than the front. This helps them jump far to escape from predators.

www.ihns.net www.minisink.com www.frogsonice.com

Picture 3-11 The pictures above are examples of one group of amphibians: frogs and toads. Can you tell the difference between frogs and toads? The amphibian in the picture on the left is a horned toad. The horned toad uses camouflage as protection. Can you see why? The picture in the middle is a red-eyed tree frog. This tree frog can jump from tree to tree in the rain forest. The picture on the right is the tomato toad. The tomato toad has poison in the bumps behind his head.

The other group of amphibians is salamanders and newts. Salamanders

and newts are similar to frogs and toads; however, they are also very

different. Like frogs and toads, these animals also have four legs. However,

their back legs are not like the legs of frogs and toads. Salamanders and

newts’ back legs are the same size as their front legs. Because their legs are

all the same size, salamanders and newts can’t jump. Salamanders and newts

also differ from frogs and toads because they keep their tail. Also,

salamanders and newts have to live in wet areas. Salamanders and newts lay

their eggs in water. This is similar to frogs and toads.

One kind of salamander, the mudpuppy, lives in water all of its life. The

mudpuppy has both gills and lungs. You can see a mudpuppy in Picture 3-13.

www.accesskansas.org www.hastingsreserve.net www.fsl.orst.edu www.aquascape.co.uk

Picture 3-12 The pictures above show salamanders and newts. Can you tell the difference between the two different kinds? It is very difficult to distinguish between the two. The picture on the left is a salamander. The two pictures in the middle are newts.

Picture 3-13 The picture above is a mudskipper. A mudskipper has both gills and lungs. Why?

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3-3 Section Review Questions

1. What are amphibians?

2. What are the three kinds of amphibians?

3. How do amphibians have double lives?

4. What are three differences between a tadpole and an adult frog?

Chapter Three Review: True or False • On a piece of paper, write if the sentence is true or false. 1. All vertebrates have an endoskeleton. 2. The lamprey is a jawless fish. 3. Sharks are bony fish. 4. A toad has drier skin than a frog. 5. Adult amphibians breathe through their lungs. 6. Newts and salamanders are fish with tails. 7. A frog most similar to a toad. 8. All amphibians breathe through gills as an adult.

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Chapter Three Review: Multiple Choice * Write each sentence on a piece of paper. Make sure you write in the correct answer. 1. All vertebrates have __________. a. Bony skeletons b. scales c. vertebral columns d. exoskeleton 2. Which is NOT a vertebrate? ________ a. snake b. worm c. shark d. lizard 3. Which group of vertebrates are warm-blooded? _______ a. mammals b. fish c. amphibians d. reptiles 4. Which animal could live in the water best? _______ a. toad b. newt c. fish d. frog 5. Which is a cartilaginous fish? ______ a. Electric eel b. lamprey c. trout d. ray 6. Why can bony fish float at different levels in the water? ______ a. backbones b. Swim bladders c. fins d. gills 7. Amphibians have to lay their eggs ________. a. on land b. in the water c. in nests d. in shells 8. Young frogs called tadpoles breathe through ________. a. gills b. skin c. mouth d. lungs 9. Which is NOT an amphibian? ______ a. frog b. toad c. newt d. lamprey 10. Which kind of amphibian keeps its tail? ______ a. salamander b. frog c. toad d. tadpole

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The following materials are examples of the teacher-made materials that correspond with this modified textbook.

Name Date

What do you know? What do you want to learn?

What did you learn?

Name _________________________________ Date__________________ 1. What is an invertebrate? 2. What is a vertebrate? • Circle the vertebrates. Cross out the invertebrates.

* Make a list of vertebrates. * Make a list of invertebrates. 1. __________________________ 1. _________________________ 2. __________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. __________________________ 3. _________________________ 4. __________________________ 4. _________________________ 5. __________________________ 5. _________________________ 6. __________________________ 6. _________________________

Name Date

What are amphibians? * * * * Why do amphibians need to live in wet areas? *

* What is the job of two organs in an amphibian’s body? * * How do amphibians reproduce? * Describe how a tadpole becomes a frog. What are the three groups of amphibians? * * *

__________________ _______________ _____________________

Label the pictures

Frogs and Toads How do frogs and toads behave when it is cold? *

* What is the difference between frogs and toads? * * How are frogs and toads similar? * Label the pictures

______________________ _____________________ Salamanders and Newts Describe salamanders and newts. * * * * How are salamanders and newts different from frogs and toads? Do any amphibians have both gills and lungs?

Name ___________________________________________________ Date ________________

* Directions: Choose the best definition for each vocabulary word. Write the number of the definition in the box with the correct letter of the matching vocabulary word. If the numbers each row and column add up to 34 ~ you have found the MAGIC NUMBER.

Vocabulary Word Definition

A. Fish 1. A long winter sleep when all body activities slow down

B. Jawless fish 2. A group of fish that do not have jaws or scales

C. Cold-blooded 3. An animal that has a body temperature that changes with the temperature in the environment

D. Amphibian 4. An organ used to breathe in the water

E. Vertebral column 5. Protects the spine

F. Cartilage 6. A large group of fish

G. Warm-blooded 7. A group of fish that has a skeleton made of cartilage

H. Tadpole 8. A baby frog that lives in water and breathes with gills

I. Vertebrate 9. An animal that has a backbone

J. Cartilaginous fish 10. An animal that has a body temperature that stays the same

K. School 11. A flexible material like what your nose is made of

L. Swim bladder 12. An organ that helps a fish float in the water

M. Gills 13. Vertebrates that breathe with gills when they are young, but breathe with lungs as adults.

N. Metamorphosis 14. A huge change in appearance

O. Bony fish 15. A group of fish with a skeleton made of bones

P. Hibernation 16. Vertebrates that live in water and have scales, gills, and fins

A B C D

E F G H

I J K L

M N O P