ozone and climate-friendly alternatives in developing countries

OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Prof. Dr. Risto Ciconkov, dipl. ing.Faculty of Mechanical Engineering,University “Ss. Cyril & Methodius”

Skopje, R. Macedonia

UNEP, ECA meeting, Belgrade, 2011

Delagate to IIR Member of

CONTENT

Domestic refrigerators

Commercial refrigeration

Industrial refrigeration

Air conditioners and heat pumps


Water-heating heat pumps

Liquid chillers

OZONE- AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region

Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologies

Who decide? Reasons why natural refrigerants not applied

Suggestions

Ozone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries


View on the refrigeration industries in the SE region Bankruptcy of almost all companies manufacturers of refrigerating equipment in economy transition process in this part of Europe

“Frinko” – R. Macedonia“Jugostroj” – Serbia “Termomehanika”, “Termofriz” – Croatia “Soko” – Bosnia & Hercegovina “LTH” – Slovenia “Obod” – MonteNegro“Mraz” – Bulgaria “Fyrogenis” – Greece

The refrigeration sector is weakened. Lost of human recsources from the refrigeration sector. Additional confusion caused by the Montreal and Kyoto Protocols.Almost all refrigerating equipment is now imported.

Consequences:



DOMESTIC REFRIGERATORS

Approximately 100 million domestic refrigerators and freezers are produced annually [RTOC, 2011].

In 2008, 36% of production units used HC-600a.

Manufacturers of HC refrigerators in: Europe, China, India, Brasil, …

Countries of ECA region: import domestic refrigerators.

Public awarenessThe customer are not informed for the refrigerant inside.

Low GWP technology: AVAILABLE

Used in the ECA region.



MOST COMMON SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

According the Refrigeration, Air Conditioning And Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC) applications are grouped as:

DOMESTIC REFRIGERATIONCOMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIONTRANSPORT REFRIGERATION

AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPSWATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS

LIQUID CHILLERSVEHICLE AIR CONDITIONING

COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION

INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION

AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPSWATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS

LIQUID CHILLERS

R22

R22

R22

COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATIONSupermarkets; Cold rooms

Two levels of temperature,- medium: fresh food and beverages (R22, R404A)

- low: frozen products (R404A)

Refrigerant leakage: - in developed countries ~30% - in developing countries ?




SupermarketsThree main categories of equipment:

1. Stand-alone equipment 2. Condensing unit systems

3. Centralised systems


1. Stand-alone equipmentHeat release indoor.Low energy efficiency.Small refrigerant leakage.

EvaporatorCondensing unit



2. Condensing unit systemsHeat release outdoor.Low energy efficiency.Small/medium refrigerant leakage.

EvaporatorCondensing unit

Outdoor



Stand-alone equipment and Condensing unit systems

HCs: R600a; R290; orblend R600a/R290

Alternatives:

R744 (CO2)



Not used in the ECA region.


UNEP, ECA meeting, 2008

3. Centralised direct systems (supermarket)

R404AR507

R404A

R404A

Direct systems: HFC-404A and HFC-507 are not long term alternatives!


3. Centralised indirect systems

Secondary coolant

Machinery room

Secondary coolant

refrigerant



Cascade systems NH3/CO2






Centralised CO2 system (transcritical)

MT

LT

Higher efficiency in locations with colder climate




AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS

Self-contained air conditioners (window and through-the-wall)

Split air conditioners (residential and commercial)

Split air conditioners - ducted

outdoor

outdoor

indoor



AIR CONDITIONERS AND HEAT PUMPS

Nearly all air-cooled air conditioners and heat pumps manufactured prior to 2000 use R22.

Since 2000: R407C and R410A

R290 (Propane) in some low charge applications (with safety mitigation).15 % less energy consumption; 40 % less refrigerant charge (<300 gr).Expected expansion on the market.

?

A photo made in 2009.





Comfort HeatingAir to water heat pump

Air-cooled water chiller – heating mode

Hydronic system: Fan-coil units (50oC)Floor heating (35oC)

Refrigerant: R407C, R410A, HCs


WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS




Domestic Hot WaterAir to water heat pumpRefrigerants: R407C, R410A, HCs

CO2 refrigerant – “Eco cute”

One million units sold by 2008,expexted several million by 2011 (Japan).

COP = 5 Water temperature: 70 oC (85oC)


WATER-HEATING HEAT PUMPS




WATER CHILLERS

Compressors types



Heat exchangers



Heat exchangers

air-cooled condenser water-cooled condenser

shell-and-tube evaporator

(dry expansion; flooded)

plate type

applications 80%applications 20%

shell and plate


microchannel


WATER CHILLERS - ALTERNATIVES

R407C was first R22 alternative for chillers.

Current trends: R410A, R134a; (R717 and HCs).

R134a with screw compresors, cooling capacities up to 2200 kW.

R410A with scroll compressors, cooling capacities up to 800 kW.

R717 (Ammonia) with piston and screw compressors, medium and largecapacities.






Cold Storage;Food and drink processing;Process refrigeration: pharmaceutical, chemical, petrochemical …;Industrial heat pumps.

R717 (Ammonia) is widely used in industries in developed countries; Stagnation in the developing world last two decades.

?HFCs



INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATIONCold Storage



Barrier (NH3 systems): safety reason.

Decrease the charge (quantity) of ammonia in refrigerating systems.

New technologies of heat exchangers;New concepts of ammonia systems;

- Proper information; - Training of personnel; ; Proper maintainance of the refrigerat. systems;- Standards and regulations, …

Reasons:


Cascade systems (freezing tunnels);



Stagnation in the ECA region.

Improved automatic control.



SOURCES OF INFORMATION FOR INDUSTRIES AND LOW GWP TECHNOLOGIES

Membership: low rate for developing countries

Sources of information for industries and low GWP technologiesOzone- and climate-friendly technologies commercially available in developing countries



What type of equipment (technology) will be applied?1) Investor:

- first cost, - reliability, - servicing, spare parts, - energy consumption?! - corruption, - …

2) Planners, consultants: - informed (new technologies)?- familiar with HFC equipment.

3) Local market:- distributors of equipment, - local manufacturers, contractors, …

4) Montreal Protocol bodies (supporting many projects)

WHO DECIDE?

5) …



Lack of information and proper information;

First cost (instead Life Cycle Cost);

Weak economy with a low purchase potential;

Service companies in RAC sector are small. No budget for improvement;

The priority of the companies in developing countries is how to survive.

etc.

REASONS WHY NATURAL REFRIGERANTS NOT APPLIED

No education and training courses (for low GWP technologies);

“Barriers to the use of low-GWP refrigerants in developing countries and opportunities to overcome these”, UNEP, 2010

“Natural refrigerants in developing countries, problems and suggestions”, R. Ciconkov, IIR, 2010

More information in the publications:



SUGGESTIONS Dissemination of information on technologies and practices with natural refrigerants from developed to developing countries;

Introducing new products on the market in developing countries: new components and new systems. Incentives should be given.

Approaching to new concepts of refrigeration and air conditioning systems with a low refrigerant charge.

The importance of energy efficiency in the RAC systems with natural refrigerants should be emphasized.

Technical assistance, education and training for safe operation with natural refrigerants. New manuals for maintenance and servicing.Training courses to be organized.

To introduce standards and regulations for design and safe operation. Positive experiences of the EU standard EN378.

To install demonstration units. etc.

Thank you.

ozone and climate-friendly alternatives in developing countries

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