outline of world large disasters - world conference on ... · social aspects) more than 90% of the...

Outline of World Large Disasters(1977-2011)

1977 Romania EQ

1985 Mexico EQ

1995 Kobe Japan (draft)

2001 El Salvador EQ

2004 Indian Ocean

2008 Sichuan China

2010 Chile EQ

2010 Haiti EQ

2011 Great East Japan (Tohoku)

March 2015 at 3rd WCDRR in Sendai

Shoichi ANDO, Professor, (Dr., 1st class Architect)

Director, Disaster Management (DM / DMP) Program

National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS)

7-22-1 Roppongi, Minato-ward, Tokyo 〒106-8677 JAPAN

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

The earthquake resistant design for all builidngs and structures was compulsory in

Romania at that time. The legal document was P13-70.

Infrastructure

Development by Public

Sector

Because of the industrialization, the construction industry was developing at a fast pace at that time. Both

industrial and residential buildings were erected in large numbers. The calibration of the seismic action in the

seismic code was not based on previous experience that would be provided by the strong ground motions

recorded from Vrancea subcrustal source.

Measures by Private

Sectors and Residents

Private Sector: Non-existent at that time in a socialist country.

By Residents: Not aware of the earthquake threat at that time.

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forcast system: No forecast system in place.

Warning system: No warning system in place at that time.

International Cooperation: The international cooperation was mainly amongst socialist countries with seismic

problems. Nevertheless, UNESCO provided the opportunity of extended cooperation even with non-socialist

countries.

Research and Development: It was based on a centralized system and was focused in

research institutes (like Building Research Institute and Center for Earth Physics and

Seismology).

Characteristics of

Damage (Physical and

Social aspects)

More than 90% of the damage was concentrated in Bucharest in tall flexibile builidngs built in the first four

decades of the 20th century with no earthquake resistant design rules. Moreover, the strong ground motions in

Bucharest had a very low frequency content that was quasi-resonant with the seismic vibrations of tall flexibile

buildings. The resilience of the society and its fabric was very high.

Direct Economic Loss(2 billion USD, approx. 6% of GDP) by region/type

Outline of Countermeasures in advance

Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road( km), Highway( km), Railway(2.31 km)

River( ), Major Port( ), Airport( ), others(37 bridges

moderately damaged )

no information available for

roads, highways, rivers, ports

and airports

Electricity( houses), Water supply( houses)

Gas( ), Telephone( ), Agriculture( km2), others ( )

no information available

Main Damage CauseThe main damage cause was the ground shaking. The deaths and casualties were

because of buildings' partial or total collapse.

Human DamageDead(1424 in Bucharest, 1570 overall), Missing(- )

Heavily Injured(7598 in Bucharest, 11221 overall),

Slightly Injured(- )Damage of Buildings

Totally Collapsed(32 in Bucharest), Half Collapsed( -)

Partially Collapsed(32900 housing units overall) Affected

families(35000)

Data SourceNational Level: The Monography of March 4 1977 in Romania and Its Effects on Buildings and Structures -

edited by the Romanian Academy

Local/Academic:

Outline of Damages

Affected AreaMajor city name:(Bucharest) (population(2 million))

Affected area(estimated, more than 80000 km2)

remarks

Date (and Time) March 4, 1977; 21:21:54.1 (Romania time); 19:21:54.1 (UTC)

Location (Main area) Vrancea (more than 100 km N-NE of Bucharest)

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Magnitude(Mw=7.4 ), Depth(94 km) and Intensity max.(IX)

Flood: Rainfall/hour( mm), Total( mm/ days) and Depth max.( cm)

Tsunami: Hight max.( m), Inundated area( km2) and Earthquake data

Volcano, Fire: Affected area( km2) Wind, Tornado: Velocity max.( m/s)

Outline of Disaster and its Management Policy

Outline of Hazard

Country Romania

Hazard Type Earthquake

Radu Vacareanu, Prof. at Technical University of Civil

Engineering of Bucharest, Romania

remarks

Name of other members

Amount of

Reconstructed

Public/Privae Houses

No information available

OthersThe very high resiliency of the Romanian society needs to be highlighted again.

Outline of derived Lessons

Vrancea subcrustal earthquake of March 4 1977 revealed the following important lessons: -a much higher field

of peak ground accelerations than previously considered in the earthquake resistant design code; - a very

different frequency content of the response spectra than previously considered in the design code; - much

higher displacement demands than the ones envisioned according to the design code; - very brittle failures of

RC structures and elements with no seismic design embedded; - unfavourable seismic response of RC

structures with flat slabs or with weak and soft groundfloor; the urgent need of seismic evaluation and retrofitting

of existing vulnerable buildings. Consequently, the earthquake resistant design code was completely revised, as

P100-78 (and latter as P100-81) to include the aforementioned lessons. The seismic zonation of Romania was

upgraded and the level of seismic hazard for design was raised. The design response spectrum was completely

changed such as to reflect the expected frequency content of strong ground motions (with long predominant

periods) generated by Vrancea subcrustal source. The provisions for ductile structures were enforced and

strong requirements were imposed for RC structures with flat slabs or with soft and weak stories. The

unreinforced masonry was not allowed any more in seismic areas.

Outline of Recovery and Restoration

Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

It si very difficult to mention an organization that was responsible for recovery and restoration.

Romania was a socialist country at that time and all the activites were centralized and

coordinated by the Central Committee of the Romanian Comunist Party.

Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

The recovery and restoration activities lasted for 18 to 24 months. Nevertheless,

most of the restoration was completed in eight months. The total cost of the

reconstruction is not available, according to our limited knowledge (USD, duration).

Amount of

Reconstructed

Infrastructure/ Lifeline


Support from private

companiesNo private companies at that time in Romania.

Support from NGO

and/or INGONo NGOs in Romania at that time.

othersTechnical and scientific support as well as international aid were provided by UN,

UNESCO, UNDP, Red Cross.

Evacuation (Shelter)Temporary shelters were provided at a very fast pace for homeless people in Bucharest. In

adittion, new block of flats were immediately erected for moving in the homeless people from

temporary shelters.

Support from other

countries

Scientific and technical support were provided by: USA, Japan, former USSR, P.R. of China,

UK, Bulgaria, former Jugoslavia, Turkey, Iceland, New Zealand, Iran, Italy, Venezuela, Austria,

Greece.

Support from other

provinces

Since the bulk of the seismic damage was concentrated in Bucharest, scores of

rescuers were called in from the other counties of Romania.

Outline of Activities just after the Disaster

Rescue ActivitiesThe rescue activities were accomplished by 30000 persons from the Civil Protection,

Army, Firefighters, Police and volunteers.

