NATURAL RESOURCES AND OZONE LAYER AND

ITS DEPLETION DEFECTS

PRESENTED BY: P.PREM NAVEEN,

DEPARTMENT OF MECHNAICAL ENGINEERING, ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

HOSUR-KRISHNAGIRI.

NATURAL RESOURCES

NATURAL RESOURCES Natural resources are living or Non-living things which are essential for survive of living organisms. Natural resources are classified into different into many types accordance of their availability places. Some of them are; 1.Forest Resources. 2.Soil Resources. 3.Water Resources. 4.Mineral Resources. 5. Energy Resources.

FOREST RESOURCES IN INDIA

In India, there are lot of resources(Vegetation) are in forest accordance to their land profile and climatic changes .They resources are classified accordance to the forest types and the main THREE classification of forest are :

1. Tropical Forest: a)Moist Forest. b) Dry Forest. 2.sub –tropical forest. 3.Temperate forest

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTThey are further classified into: Tropical Forest: A. MOIST FOREST; 1.Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests.(jamun,hopea). 2. Tropical Semi-Evergreen Forests.(Rose wood,aini). 3.Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests.(Bamboo). 4. Littoral and Swap Forests.(rhizophra). B. DRY FOREST: 1.Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests.(Neem). 2. Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests.(Teak) 3.Tropical Thorn Forest.(cacti).

SUB –TROPICAL FOREST:

1. Sub-tropical Broad-leaved Hill Forests.(Oak,pines). 2.Sub-Tropical Moist Pine Forests.(Chir) 3.Sub-Tropical Dry Evergreen Forests.(Olive,Acacia).

TEMPERATE FORESTS: 1.Montane Wet Temperate Forests.(Birch,Blue Pine). 2.Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests.(cedars,pines). 3. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forests.(oak,olive).

SOIL RESOURCES IN INDIA In India, there are plenty of soils and resources are available . They are classified on the basis ofcolour,genesis,composition of soil and some of them are: 1.Alluvial soil.( Rice) 2.Black soil.(Sugar cane). 3.Red and Yellow Soil.(angiosperms plants) 4.Laterite Soil. 5.Desert Soil. 6.SwapySoils. 7.Saline Soils

WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA In India, most of the water resources are obtained in the southern potion of the India. The Pacific and Indian Ocean are the main source for fishes and water resources. The main Water Resources are: 1.Fishes. 2.Pearls. 3.Oysters. 4.Coral reefs. 5.Medicinal value algae and sea plants.

MINERAL RESOURCES IN INDIA In India, minerals are available in plenty in some of the regions and the main mineral resources regions are: 1.North-Eastern Peninsular Belt: Odisha, Chotanagpur plateau. 2.Centarl Belt: Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. 3.Southern Belt: Karnataka Plateau and Tamil Nadu. 4.Southern Western Belt: Kerala and Goa. 5.Northen Western Belt: Aravalis and Rajasthan Plateau.

Types of minerals in India: 1.Metallic Minerals: a)Ferrous Minerals: Iron, Chromite. b)Non-Ferrous Minerals: Copper, Lead. 2.Non-Metallic Minerals: Mica, stearite,asbestos,etc., 3.Refractory Minerals: Graphite, Mangnesite. 4.Minerals Fuels: Petroleum, Coal. 5.Fertiliser Minerals: Gypsum, phosphate and pyrites.

ENERGY RESOURCES IN INDIA India is a fast growing country ,so its demands a lots of energy resources for daily existence of life . India has exploit almost all energy from Hydro Electricity, Solar electricty, Nuclear Electricity,and Wind electricity. Energy Resources of India are mainly consists of 1.Non-Renewable or Conventional Resources. a)Thermal Energy. b)Nuclear Energy. 2.Renewable or Non-Conventional Resources. a)Solar Energy. b)Wind Energy. c)Geothermal Energy.

OZONE LAYER AND ITS DEPLETION AND EFFECTS

WHAT IS OZONE LAYER?A molecule containing three atoms of oxygen is called ozone. Ozone is very

rare in our atmosphere, averaging about three molecules of ozone for every 10 million air molecules. In

spite of this small amount, ozone plays a vital role in the atmosphere.

