ozone layer monitoring - · ozone layer monitoring ... amsterdam island cape grim lauder izaña...

World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water

Geir O. Braathen, WMO, Research Department

Ozone Layer Monitoring Geir O. Braathen

Atmospheric Environment Research Division, Research Department, WMO

Brewer Biennial Workshop, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 24-28 March 2014. 2

Monitoring matters!


C. D. Keeling

First 2.5 years of CO2 observations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii: Seasonal cycle, but no trend is visible


After 55 years of continuous observations: The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is increasing ex-ponentially (approx. 0.5%/yr)


1997.0 1998.0 1999.0 2000.0 2001.0 2002.0 2003.0 2004.0 2005.0 2006.0 2007.0 2008.0 2009.0 2010.0 2011.0 2012.0

HC

l ST

RA

TO

PSH

ER

IC C

OL

UM

N (m

olec

./cm

2 )

2e+15

3e+15

4e+15

5e+15

Daily means

HCl column above Jungfraujoch, CH11 years1.0 0.2 %/yr

:- ±

5 years+1.4 0.5 %/yr

:±

Unexpectedly, stratospheric HCl is inreas-ing again after a decade of gradual decline


Ground based observations at Halley led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole

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1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Tota

l ozo

ne [D

U]

October average total ozone at Halley


Ground based observations at Halley led to the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole

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1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Tota

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October average total ozone at Halley

Farman et al. publish their famous paper in Nature in 1985


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1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

Total ozone, Arosa, Switzerland

Annual averages 11 year running mean

1927-2011 average

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Long term time series put recent development into perspectiveTo

tal o

zone

[DU

]

TCCON

World Data Centres

GAW stations & GAWSIS

CAS Open ProgrammeArea Group

EPAC

SAG

s GAW Secretariat

Environmental Pollution & Atmospheric Chemistry

Satellites & AircraftAlert

South Pole

Mace Head

Ny-ÅlesundPallas/Sodankylä

Zugspitze/Hohenpeißenberg

Mt. Waliguan

Mt. Kenya

Trinidad Head

Pt. Barrow

Mauna Loa

Arembepe

Ushuaia

Neumayer

Cape Point

Samoa

Amsterdam Island Cape GrimLauder

Izaña

Cape Verde

Jungfraujoch

Danum Valley

Minamitorishima

Bukit Koto Tabang

Assekrem /Tamanrasset

Pyramid

Monte Cimone

Halley

Central Calibration LaboratoriesWorld & Regional Calibration Centres

Joint Steering Committee

Host GAW World Reference Standards

Ozone UV

Aerosols

Precipitation chemistryGreenhouse Gases

Reactive gases

Contributing networks

BSRN

NOAA ESRL/GMD(USA) FZJülich (DE)

NIST(USA)

Environment Canada

NOAA ESRL/GMD

(USA)WORCC

(CH)EMPA (CH)

Total O3

IMK-IFU (DE) IFT (DE)

SUNY Albany(USA)

WOUDCOzone & UV

IGACO-Ozone

IGACO-GHG

IGACO-AerosolsIGACO-Air Quality

GHG BulletinsO3 BulletinsAssessmentsGlobal fields

products

CO2, CH4, N2OCO, Dobson O3

Brewer total O3

In situ O3

Ozone-sondes

GHG N2O VOC

Precip.chem.

Physical aerosol

properties

In situO3, CO,

CH4

3 WCC (US, CA, RU)6 Dobson RCC (JP, AU, ZA, AR, DE, CZ)1 Brewer RCC (ES)

Optical depth

O3

Sondes

FZJülich (DE)

Environment Canada (CA)

Greenhouse gases

WDCGG

JMA (JP)

AerosolsWDCA

NILU (NO)

RadiationWRDC

MGO (RU)

WDCPCPrecip. chem.

SUNY Albany (USA)

Quality Assurance & Science Activity Centres

CH4

JMA (JP)

GURME

IGACO-Aircraft

WDC-RSATSatellite data

DLR (DE)

CARIBICCAPMoN

WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch


GAW delivers data in six categories

�� Greenhouse gases✔✔ CO2, CH4, N2O etc

�� Stratospheric ozone

�� Reactive gases✔✔ CO, NOx, O3, VOCs, SO2, H2 etc.

�� Aerosols✔✔ Aerosol optical depth (AOD) etc.