Medical ServicesThe medical services were provided mainly by the emergency hospitals in Bucharest

and neighbouring counties.

Photo 3: Bucharest, March 4 1977 Photo 4: Bucharest, March 4 1977



Photos (by ) UTCB, AgerPress

Photo 1: MSK macroseismic intensities 04.03.1977 Photo 2: Location of collapsed buildings in Bucharest


Photo 11: Digitization of the triaxial accelerogram recorded in Bucharest

Hazard Type EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI

Caleta de Campos, Michoacan state 17.6 N y 102.5 W

Date (and Time) September 19, 1985. 07:17:48.5 (local time) ; 13:17:48.5 UTC

Amplification of seismic motion in lake bed zone, brittle failure of columns, pounding

with adjacent structures, overloading of buildings, previous damage

Totally Collapsed(258), Half Collapsed()

Partially Collapsed(143) Affected families( )

Road( 516,000m2 of asphalt in Mexico city were

damaged), Highway( km), Railway( km)

River( ), Major Port(Lázaro Cárenas ), Airport( ),

others( )Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines Electricity( 40% of population), Water supply(

houses)

Gas( ), Telephone(70% population ), Agriculture(

km2), others ( )

(3589 Million USD), 515 Million USD indirect losses

Main Damage Cause

Heavy damage concentrated in Mexico city lake bed zone; 2.5 m tsunami in

epicentral area, several hospitals and clinics collapsed or severely damaged, 5000

hospital beds were lost; 50,000 homeless; 150,000 temporarily unemployed

Affected AreaMajor city name:(Mexico city) (population(17 million))

Affected area( 43 km2)

Human Damage

Dead(10,000), Missing( )

Heavily Injured(9600), Slightly Injured(2): (1)+(2)=

40,750

Damage of Buildings

Major failure of

electricity, telephone

and water system

by region/type. Directo

losses: 34% public

aministratition blds.,

15.7% housing, 15.4%

health, 11.4% school

infraestructure

N/A


Outline of Damages

Private Sector: N/A

By Residents: N/A

remarks

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

Direct Economic Loss

Measures by Private


Forecast system: Previous knowledge of a gap at Michoacan coast (epicentral area).

Guerrero accelerographic array was installed by Institute of Engineering-UNAM and

Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics of UCSD before the earthquake.

Warning system: None

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Infrastructure


Sector

Data SourceNational Level: www.ssn.unam.mx

Local/Academic: CENAPRED


Earthquake: Magnitude(M 8.1), Depth(16 km) and Intensity max.(IX)


Tsunami: Hight max.(2.5 m), Inundated area( km2) and Earthquake data


Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Outline of Hazard

Country MEXICO

Location (Main area)

Carlos Gutiérrez

Amount of

Reconstructed


Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

Name of representative

who filled out this sheet

remarks


42,090 new houses, 4,210 repaired

Support from other

provincesSurroundig states provided medical assistance and help for rescue


companies

Free public telephone service; local and long distance. Some industrial

organizations decided to sell construction materials at very low prices in some

special markets

Amount of

Reconstructed


Evacuation (Shelter)Approximately 80,000 people lived in temporary shelters, most of them up to one

year later

Support from other

countries

37 countries, Japan, USA, Spain, France, among others. Rescue teams, medical

assistance


Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

Others

Two weeks after the earthquake, the government, in particular the Ministry of

UrbanDevelopment and Ecology, constituted the National Reconstruction

Commission (NRC).

More than 4000 million USD, N/A duration )

1985 emergency building code is published

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

others

Some NGO helped in the recosntructin process making available quick and low-

interest credits, and also participating in the the process of reconstruction and

repairation of the houses and buildings that weredamaged by the earthquake

N/A

Five new hospitals are built, several rebuilt. 1700 schools retrofitted

International Cooperation: Actions by researchers at universities. Not significant at

institutional or governmental level

Rescue Activities

Medical Services

DN-III E Plan, depending on the Mexican Army, put into action. Civil society self-

organized plays an important part. More than 4000 were rescued alive.

Several hospitals collapsed or severely damaged, at least 5800 beds were lost. The

Metropolitan Emergency Commission called for an Interinstitutional Committee

which included PHO, Red Cross and three public sector health institutions.

Fumigation and vaccination are applied. Water quality is continuously verified

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

Research and Development: 1.- Studies of the behaviour of earthquake-resistant

masonry structures 2.- Development of applied probability for design spectra

determination


The site effect is clearly characterized for alluvial valleys. The National Civil Protection System (SINAPROC) is

created. Drills are commonñy practiced. Early warning system for eathquakes in the western coast is created in

1991. Building code for Mexico city becomes one of the most advanced

1942, 1957, 1966 and 1976 building codes.


Photos (by )

Photo 1: Photo 2:

Photo 3: Photo 4:

Photo 5: Photo 6:

Photo 9: Photo 10:

Photo 11: Photo 12:

Photo 13:

Photo 7: Photo 8:

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

Significant damages on buildings that were constructed before 1981 and big

difference in earthquake resistance before and after new building code in 1981.

Infrastructure


Sector

Measures by Private


Private Sector:

By Residents:

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forcast system:

Warning system:

International Cooperation:

Research and Development:

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

Large-scale destructions and fires were happened in the areas where old wooden

houses were densely constructed. Severe damages were found in the range of 6 to

7km form the fault line. Damage on the public buildings was also remarkable.

Direct Economic Loss9,927 trillion yen (approx. 100 billion USD) :Buildings:

5,800 t. yen, Lifelines: 1,488 t. yen, Ports: 1,000 t. yen,

by region/type; Industry:

630 trillion yen etc.


Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road( km), Highway( collapsed), Railway( 300< km)

River( 774place), Major Port( Kobe, Ashiya etc.), etc.

Slope failure 347 place

Electricity( 2.6 mil. hous.), Water supply( 1.3 mil. h)

Gas( 0.9 mil. hous.), Telephone( 0.3 mil. ), others ( )

330 bridges damaged

Main Damage Cause People were sleeping as the earthquake occurred in the early morning.

Many (70 to 80% of dead) were crushed by the old houses or by furniture.

Human DamageDead( 6,434 ), Missing( 3 )

Heavily Injured( 43,792 ), Slightly Injured( )

65 years and more

occupied half of dead.