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE OZONE LAYER AND HOW ARE HUMANS AFFECTED BY IT?

Ozone present in the stratosphere plays a beneficial role by absorbing most of the biologically damaging ultraviolet sunlight. The absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone creates a source of heat. Ozone thus plays a key role in the

temperature structure of the Earth's atmosphere. Without the filtering action of the ozone layer, more of the Sun's UV radiation would penetrate the atmosphere and would reach the Earth's surface. Many experimental

studies of plants and animals and clinical studies of humans have shown the harmful effects of excessive

exposure to UV radiation.

WHAT IS THE OZONE HOLE? 

The ozone hole is an annual thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica. The most

pronounced decrease in ozone has been in the lower stratosphere. However, the ozone hole is most usually measured not in terms of ozone

concentrations at these levels (which are typically of a few parts per million) but by

reduction in the total column ozone. 

OZONE HOLE IN ANTARTIC REGION

WHAT CAUSES OZONE HOLES?• The cause of the ozone holes is generally

agreed to be CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) compounds which break down due to ultraviolet light and become free

radicals containing chlorine high in the Earth's atmosphere. These radicals then break down the ozone catalytically. The ozone layer can also be

depleted by free radical catalysts, including nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydroxyl(OH), atomic chlorine (Cl), and atomic bromine (Br).

WHAT ARE CFC’S ? A chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is an organic compound that contains only carbon, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as a volatile derivative of methane and ethane. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are anthropogenic compounds that have been released into the atmosphere since the 1930s in various applications such as in air-conditioning, refrigeration, blowing agents in foams, insulations and packing materials, propellants in aerosol cans, and as solvents.

MECHANISM OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Mechanism of Ozone Layer Depletion In the 1980s, it was discovered that the most commonly used ozone depleting substances (ODS) are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), commonly used in the refrigeration industry. When CFCs are released to the atmosphere they reach the stratosphere and are split by ultra violet radiation. This process sets highly reactive chlorine atoms free. Bromine atoms were also released in a similar manner from substances like Halon and Methyl Bromide. These chlorine and bromine atoms act as a destroying agent of ozone molecules. Scientists found that, in this way a single chlorine atom can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules. Repetition of this process gradually thins out the ozone layer.

PICTURE OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

ODS (OZONE DEPLETION SUBSTANCES).

Ozone layer is being destroyed by a group of manufactured chemicals that are called ODS or Ozone-Depleting Substances. The The main ODS are the following:

1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC 11, CFC 12, CFC 13) 2. Methyl bromide (CH3Br) 3. Halons (halon-1211, halon-1301, halon-2402) 4. Carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) 5 . Hydrochloroluorocarbons (HCFC 22 and HCFC 123)

PROCESS OF ODS REACHING THE ATMOSPHERE

EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION

Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion The direct result of the ozone layer depletion will be an increase of

the amount of UV radiation that will reach the earth’s surface. These ultra violet rays have a destructive effect on humans, marine life,

crops and other living creatures. According to studies, ozone depletion will lead to human skin cancer, cataracts and also affect the

capacity of the human immune system resulting in decline in immunity and increase in the occurrence of infectious diseases. Ultra violet rays have an adverse effect on plant and marine life.

Seeds of plants and larvae of sea creatures that are exposed to the sun will be seriously damaged thereby breaking the natural life system

and food production. Growth of plants and crops will also be restricted.

EFFECTS OF OZONE DEPLETION

The effect of ozone depletion is the increased UV-B radiation reaching Earth’s surface.

Effects on Humans• Sunburn

•Sun-damaged skin•Cataracts

•Snow blindness•Skin cancer

REDUCED EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY ILLNESS AND HEART PROBLEMS

EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT• Global warming• Climate change

• Crop and forest damage• Infections and skin diseases on animals

• Less ocean plankton• Less fish harvest

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS BY OZONE

DEPLETION

MITIGATIONSWhen an ozone hole was discovered,

several countries unite to prevent the continuous depletion of the ozone layer by implementing policies and other preventive measures.

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Philippines’ Laws and Policies

 Republic Act 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act.

Republic Act 8749 or the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999. Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act.

Presidential Decree 1144

THANK YOUநன்றி