�� Precipitation chemistry✔✔ Major ions: SO4

2-, NO3-, Cl-, NH4

+ etc.

�� Solar ultraviolet radiation

World Data Centres

GAW stations & GAWSIS

CAS Open ProgrammeArea Group

EPAC

SAG

s GAW Secretariat

Environmental Pollution & Atmospheric Chemistry

Satellites & AircraftAlert

South Pole

Mace Head



Mt. Waliguan

Mt. Kenya

Trinidad Head

Pt. Barrow

Mauna Loa

Arembepe

Ushuaia

Neumayer

Cape Point

Samoa


Izaña

Cape Verde

Jungfraujoch

Danum Valley

Minamitorishima

Bukit Koto Tabang


Pyramid

Monte Cimone

Halley

Central Calibration LaboratoriesWorld & Regional Calibration Centres

Joint Scientific Steering Committee

Host GAW World Reference Standards

Ozone UV

Contributing networks

NOAA ESRL/GMD (USA)FZJülich (DE)

Environment Canada

Total ozone

World Ozone and UV Data Centre

IGACO-Ozone/UV

BulletinsAssessmentsGlobal fields

products

Dobson total ozone Brewer total ozone Ozonesondes

3 WCC (US, CA, RU), 1 Brewer RCC (ES), 6 Dobson RCC (JP, AU, ZA, AR, DE, CZ)

OzonesondesFZJülich (DE)

Environment Canada

Quality Assurance & Science Activity Centres

WDC-RSATDLR, Germany

Alert

South Pole

Mace Head



Mt. Waliguan

Mt. Kenya

Trinidad Head

Pt. Barrow

Mauna Loa

Arembepe

Ushuaia

Neumayer

Cape Point

Samoa


Izaña

Cape Verde

Jungfraujoch

Danum Valley

Minamitorishima

Bukit Koto Tabang


Pyramid

Monte Cimone

Halley

GAW Ozone System


GAW is much more than just observations. It is also an end to end programme contributing to international assessments and with its own dissemination products, such as the WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin and the WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletin

No. 3: 23 November 2007

Column averaged CO2 mixing ratio (ppm) for 1 February 2005 calculated from NOAA's

CarbonTracker model (see: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/carbontracker/) and meas-

urements from a number of sites in the WMO-GAW Global CO2 network described in this

Bulletin. Blue regions have relatively low CO2 and red regions have relatively high CO2. High

CO2 values, mostly from fossil fuel combustion, are observed over North America, Europe

and East Asia. The passage of a frontal system is seen between eastern Europe and Asia.

CO2 from a biomass burning plume is being transported from Equatorial Africa towards the

Atlantic Ocean.

374 376 378 380

CO2 [ppm]

WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin

The State of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere Using Global Observations through 2006

Executive summaryThe latest analysis of data from the WMO-GAW Global Greenhouse Gas Moni-toring Network shows that the globally averaged mixing ratios of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) have reached new highs in 2006 with CO2 at 381.2 ppm and N2O at 320.1 ppb. Atmospheric growth rates in 2006 of these gases are consistent with recent years. The mixing ratio of methane (CH4 ) remains almost unchanged at 1782 ppb. These values are higher than those in pre-industrial times by 36%, 19% and 155%, respectively. Methane growth has slowed during the past decade. The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) shows that from 1990 to 2006 the atmospheric radiative forcing by all long-lived greenhouse gases has increased by 22.7%. The combined radiative forcing by CFC-11 and CFC-12 exceeds that of N2O. They are decreasing very slowly as a result of emission reductions under the Montreal Protocol on Sub-stances That Deplete the Ozone Layer.

Carbon Tracker 2007 releaseNOAA Earth System Research Laboratory

Globa l A tmosphere Watch

7 Oct. 2006

Antarctic Ozone BulletinNo 4 /2006

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060

-600

60

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Erythemal UV indexSCIAMACHY - KNMI/ESA

Clear-sky11 October 2006

UV index

The map above shows the erythemal UV index for clear-sky conditions as fore-casted for 11 October from SCIAMACHY data. It shows a typical global distribution of the erythemal UV index with values around 14 to 16 in the equatorial region and values near zero close to the poles. However, there is a region around South Georgia which will be exposed to unusu-ally high UV. Whereas most areas around 50°S experi-ence a UV index between 2 and 4, South Georgia and the ocean areas to the east experienced a UV index of about 12. This is 3-6 times higher than the normal value for this latitude at this time of the year. To the left is a map of chlorophyll concentration from the SeaWifs instrument on the SeaStar spacecraft. This map shows that the region which will now be exposed to intense UV ra-diation is a region with large bioproduction compared to other regions of the globe and is hence particularly vulnerable to elevated UV radiation.