Damage of BuildingsTotally Collapsed( 104,906), Half Collapsed( 144,274)

Partially( 390,506) Affected families( 330,449: T+Half)

Data SourceNational Level: http://www.bousai.go.jp/1info/pdf/saigaipanf_e.pdf

Local/Academic:

Outline of Damages

Affected AreaMajor city name:(Kobe city population 1.5million))

Affected area (Kobe 552 km2) Hyogo pref. 8,400km2

remarks: Kobe city,

MAX 818 gal recorded

Date (and Time) 17 January 1995, 05:46AM(Japan Time), 20:46, 16 Jan 1995(UTC)

Location (Main area) Hyogo Pref. (Kobe city to Osaka, Awaji Is.) N34.36, E135.02, Awaji Is. (JMA)

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Magnitude(M7.3 JMA, M6.9 USGS), Depth(16km) Intensity

max.(VII)Flood: Rainfall/hour( mm), Total( mm/ days) and Depth max.( cm)




Outline of Hazard

Country Japan


Dr. Shoichi ANDO, (2005-10 Coordinator of UNCRD,

2010-13 Director of IISEE, from 2013 Prof., GRIPS)Name of representative


remarks


Amount of

Reconstructed


Hyogo Prefecture: based on 3 years plan- Housing reconstruction Public: 80,500

houses, Private: 44,500 houses, All residents of temporary house left in Jan. 2000,

and all the temporary houses were broke down by the end of Mar. 2000.

OthersEconomic indicators, such as population, industrial production index, number of

tourists, etc. were recovered to the level before the earthquake in ten years.


1) More than 70% of rescued people were rescued by community people.

2)　Importance of community leaded and government assisted community/urban reconstruction for creating

safer communities against disasters.

3) Importance of information dissemination both disaster area and outside areas that including abroad.

4) Necessity of revision of design standard of facilities. (Revision of design seismic intensity for buildings and

full-scale revision of design concept for civil engineering structures)

5) Necessity of establishment of mechanisms that promote the reconstruction such as establishment of a

special foundation, enforcement of laws and regulations for economic revitalization, etc.

6) In temporary housing, community members and residents of the facilities should cooperate with one another

and live autonomously. Coordination of various individuals is indispensable to achieving this.

7) Necessity of continuous take care of elders and other vulnerable people and necessity of mechanisms that

help individual/household level revitalization including funding for victims and employment measures.

8) Importance of continuous mental health care for disaster victims.

9) Necessity of laws and/or regulations that promote activities and participation of volunteers, NGOs/NPOs who

would be indispensable to post disaster recovery activities.

10) Necessity of promotion of disaster education based on the lessons learned from the disaster and keep

memorize the disaster; and others.


Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

Headquarters for reconstruction of the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake

Chairman: Prime Minister, Members: Ministers, Secretariat: National Land Agency

and related ministries., Other members: Hyogo Pref. gov., Kobe City gov., etc.

Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

( Approx. 160 billion USD, duration five years) Central gov. directly spent 37 % of

total amount for reconstruction of 16,300 billion yen, in addition, the central gov.

provides as subsidy to the local gov., and as a result about 95% by the central gov.

Amount of

Reconstructed


Principally the amount of public facilities are the same as before 1995. Collapsed

express way sections were fully restored one year and 8 months after the disaster.

Damaged part of Shinkansen (130km) was restored about 3 months.


companies

Supports from private companies were made in ad hoc and voluntary basis and not

systematically provided. After this earthquake, many discussions were made.

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

othersTotal amount of the disaster waste was estimated at the 20 billion tons (21.1 billion

m3) equivalent to the 9-years waste production of Hyogo pref.

Evacuation (Shelter)About 317,000 people (at the peak on Jan 23) were displaced in 1,153 evacuation

shelters. Aug. 20, 1995, all shelters were officially closed. But 800 victims stayed.

Support from other

countries

70 countries and territories and 3 international agencies offered support and

received the supports from 44 countries and territories by Feb. 9, 1995.

Support from other

provincesN/A


Rescure Activities16,000 polices, 4,500 Self Defense Force(SDF), 32,400 fire department officers, and

community level firefighting organization ware deployed for search & rescue.

Medical ServicesMedical service points were established by the Ministry of Welfare (161),SDF (15),

Red Cross (12), etc. Total of 75,000 medical staffs worked by the end of April 1995.

Edgar Peña; Universidad de El Salvador

Outline of Disaster and its Management PolicyOutline of Hazard

Country El SalvadorHazard Type Earthquake

Date (and Time) 13 January 2001 (Local time 11:33; UTC17:33)

Location (Main area) El Salvador, Epicenter 13.04°N 88.66°W

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Magnitude(M7.6), Depth(57km) and Intensity max.( Mercalli IX )




Data SourceNational Level: http://www.cepal.org/publicaciones/xml/1/10131/l457.pdf

Local/Academic:http://www.geologie.ens.fr/~madariag/Papers/El%20Salvado

r%20Earthquakes.PDFOutline of Damages

Affected Area Major city name:(Santa Tecla, La Libertad)

(population( 130,000hab))

remarks

Human Damage Dead(944), Missing( )

Heavily Injured(4,520), Slightly Injured( )Damage of Buildings Totally Collapsed(108,226), Half Collapsed( )

Partially Collapsed(169,632) Affected families (Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road( km), Highway( km), Railway( km)

River( ), Major Port( ), Airport( ), others( )

Only costs due to the

losses caused byElectricity(

1 ), Water supply(500,000 people affected

1 a report of private

Main Damage Cause The earthquake affected the whole country. A big landslide occured in a residential

area (Las Colinas). Death toll in Las Colinas was 536, burying 300 houses. OtherCharacteristics of


One story adobe houses collapsed in many regions as other non-engineered

masonry constructions. Engineered constructions reported light damage, althoughDirect Economic Loss ( $1,603.8 million of USD) by region/type


Infrastructure


Most of the infraestructure has been recovered in the last 10 years. Recovery was

slow, even some incidents of corruption in the cooperation sent by countries hasMeasures by Private


Private Sector: Some buildings and their contents were affected. Some of the

buildings were retrofitted or repaired updating the buildings using US codes. 20-25By Residents: In schools, drills are held at least once per year. Especially in rural

areas, schools are the meeting places for communities. NGO's brought support for

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forcast system: National Observatory (DGOA) is in charge of official hazard maps

(flood, landslides, earthquake, tsunami, etc.)Warning system: N/A (Some local and regional initiatives are under development for

tsunami)International Cooperation: After 2001 earthquake, TAISHIN project was developed.

