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Out of the Darkness Iva GreyWolf, Ph.D. APA Division 35 Mid-Winter EC Meeting Section 6 Presentation Alaska Native/American Indian/Indigenous Women Seattle, Washington January 2011

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Out of the Darkness

Iva GreyWolf, Ph.D.

APA Division 35 Mid-Winter EC MeetingSection 6 Presentation

Alaska Native/American Indian/Indigenous WomenSeattle, Washington

January 2011

Raven Steals

the Sun

• Definition • Prevalence• Dynamics• Effects• Examples of Positive Coping• Future Directions• References

Intergenerational Trauma

Intergenerational Trauma Definition

Exposure of an earlier generation to a traumatic event that continues to affect the subsequent generations

Prevalence

• Exact mechanisms of transmission of trauma have not been fully explored

• How widespread is it? There is tremendous grassroots identification

Participatory Action Research

• Research developing a scale of “perceived losses” and a scale focusing on “feelings pertaining to historical losses” Whitbeck 2004

• “Towards Wellness” is a positive strengths based approach with a focus on recovery and protective factors. Mohatt et al 2004

Dynamics • Layers of Grief Work

• Erosion of Family• Erosion of Tribal Structure• Loss of Spiritual Ties

• Trauma Work • Multiple Traumas• Historical Trauma • On-going Traumas

“…the losses are not confined to a single catastrophic period. Rather they are on-going and present.”

“There has been a continual, persistent and progressive process of loss…”(Whitbeck et al. 2004)

Continuing Dynamics

Effects on:

•Identity

•Relationship skills

•Personal behavior

•Transmission of mores and values

•Attitudes and beliefs that affect futuregenerations

“If you are going through hell..keep going”

-Winston Churchill

Some of us have kept going…the “ability of American Indians to

maintain optimism during adversity is related to spirituality, compassion, empathy, humor,

friendships and familial and community strengths.”

Goodluck (2002)

“Not About Us Without Us”The Essence of Successful

Interventions

Indigenous interventions Gone (2009)

Solutions and answers come from the communities themselves.

Campbell (2009) based on the works of Mohatt et al.

The Essence of Successful Interventions

Match the IndividualCommunity Based InterventionsStage Based, First Things FirstMulti-disciplinary & InterdisciplinaryEvidence Based Practices or Practice Based Evidence

Examples of Positive Coping

Holistic…reflects the medicine wheel familiar to many tribes/nations

‘Takini” Lakota meaning “to come back to life” Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart

Musk Ox story Campbell 2009

Successful Delivery

• Be strength based…tell them what is right, what can be built upon

• Respectful• Relational • Spiritual

Mask of cedar and ermine tails by Ken Mowat

David J. Sheakley / Juneau Empire

REFERENCES

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Brave Heart, M. (1998). The return to the sacred path: Healing thehistorical unresolved grief response among the Lakota through apsychoeducational group intervention. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 68, 287-305.

Brave Heart, M. ( 1999a). Gender differences in the historical grief response among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy, 10, 1-21.

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Mohatt, G. V., Rasmus, S. M., Thomas, L., Allen, J., Hazel, K., & Hansel, C. (2004) Tied together like a woven hat: Protectivepathways to Alaska native sobriety. Harm Reduction Journal, 1(10). doi:10.10.1186/1477-7517-1-10

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