Globa l A tmosphere Watch

http://www.wmo.int/gaw


Global Total Ozone follows the development of stratospheric chlorine

Ground basedtotal ozone

90°N - 90°S


EESC



Ground basedtotal ozone

EESC

90°N - 90°S



1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

-505

35 to

45

km o

zone

ano

mal

y [%

]

-20-15-10-505

Lidar, µWave , SAGE, HALOE, SBUV, GOMOS, SCIA, allMIPAS

Hohenpeissenberg/Bern(48°N)

Lauder (45°S,170°E)

-ESC(4 yr, 2wd, 0Br)

-20-15-10

Ozone at 35 - 45 km is turning around

�� Several measurement techniques✔✔ Lidar

✔✔ Microwave

✔✔ Several satellite instruments

�� Ozone decline has stopped and recovery has just started

�� More than 30 years of data


Up to date information on the Antarctic ozone hole: The WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletin

27 October 2012

Antarctic Ozone BulletinNo 5 / 2012

Global Atmosphere Watch

Alti

tude

[km

]

Ozone partial pressure [mPa]

Temperature [°C]

Ozone partial pressure [mPa] Ozone partial pressure [mPa]

Temperature [°C] Temperature [°C]

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Belgrano2012-10-24

Total ozone = 195 DU12-20 km column = 31 DU

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Belgrano2012-09-26


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Belgrano2012-10-11


Ozone profiles measured at the Argentinian GAW station Belgrano. These three profiles show a large degree of ozone deple-tion over the 14-20 km altitude region. On 26 September the partial column from 12-20 km was 17 DU, the lowest measured in 2012 at any of the Antarctic ozonesonde stations. On 11 October, the degree of ozone depletion at 15 km altitude is nearly total. More details are found on page 18.

http://www.wmo.int/gaw/ozone


7 September - 13 October

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a [1

06 km

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Small ozone holes in 2010, 2012 and 2013 due to transport of ozone rich air


Decline in number of stations and observations

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40,000

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20,000

10,000

Total ozone observations globally

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Compare 1995-2000to 2010-11



Difference 1995-2000 and 2010-2012 Station that reported in both periods

Not reporting 2010-2012, did report 1995-2000

New station (now reporting 2010-2012)

Total Ozone



Difference 1995-2000 and 2010-2012 Station that reported in both periods

Not reporting 2010-2012, did report 1995-2000

New station (now reporting 2010-2012)

Ozonesondes


�� Example:✔✔ Lidar stations are far

apart

✔✔ Loss of such stations will be detrimental to our understanding of changes in the atmosphere

Especially important to protect remote stations

8000 km

9700 km

3700 km

3000 km


Capacity bulding ensures data quality across the global network

✔� Instrument calibration campaigns

✔� Data analysis workshops

✔� Important assistance from the Vienna Convention parties through the Vienna Convention Trust Fund for Research and Systematic Observations

Dobson intercomparison in Egypt, 2004 Data analysis workshop, Czech Republic, 2011


Conclusions✔� The stratospheric ozone depletion problem has levelled off and will

probably soon gradually start to improve. It will take longer in Antarctica than elsewhere.

✔� The number of reported total ozone and ozonesonde measurements has decreased by a substantial number since the 1995-2005 period.

✔� A part of the difference may be due to a certain time lag in data reporting, but this does not change the fact that many stations have ceased to observe and report ozone data. Fortunately, some new stations have been estab-lished in recent years.

✔� Long-term ozone trends can still be estimated from satellites, but the integrity of these estimates will be diminished without independent ground meas-urements.

✔� Small Antarctic ozone holes in 2010, 2012 and 2013 due to meteorological condi-tions, but large ozone holes are still possible, depending to a large extent on the temperature conditions.

✔� Capacity building is important for the continued high quality of ground based data

World Meteorological Organization Working together in weather, climate and water

Geir O. Braathen, WMO, Research Department

Thank you for your attention!

There are no passengers on Spaceship Earth. We are all crew.

Marshall McLuhan, 1964

ozone layer monitoring - · ozone layer monitoring ... amsterdam island cape grim lauder izaña...

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