Main purpose of this project was to understand the structural behavior of existingResearch and Development: Under TAISHIN project, Universities developed and

participated on a research plan of 8 years (TAISHIN was divided in 2 phases, 4Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

Building Codes in El Salvador were oficially introduced after the 1965 San Salvador

earthquake (capital city). No masonry code was introduced at that time, however,Outline of Activities just after the Disaster

Rescure Activities Inmediate response was conducted by residents and people who passed by the

affected regions. Access to many places was complicated due to the landslides onMedical Services Response was limited due to the lack of connectivity inside the cities (high traffic and

presence of landslides). Especially in Las Colinas area, the main hospital wasEvacuation (Shelter) Some schools, soccer fields and parks were used to construct shelters for

homeless. Army was deployed to protect the affected areas and shelter regions.Support from other

countries

Mexico, Guatemala, USA, Taiwan*, Costa Rica, European countries and others

attended the emergency in different ways. (*In case of Taiwan, deviation of fundsSupport from other

provinces



companies

Some companies provided support through the loan of machinery for highway

recovering. At same time, other companies donated bottled water, milk and suppliesSupport from NGO

and/or INGO

Red cross, Spain and USA NGO´s contributed with the emergency. Other countries

through local NGO´s supported the emergency.others The whole country was without communications or electricity for nearly 6 hours after

the mainshockOutline of Recovery and Restoration

Responsible

Organization for

The National Emergency Commitee (COEN for its initials in spanish) had the global

official information. ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and theTotal amount of

Finance for

( USD, duration ) ECLAC report detailed the direct and indirect financial costs due

to the earthquake including the damage caused by a second earthquake registeredAmount of

Reconstructed

It is difficult to evaluate the amount used for reconstruction. 3 years ago, the

government created the Institute of Access to Public Information. Many of theAmount of

Reconstructed

It is difficult to evaluate the effective amount destinated for reconstruction. Many

families reconstructed their houses by themselves, many other still remain withoutOthers


- It is necessary to improve the quality of constructions, especially of housing, by the development of guidelinesName of representative


remarks


Photos (by local newspapers: La prensa gráfica, El diario de hoy)

Photo 1 and 2: View of Las Colinas landslide

Photo 3: Top of Las Colinas landslide Photo 4: Neighbors on rescue after the landslide

occurred

Photo 5 and 6: Rescue with foreign support

Photo 7 and 8: Other important landslides on highways

Photo 9 and 10: Other important landslides on highways

Photo 11: 4-story masonry building damaged Photo 12: Church collapsed by earthquake

Photo 13: Attention of injured at parking lot of hospitals Photo 14: Cities affected by earthquake

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)Implementing islamic law in all aspects of life (especially in Aceh)

Infrastructure


Sector

• High structures are potential to be used for escape buildings should higher ground

are difficult to find at reachable distance for evacuation, but there weren't.

• Government should move quickly to clarify which agency will coordinate recovery.

Measures by Private


Private Sector: N/A

By Residents: Pre event knowledge of coastal community to tsunami is important to

make them ready for emergency evacuation soon after major earthquakes.

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forcast system: Some sophisticated tools detect symptoms of tsunamis in the

Pacific Ocean, but did not provide information in the Indian Ocean before 2004.

Warning system: Early warning systems installed in the Pacific Ocean, but not

installed in the Indian Ocean, whereas 85% recorded large tsunamis occurred.

International Cooperation: A strong, experienced leadership team should be

appointed to gain full support of other governments and the donor agencies.

Research and Development: N/A

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

Physical Aspects: Public utilities (school etc), infrastructure, socio-cultural facility,

one storey buildings located coastal area were flattened and left only foundation.

Social Aspects: 104.500 small bussiness collapsed, 15.000 household relocated.

Direct Economic Loss(4.5 bil.USD) (Aceh-Nias) : Rp. 46.56 Trillion, Aceh’s GDP

loss : estimated Aceh's economic growth : -5%

by region/type


Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road(2,618km), Highway( km), Railway( km) 119 Bridges,

River( ), Major Port(22), Airport(8), others(517

hospitals)

by Data source (IISEE)

Electricity( - houses), Water supply( - houses)

Gas(- ), Telephone(- ), Agriculture(739km2), others (


Main Damage CauseLarge population of people living along the coast. Lack of infrastructure to protect to

face danger of tsunami. Lack of access to information and education on tsunami.

Human DamageDead(127,720 in Aceh, whole 0.25 mil.),

Missing(93,285 Aceh)　Heavily Injured( ), Slightly Injured( )


Damage of BuildingsTotally Collapsed(139,195 houses), Half Collapsed( )

Partially Collapsed( ) Affected families( ) (3,415 Schools etc)


Data SourceNational Level: http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/symposium/pdf/Script%20201202%20Sympo%20Indonesia_rev.pdf

Local/Academic: http://www.kenken.go.jp/english/contents/publications/proceedings/img/21-full.pdf

Outline of Damages

Affected AreaMajor city:(Banda Aceh) (Aceh population 4,271,000 (2004))

Affected area( - km2) Indonesia, Thailand, Seychelles etc.

remarks

Date (and Time) 26 December, 2004 07:58:50 (Aceh) 00:58:50 UTC , (Nias: 20050328)

Location (Main area) Indian Ocean coastal areas (Banda Aceh, Meulaboh, 11 districts, Indonesia)

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Magnitude(M9.1, 3.316°N, 95.854°E) (Nias 8.6),

Depth(30km)USGSFlood: Rainfall/hour( mm), Total( mm/ days) and Depth max.( cm)

Tsunami: Hight max.(45m runup), Inundated area(Aceh, 80% of Nias etc.)



Outline of Hazard

Country Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India, Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar etc.

Hazard Type Tsunami, Earthquake

Mr. Bambang Sudiatmo, Ministry of Public Works

(PU), Indonesia, March 2012 at GRIPS, Tokyo, JapanName of representative


remarks


Amount of

Reconstructed


In housing and settlement area :

High-Level NGO/IA : 24 NGO/International Agencies : 57.914 units

Mid-Level NGO/IA : 72 NGO/International Agencies : 38.898 units

OthersThe number of victim lived in barrack/ shelter : • 106.320 (2005) • 14.280 (2006)

5.765.000 m3 of waste were being cleaned, 2.5 millions wood waste recycled.


