Pages 39-50, A World History of Architecture,

Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy

Pages 52 – 59Great Architecture of the World

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ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Readings

Temple of Adu Simbel, at Nubia; 1285-1255 BC.

Sebi "Abu Simbel Temple of Ramesses II" Image from "Abu Simbel temples" 2005/30/05http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg (2/4/2010)

Temple of Amen at KarnakTemple of Amen at Luxor

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Temple of Amen at Karnak

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from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Egypt.LuxorTemple.06.jpg, General view of front end, from the corniche Photo taken by Hajor, Dec.2002. Released under cc.by.sa and/or GFDL

Pyramid at Louvre Museum, I.M.Pei,

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Welcome to 1121‐ HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGYClass 4 - Classical Greek Architecture

Crete (Minoan) and mainland Peloponnese (Mycenae)

Crete: Island in southern Greece. Architecture references from Egypt. Little imagination, but loved color

Minoan Civilization 3000-1500 BCE:

Lived on the Island of CreteRapid growth in population and the development of tradeUsed bronze for tools and weaponsNamed after King Minos (2600 BCE)Known for construction of palacesPeaceful with other civilizations – no outer wall of the cityDisappeared suddenly – huge earthquake & tsunami ?– 1500 BCE

Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece; c. 1700 - 1380 BCE

wenzday01 "1815837745_a382afb7a9_o" Image from "Palace of Knossos" 2007/1/11 www.flickr.com (2/11/2010)

Palace of Knossos: Evolved organically around a central courtyard

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http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knossos

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Palace of Knossos: 1600BCE Home to King MinosBuilt as a labyrinth – 1500 roomsEvolved organically around a central courtyardEntrance with guard houseLiving on upper levelQueen’s suite had a bathroom with sophisticated drainage system

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Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece; c. 1700 - 1380 BCE

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Pottery for storage of foodPottery for wine

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Palace of Knossos, Crete, Greece; c. 1700 - 1380 BCE

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knossos

Knossos, trône royal. Photo prise par Harriéta171 le 28/01/06

Mycenae: On the eastern shore of the Peloponnese, Greece. On the hilltop with a view of the sea and land.

Mycenaean Civilization: 1600-1200BCE:

Lived in the region of MycenaeThick walled city (20-25’ thick)Had good underground water suppyElite group organized around a judicial and executive authority with

various ranks and powerGreat military1200 BCE peasant rebellions and internal warfare destroyed most

of the Mycenae palace and the civilization disappeared.

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Mycenae, Peloponnese, Greece: c.1600 – 1250 BCE

Straight Stairway

North Gate

The Megaron &Royal Palace

Great Ramp

Lion Gate

Grave Circle A

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Lion Gate, Mycenae, Greece: c. 1300BCE

Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330 BCE Structure similar to a beehive

120’ long and 20’wide

Cement floor

Doorway similar to Egyptian pylon

Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330BCE

44’ high rotunda – masonry domed vault of 33 courses

Technical perfection

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Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330 BCE

Treasury of Atreus: c. 1330BCE

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Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE:

Known as the Classical Period in Greek HistoryAssertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature

Architecture began in the service of religion7th century BCE – 1st efforts to create proper shapes and designBeauty = GodsSecret of beauty lay in ratios and proportionsInvented democracy and philosophyCreated works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture

Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCETemples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tilesPurely formal objectsGreeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materialsThe home of the GodsBecame the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hillsor other prominent locations

Temple of Hephaestus megron

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Athenian Treasury

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Classical Orders

In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios – based on the diameter of the columns.

An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column.

What is an order?

Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE

The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts.

The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements.

Temple of Hera II Paestum Italy

The entablature is divided into three parts • cornice (any molded projection which crowns or finishes

the part to which it is attached)

• frieze (a decorative band)

• architrave (ornamental moldings)

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The two classical Greek orders

Doric• Late 7th Century BCE• Heaviest and most massive of the orders• Column height is 4-6 x its diameter• No base• Fluted column (20 flutes)

Ionic• Suitable for smaller temples - delicate• Columns are 8-9x high as the diameter• Base• Fluted shaft (24 flutes)• More elaborate capital with volute

(a spiral curve; a curved top; like rolled ends of a scroll)