• Shelter and basic needs of the survivors are top priorities

• Accurate survivors data determine how livelihoods supports can be delivered effectively and efficiently

• Traumatized victims may receive less attention and care if carefull survivors treatment is not conducted

• Women and children are the most vulnerable community groups that need serious care during recovery

• Key donors and multi-donor funds should be requested to play coordinating roles

• Constant communication among partners should be maintained to manage beneficiary and donor expectations

about the pace and progress of reconstruction

• The coordinating agency should ensure integrity and accountability of funds to gain donor coinfidence

• Influence skills including diplomacy, authority, and flexibility may be used throughout the reconstruction

• Quality of reconstruction process as well as to ensure the works done efficiently and effectively in achieving the

reconstruction goals should be kept as top priority. Due to heavy and large number of reconstruction agencies

during the time, coordination and control of the process will be difficult if frameworks and rule among the

agencies do not conform at the first place

• Data of the victims as well as data of land status are difficult to verify. This will slow the reconstruction process

or else will put the reconstruction process in legal status obstacle that may not be easy to resolve

• Restoring digital data of land status at remote and save area will help reconstruction agencies to validate legal

status of landowners (Accountability Report of BRR 2008, USGS, ISET, DPR 2005, BRR Report 2006)


Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

Executing Agency BRR, other goverment bodies, local/ international NGO/

foundation, United Nation UN Bodies (such as UNDP, UNICEF, IOM), World Bank,

Other nations such as Japan, German, Australia, Netherland, EU and many more

Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

( USD, duration ) Budgeting composition for Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction : on-treasury and on-budget : Government : 21 trillion rupiahs,

Donor : 8 trillion rupiahs, off-treasury and on-budget : Donor : 3 trillion rupiahs etc

Amount of

Reconstructed


• Transportations line also started being restored in Jan. 2005. • 3.696 km of roads

rebuilt, • 363 bridges rebuilt, • 23 ports rebuilt, • 13 airport or airstrips rebuilt all after

4 years, • 97% households have electricity supply by Dec. 2008. etc.


companies

A national-private TV station provided foods for the emergency. IBM installed 250

computer units. Radio was installed also from Jan. 2005 by ORARI and Kodim.

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

Overseas support during emergency could be minimum during the emergency

period. Therefore, local and national capacities to respond quickly are important.

othersGovernment at affected area was mostly paralyzed due to large number of victims

and losses. Then, neighbourhood provincial government support was crucial.

Evacuation (Shelter)• 562.149 people live in houses/tents (July 1, 2005)

• 33.458 people live in barracks/transitional shelter (July 1, 2005)

Support from other

countries

(To Indonesia) • Total involved country : 34, • Personnel : 16.000, • Medical team :

117, • Mothership/carrier : 9, • Float hospital : 1, • Aircraft : 31, • Helicopter : 82

Support from other

provinces

• 5.000 tons rice/foods are delivered (Jan. 9, 2005) by Logistic Agency (BULOG)

• Water supply and sanitation units by PDAM with each 435 l/s and 250 l/s capacity


Rescure ActivitiesEvacuation and searching of victim’s were done collaboratively by Indonesian

National Force (TNI), police, Red Cross (PMI), Basarnas, community, volunteers.

Medical Services• Some of victims who need special care were brought out to Medan and Jakarta

• Build emergency health care unit (handling of victims who were injured) by MOH

Photo 3: Banda Aceh City Photo 4: Suburb of Aceh (00 Jan. 2005)

Photo 5: 0000 (00 Feb. 2006) Photo 6: Reconstruction of Aceh (00 Feb. 2006)

Photo 7: Road reconstruction (00 Mar. 2006) Photo 8: Temporary house at 0000 (May 2005)

Photos (Example)

Photo 1: Road of 0000 (00 Jan. 2005) Photo 2: Tsunami innundation 0000 city

Photo 14: (source 0000)

Photo 9: Reconstruction of 0000 City Photo 10: 0000 Town (00 June 2006)

Photo 11: Recovery house, 0000 Town Photo 12: 0000 Town (00 June 2006)

Photo 13: 0000 City (00 June 2006)


Outline of Hazard

Country China


Date (and Time) 12 May 2008, 14:28:01(Beijing Time), 06:28:01(UTC)

Location (Main area) Wenchuan County (79km NW of Chengdu 30.986oN, 103.364°E), Sichuan Province

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Magnitude(M7.9 Mw8.0), Depth(19km) and Intensity max.(-)




Data SourceNational Level: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/USGSLocal/Academic: http://www.cea.gov.cn/ , http://www.ceic.ac.cn/ , http://www.jianzai.gov.cn/

etcOutline of Damages

Affected AreaMajor city name:(Dujianen, Chengdu) (population(10 mil.))

Affected area(more than 116,700 km2)

remarks

MCA China

Human DamageDead(69,227), Missing(17,824)

Heavily Injured(374,643), Slightly Injured( - )

MCA China, 1 Sept. 2008

Damage of BuildingsTotally Collapsed(4,140,000), Half Collapsed( )

Partially Collapsed( ) Affected families( )

MCA China, June 2008

Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road(24,103km), Highway(21 lines), Railway(669km)

River( - ), Major Port( ), Airport(Shuangliu), others( )

China news

Electricity(millions houses), Water supply(5mil. familes)

Gas( ), Tel(51counties), Agriculture(- km2), others ( )

China news

Main Damage CauseMore than 95% death and missing were killed by the earthquake induced collapsed

houses and buildings. After earthquake, lots of landslides also killed many people.

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

The majority of building damages were caused because of lack of enforcement of

rural building codes. Factories in the disaster area were kept stop operation for a

while and it affected the global “supply chain” (esp. car parts production industry).

Direct Economic Loss(845.1 billion yuan): Private Buildings (House, Shop, etc.): 27.4%,

Infrastructure and Lifelines: 21.9%, Others (Public buildings): 20.4%by region/type


Infrastructure


Sector

Because the structure measures were not sufficient and also short of systematic

procedures, after earthquake, lots of conflicts happened between local governments

and victims (the most famous case is Sangzao Middle School).

Measures by Private


Private Sector: Because damages caused by the earthquake greatly exceed the

pre-disaster damage estimate, former reduction policies needed to be reviewed.

By Residents: The evacuation exercise program was not popular in schools and

communities.

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forcast system: There were short of the disaster management materials including

hazard maps.

Warning system: N/A

International Cooperation: (After the earthquake) 171 countries and 20 int’l agencies

stated assistance. Relief goods and money in total more than 5 billion yuan.

Research and Development: N/A

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

In China, there are no codes for rural buildings. In Sichuan, the seismic building

standard was still below 7 degree which can protect earthquake only below M. 5.

Dr. Wang Zhenyao, Dean, Philanthropy Research

Institute, Beijing Normal University, China


Rescure ActivitiesAs for the army case, about 157,000 personnel were dispatched for rescued and

other emergency operation. Approximately 5,000,000 people were rescued.

Medical ServicesDMAT (65,000 doctors etc.) and other teams (total 14,950 doctors etc.; Red Cross,

national hospitals etc.), provided emergency medical services around for 3 months.

Sichuan sent 10,015 injurers to 340 hospitals in 20 provinces. (data: CDRC)

Evacuation (Shelter)3 days after the event, people kept evacuated in public buildings. 30 days after, 15

mil. people got 1.5 mil. tents and 1 mil. shelters incl. 0.5 mil. temporary houses.

Support from other

countries

171 countries and 20 int’l agencies stated assistance. Received rescue teams from 6 counties.

Relief goods and money total 5 billion yuan. 273 foreign experts into the districts.

Support from other

provinces

Central government arrange 21 provinces and cities support disaster districts, the

framework is "one province (or city) to one county. (This policy established on 22 May.)


companies

Wanke Compony established one township building. Some private companies

opened the site for donation. Donation through the Internet becomes popular now.

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

Many private companies and NGO provided food and relief goods to the evacuated

people in their areas of expertise. More than 3 millions volunteers to the disasters.

othersCentral government provided 10 yuan and 0.5 kg rice each day for evacuees during

3 months and after that reduce half, then into the normal assistance system.


Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

National Level: Reconstruction Committee (established in June 2008)

Province level: Reconstruction Committee of 3 provinces, governors were Directors.

City/Town Level: Implementing body for reconstruction

Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

(approx. 4 billion USD) Since required amount of fund for reconstruction was too

large to bear by the local governments. Therefore, central government allocated

302.6 billion yuan for recovery, other budget was provided by provinces and cities.

Amount of

Reconstructed


More than 5,000 projects of infrastructure were established in three provinces

including Sichuan, Gansu, Shannxi.

Amount of

Reconstructed


By September, 2010, 1,908,500 rural houses, 288,300 urban houses, 3,839 schools,

and 2,169 hospitals were reconstructed in three provinces including Sichuan,

Gansu, Shannxi.

OthersIn Sichuan, the reconstruction plan included 29,692 projects with more than 800

billion yuan investment. Whole reconstruction investment is 1,000 billion yuan.


Many new policies were created. Especially the policy on "one province to one county" made all actions more efficient.

Because of this policy, there was competition among provinces. So "3 years task finished in 2 years". First the central

government must provide the main budget to local government. This is the central government's responsibility. But secondly

reconstruction can not be centralized. It must be combined decentralized projects.

Another policy is "open the door", government encouraged NGO participation, and welcome foreign rescue team. Open policy

is important, during the recovery, many international experiences were adopted by the government. Encouraging media to

report the recovery process is also important. If the reporters found something was wrong, the government could resolve the

problems.

Because damages caused by earthquake greatly exceed the pre-disaster estimate, the former policies for disaster reduction

need to be fundamentally reviewed and disaster management measures have to be rebuilt. Building codes and disaster

reduction are very important.

Chinese tradition believed that the scholars can resolve all problems, so if appointed experts as leaders,then they can do early

warning. As a result, reports asked officials why they cannot do early warning. Changing this conception, maybe is very

important, so should strengthening communities building including family activities.



remarks21 Feb., 2012, Tokyo

Name of other members UNDP-China Project: Working Report about Relief and Reconstruction of Wenchuan Earthquake

Photos (by S.Ando)

Photo 1: 2008.06　Sichuan, China　 Photo 2: 2008.06　Sichuan, China

Photo 3: 2008.06　Dujiangyan, China　 Photo 4: 2008.06　Dujiangyan, China

Photo 5: 2008.06　Dujiangyan, China　 Photo 6: 2008.06　Dujiangyan, China

Photo 7: 2008.06　Dujiangyan, China　 Photo 8: Temporary house at (2008.06)Mianzhu

Photo 15: 2008.06　Mianzhu, China

Photo 9: 2008.06　Mianzhu, China Photo 10: 2008.06　Mianzhu, China



Location (Main area)

Infrastructure


Sector


Data Source


Earthquake: Mw. 8.8; Depth 30km; Intensity max.(IX Mercalli)


Tsunami: Hight max.( 3.02 m), Inundated area( km2) and Earthquake data


Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Outline of Hazard

Country Chile

Hazard Type Earthquake, Tsunami

From Pichilemu city in the north to Arauco Peninsula in the south (36,284°S,

73,239°W )

Date (and Time) February 27th, 2010, 3:34 (CLS), 6:34 (UTC)

National Level: http://www.sismologia.cl/seismo.html,

repositoriosdigitalonemi.clLocal/Academic: http://www.sismochile2010.cl/


Outline of Damages

remarks

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

Direct Economic Lossby region/type

Electricity( houses), Water supply( houses)

Gas( ), Telephone( ), Agriculture( km2), others ( )

(24.000.000.000 USD)

Main Damage Cause

Measures by Private


Forcast system:

Warning system:

Forecasting and

Warning Systems International Cooperation:

Private Sector:

By Residents:

Affected AreaMajor city name:(Concepcion,) (population( ))

Affected area( km2)

Human Damage Dead(432), Missing(24), Injured(12.000)

Damage of Buildings

Totally Collapsed(86.917), Half Collapsed(336.079)

Partially Collapsed( ) Affected families(806.523

Damnificados)

Road( km), Highway( km), Railway( km)

River( ), Major Port( ), Airport(Santiago, Concepció

n), others( )Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines



Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

Amount of

Reconstructed


Rescure Activities

Medical Services

Amount of

Reconstructed


Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

( USD, duration )

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

Evacuation (Shelter)

Support from other

countries


Support from other

provinces


companies

others



remarks

Others

Photos (by )

Photo 1: Diego López García Photo 2: Diego López García

Photo 3: Matías Hube Photo 4: José Luis Almazán

Photo 5: José Luis Almazán Photo 6: El Mostrador



Outline of Hazard

Country Haiti


Date (and Time) 12 January 2010 (USGS 16:53:10, UTC 21:53:10)

Location (Main area) Port-au-Prince (P-au-P), Epicenter 18.443oN, 72.571

oW; 25kmSW of P-au-P

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Magnitude(M7.0), Depth(13km) and Intensity max.(35sec.)


Tsunami: Hight max.(3mP-au-P), Inundated area( km2) and Earthquake data


Data SourceNational Level: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/

Local/Academic: http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/symposium/pdf/Reference_1_201202_Haiti.pdf

Outline of Damages

Affected AreaMajor city name:(P-au-P) (population(10.2million Haiti))

Affected area(-km2, 3 Departments; West, Southeast, Nippes)

remarks

Human DamageDead(230,000), Missing( - )

Heavily Injured(100,000), Slightly Injured( - )

Damage of BuildingsTotally Collapsed(105,000), Half Collapsed( - )

Partially Collapsed( - ) Affected families(600,000)

All Ministries, public

buildings destroyed

Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road( - km), Highway( - km), Railway( - km)

River( - ), Major Port(biggest), Airport( - ), others( )

Jacmel road was cut by

landslide/ liqefaction

Electricity(all houses), Water supply( houses)

Gas( - ), Telephone(*), Agriculture( - km2), others ( )

* 1 of 4 telephone

companies worked

Main Damage CauseHigh occupancy density, Instable soil, Poor quality of concrete, Lack of ductility of

building and housing wall, Poor connection between the structural elements, etc.

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

The earthquake destroyed completely and damaged a large number of buildings.

Almost all the old buildings with walls stone masonry of P-au-P were destroyed or

severely damaged. Majority of the damages is due to the ground motion.

Direct Economic Loss( 8 billion USD) Infrastructure/ housing: 57.2%, Social: 19.4%,

Production: 17%, Education: 6.1%, Health: 6%, Others: 13%

by region/type


Infrastructure


Sector

After independence from France in 1804, Haiti had damaged earthquakes only in

1824 and 1946. However Haiti experienced heavy hurricanes and flood every year.

Therefore preparedness against earthquake was less than that against wind, etc.

Measures by Private


Private Sector: When private companies construct new buildings or factories, they

asked foreign contractors following seismic building code of each foreign country.

By Residents: Heavy construction materials are common because of hurricanes and

even technicians did not know earthquake resistance building technologies.

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forecast system:

No forecasting system against earthquakes

Warning system:

No warning system agaisnt earthquakes

International Cooperation:

Before 2010 Haiti Earthquake, no one joined IISEE (GRIPS) program from Haiti.


No education system against earthquake disaster

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

There was no proper (seismic) building code in Haiti before 2010.

Not only national government but also local governments had no seismic codes.

Fritz Auplan: Ministry of Public Works, Transportation

and Communication (MTPTC), Haiti


Rescure ActivitiesThe first responders were local people. Then, foreign rescue teams came, and

MTPTC (Ministry of Public Works/Transport) began to clear the important streets.

Medical ServicesMinistry of Public Health and private health sector responded quickly, saving people

before foreign aid. However, this national response was very limited.

Evacuation (Shelter)Earthquake made about 600,000 homeless. Firstly, almost everybody around

affected areas lived in open air. Some people built their shelters, using debris.

Support from other

countries

Dominicans, Americans, Canadians, French, Jamaicans, Cubans…came to rescue

from the next days of disaster.

Support from other

provincesNo data


companiesNo data

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

In first time humanitarian agencies tried to distribute food by helicopter but failed.

Then, they gave some cooking kit. And, finally food was distributed by the military.

othersFortunately the infrastructure and staff of national body in charge of water (DINEPA)

were not affected. Total amount of disaster waste is estimated at 10,000,000m3.


Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

Interim Commission for Reconstruction of Haiti (ICRH), Multi-Donor Trust Fund,

MTPTC dredged rivers and drainage canals to cope the hurricane season. One

week later, MTPTC began a vast campaign of assessment of damaged facilities.

Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

( No detailed data USD)

- International Community

- Private sectors, NGOs etc.

Amount of

Reconstructed


No date on amount of reconstruction;

By the action plan, Haiti restarted rapidly economic, governmental and social

activities, reduce vulnerability of the country, and put on the path of development.

Amount of

Reconstructed


No data on amount of reconstructed houses;

Some people built their shelters, using debris as wood, metal sheets and anything

that they found. And two years later some people still live in shelters made by them.

OthersInternational medias contributions were very significant: they stimulated all actions.

17862 non- severely damaged houses were repaired in Leogane and P-a-P areas.


National government, local authorities should take their responsibilities.

Every house must be built under a seismic code regulation.

Including environmental aspects in all decisions and actions.

Integrating risk disaster management in all sectors and in all reconstruction activities.

Establishing an active employment policy: supporting micro-enterprises, strengthening vocational training,

involving local firms and local labor and communities.

Initiating a social safety net for the poorest.

Undertaking the decentralization of the basic services.



remarks: 2011-2012

GRIPS DMP graduate


Photos (by F. Auplan)

Photo 1: Beach at Jacmel, Haiti　 Photo 2: Beach at Petit Goave, Haiti

Photo 3: 2010.01.12　1.3 million homeless, Haiti　 Photo 4: Port-au-Prince, Capital of Haiti

Photo 5: 2009/2010 Haiti National Palace Photo 6: 2010, Haiti Main damage cause

Photo 7: 2010 Haiti, Masonry damage　 Photo 8: Repair Technic (Haiti)

Photo 15: 2010, Haiti, Column failure

Photo 9: 2010, Haiti, Masonry damage Photo 10: 2010, Haiti

Photo 11: 2010, Haiti Damaged structure Photo 12: Concrete Column Rupture

Photo 13: 2010, Haiti, Wall failure Photo 14: 2010 Haiti

Legal System

(Laws/Ordinances)

Japan developed many legal systems against every type of disaster. Disaster Relief

Act (1947), Building Standard Law (1950), Basic Disaster Prevention Law (1961), etc.

Infrastructure


Sector

Retrofitting efforts of infrastructures / buildings were conducted after 1995 Great

Hanshin- Awaji Earthquake. As damages by the disaster greatly exceeding the damage

estimate, the former principles for hazard assumption need to be fundamentally reviewed.

Measures by Private


Private Sector: Effects of the retrofitting were also observed in private sector

buildings such as shops, hotels and factories.

By Residents: While preserving the strong bonds of local residents, people

constructed disaster resilient safe communities and natural energy regions.

Forecasting and

Warning Systems

Forcast system: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) provides an "Earthquake Early

Warning (EEW)" system since 2007, just immediately before the shaking comes.

Warning system: In addition to EEW, JMA provides tsunami warnings, and it is

possible that the evacuation of residents and volunteer fire fighters were blunted.

International Cooperation: N/A

Research and Development: The estimation of earthquake magnitude and the tsunami

height by JMA immediately after the earthquake vastly underestimated, and the size of the

earthquake and the tsunami warnings were subsequently repeatedly revised upwards.

Characteristics of


Social aspects)

The majority of human and building damages were caused by tsunami, while some damages

by earthquake was recognized when they were constructed before 1981 codes. Damaged

infrastructures were also limited. Fukushima nuclear power station was damaged by the

tsunami. A radiation leaked to the atmosphere and it caused nuclear disaster.

Direct Economic Loss(200 billion USD) Total: 16.9 trillion yen, Buildings: 10.4 tril. yen,

Lifelines: 4.3 tril. yen, Infrastructures: 2.2 tril. yen, Agriculture: 1.9 tril. yen, Others:

2.5 tril. yen (1 tril. yen = 12.5 billion USD)

by region/type


Damage of

Infrastructure and

Lifelines

Road(1,119km), Highway(979km), Railway(2,002km)

River(-), Major Port(15), Airport(13), incl. Shinkansen 990km

Cabinte Office (CAO),

Japan

Electricity(2.6 mil. houses), Water supply(1.8 mil. houses)

Gas(2mil), Telephone(1mil), Agriculture (236km2), others ( )

CAO, Ministry of

Agriculture etc.

Main Damage CauseMost of human and physical damages were caused by the tsunami.

More than 90% death and missing were killed by the tsunami (drowning).

Human DamageDead( 15,845 ), Missing( 3,380 )

Heavily Injured( 5,894 ), Slightly Injured( )

NPA

(Jan.20, 2012)

Damage of BuildingsTotally Collapsed(128,471), Half Collapsed(242,309)

Partially Collapsed(662,514) Affected families(>1 mil.)

NPA

(Jan.20, 2012)

Data SourceNational Level: http://www.reconstruction.go.jp/english/ (MOFA)

http://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/incidents/Local/Academic:

http://www.jst.go.jp/pr/pdf/great_east_japan_earthquake.pdfOutline of Damages

Affected AreaMajor city:(Sendai, Ishinomaki) (population(1, 0.2 mil.))

Affected area(all 561km2) Sendai 52km

2, Ishinomaki 73km

2

remarks

Date (and Time) 11 March, 2011, 14:46 (JST), 05:46 (UTC)

Location (Main area) N38.1, E142.9, Off Pacific Coast of Tohoku (North East) Region, Japan

Scale/Intensity of

Hazard

Earthquake: Mw. 9.0, Mj 8.4(JMA) M.9.0 (USGS), Depth 24km, Intensity JMA7


Tsunami: Hight max. 21.1m (run-up 43.3m), Inundated area(561 km2 by



Outline of Hazard

Country Japan

Hazard Type Tsunami, Earthquake

Dr. Shoichi ANDO, (2011 Director of IISEE, from 2013

Prof., GRIPS Disaster Management Policy Program)Name of representative


remarks


Amount of

Reconstructed


Provided by prefecture government (Subsidized by the central gov.) Required number of

temporary houses: 53,013 (Completed: 52,182 as of end of Dec. 2011), Public Recovery

Housing (Iwate 5,946 units, Miyagi 15,505 units, Fukushima 2,714 for tsunami, 4,890 for nuclear accident)

OthersThe tsunami produced huge amount (about 23 million tons) of disaster waste. As of

Nov. 2011, about 62% of waste was removed.


<Gap between pre-disaster assumption and the actual hazards>Because the actual tsunami differed from the assumptions, the height and extent, and inundation area exceeded expected

levels. It is possible that the hazard maps that were prepared based on the pre-disaster hazard assumptions lead to providing

false sense of security to people, and that the tsunami that exceeded these assumptions led to an expansion of the damage.

Some school students evacuated to the safer place than that of designated place on their own decision.

<Damage to structures>Looking at the structure measures, while these are effective against tsunamis with tsunami heights within the scope of their

design, the massive tsunami and colossal damage witnessed during this disaster exposed the limitations of disaster

management measures that rely on coastal protection facilities to an excessive degree.

<Under-estimation of the first tsunami warning and its effects>The estimation of earthquake magnitude and the tsunami height by JMA immediately after the earthquake vastly

underestimated, and the size of the earthquake and the tsunami warnings were subsequently repeatedly revised upwards over

time. It is considered that the impact of the initial tsunami height prediction was particularly great, and it is possible that the

evacuation actions of residents and volunteer fire fighters were blunted by the initial tsunami warning, leading to expansion of

damage incurred.

<Disaster Management Measures>As damages by the disaster greatly exceeding the damage estimate, the former principles for hazard assumption need to be

fundamentally reviewed and the disaster management measures have to be rebuilt.


Responsible

Organization for

Recovery

National Level: Reconstruction Agency (established in Feb. 2012)

Prefecture level: Branch office of Reconstruction Agency, Reconstruction Headquarters

of prefectural government, City/Town Level: Implementing body

Total amount of

Finance for

Reconstruction

(approx. 25 trillion yen, 200 billion USD, duration 3 years, 2012-2014) Since the

scale of damage was huge, local governments couldn't bear the cost for recovery.

Therefore, central government allocated (subsidized) almost all of recovery costs.

Amount of

Reconstructed


Roads and highways were re-opened in two weeks except the sections that bridges

were washed away. 50% of railways were restored in one month. About 1.5 months

after the disaster, Shinkansen was return to the full operation.


companies

Many private companies provided food and relief goods to the evacuated people.

Logistics for relief goods etc. were also supported by various private companies.

Support from NGO

and/or INGO

Foods and other relief goods were supplied by the central government, local

government and others (NGO, other institutions, etc.)

othersA principle for emergency road recovery called “Kushinoha sakusen” was contributed to start

the early relief activities, and it was effective to supply relief goods. U.S.A. provided special

support called “Tomodachi Operation” with more than 20,000 military personnel staff.

Evacuation (Shelter)Public facilities such as schools, gymnasium were played as evacuation shelters. 3

days after tsunami, 470,000 people were evacuated in more than 2,100 shelters.

Support from other

countries

163 countries and 43 int’l agencies stated assistance. Received rescue teams from 29

counties, territories and agencies. Received relief goods from 63 counties etc. Received

donation from 93 counties and total amount was more than 17.5 billion yen (USD 219 million).

Support from other

provinces

In addition to the emergency medical care like DMAT, number of experts from local

governments have provided administrative supports for disaster affected agencies.


Rescure ActivitiesProfessional rescue activities were carried out by police, firefighter, coast guard and

Self Defense Force (SDF). As a result, approx. 27,000 people were rescued.

Medical ServicesDMAT (Disaster Medical Assistance Team): Total 193 teams were dispatched and provided

medical service for 2 weeks. Other Medical Team: Total 2,656 teams (12,264 members) from

Red Cross, public hospitals, medical volunteers, etc. provided emergency medical services.

Photo 3: Before 2011.03.11 Taro, Miyako Photo 4: After 2011.03.11 (Apr. 2011)

Photo 5: Before 2011.03.11 Taro, Miyako　 Photo 6: After 2011.03.11 (Apr. 2011)

Photo 7: 2011.04 Taro, Miyako, Iwate　 Photo 8: 2011.04 Taro, Miyako, Iwate

Photos (by S.Ando)

Photo 1: 2011.3.11　Taro, Miyako, Iwate, Japan Photo 2: Taro, Miyako (2011.4)

Photo 15: 2011.04 Arahama, Sendai, Miyagi Photo 16: 2011.04 Arahama, Sendai, Miyagi

Photo 9: 2011.04 Onagawa, Miyagi Photo 10: 2011.04 Onagawa, Miyagi

Photo 11: 2011.04 Onagawa, Miyagi Photo 12: 2011.04 Onagawa, Miyagi

Photo 13: 2011.04-2011.09 Onagawa Photo 14: 2011.04-2011.09 Onagawa

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