The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also historically referred to as the Turkish Empire or Turkey was a Sunni Islamic sultanate and later a caliphate . Founded by Oghuz Turks (tribe) under Osman I (leader) in northwestern Anatolia in 1299.

• Sunni Islamic • people of the tradition of Muhammad and the consensus of the

Sunnah

• Sultanate • dynasty and lands ruled by a sultan are referred to as

a sultanate

• Caliphate • is a form of Islamic political-religious leadership

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The Ottoman Empire

• Ertuğrul, father of Osman I, arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines.

• After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates.

• One of the emirates was led by Osman I

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The Ottoman Empire Reign of Osman I

Father Ertuğrul

Mother Halime Hatun

Born 1258 Söğüt, Anatolia

Died 9 August, 1327 (aged 69) Söğüt, Anatolia, Turkey

Religion Islam

An imagined portrait of Osman I

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The Ottoman Empire

Osman I

• The founder of the Ottoman Empire

• Tall, dark complexion, Hazle Eyes

• Brilliant Rider and Swordsman

• Man of the people, down to earth

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The Ottoman Empire

1307 • From 400 soldiers became 4,000 soldiers

• Osmanlis or Ottomans • Followers of Osman I

• Ottomans judge people to what they can contribute

• Some of the members are Sufis • Didn’t require praying in Mosques • Didn’t require reading Quran • Some worship thru dance wearing derby shoes • to feel the Universe or Earth

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The Ottoman Empire

According to Ottoman Legends One night, Osman I dreamt about a Tree with growing branches He consulted a Sufi

The Sufi interpreted his dream that he would be the founder of a huge Empire with many people under his sovereignty

Osman married the Sufi’s daughter And, there was Orhan, Osman’s Son The great Ottoman Dynasty was born Together, father and son built an Army 1320 Ottomans expanded to country-side

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The Ottoman Empire

1324

• Osman I died at the age of 69 yrs. Old

• Orhan replaced Osman I as leader of Ottomans

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The Ottoman Empire

Reign 10 August, 1327 ‒ 1359

Father Osman I

Mother Malhun Hatun

Born 1279

Died 1359 (aged 80)

Burial Bursa, Turkey

Religion Islam

Romanticised western depiction of Orhan

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The Ottoman Empire

Orhan

Wanted war

First City taken is Bursa in 1324 by way of:

Building tower on both side, outside of walls of Bursa’s Castle

Bursa starved for 11 to 12 year period

Many people died because of starvation

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The Ottoman Empire

After the fall of Bursa • Orhan made Bursa his new Capital • Entitled himself KING or SULTAN • Establish:

• Monetary system/issued coins • Schools • Mosques • Monument of his father

• Develop: • Farming • Carpentry

• Build a regional power with control of trade-groups • Formed an alliance with the Byzantine emperor John VI Kantakouzenos

• Married the daughter as a thank you for helping Byzantium

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The Ottoman Empire

Early 1350 • Orhan ordered 6,000 of his troops under helping

Kantakouzenos • Begins Western expansion to the Balkans and

Beyond Over the next 16 years • Continues to expand his territory and

consolidate his power • In just 60 years from tribes of nomad to ruler of

more than a half million people

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The Ottoman Empire

Early 1350 • Orhan ordered 6,000 of his troops under helping

Kantakouzenos • Begins Western expansion to the Balkans and

Beyond Over the next 16 years • Continues to expand his territory and

consolidate his power • In just 60 years from tribes of Nomads to ruler of

more than a half million people

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The Ottoman Empire

1362

• After a 38 year reign Orhan died at the age of 80

• Murad I continued the expansion of the tribe

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The Ottoman Empire

Father Orhan

Mother Nilüfer Hatun

Born 29 June 1326 Sogut or Bursa, now Turkey

Died 15 June 1389

Burial Tomb of Sultan Murat, Kosovo

Religion Islam

Murad I

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The Ottoman Empire

Murad I

• Conquer and Convert to Islam • Made administering territories easier

• More Christians recognize Ottomans as liberators than oppressors

• Collect lower taxes than his enemies

• Formed the Janissaries • meaning "new soldier“, were elite infantry units that

formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards

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Janissaries New Soldier

The Janissaries were chosen at about age six among the Christian boys living in Anatolia and the Balkan peninsula to become the elite fighting force of the Ottoman Empire. A portion of these selected children, as

they were considered to be more talented, received a higher standard of education to become the ruling class of viziers as well as engineers, architects, physicians and scientists.

The Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire

1389

• Murad I died at the age of 70 years old

• Bayezid I replaced his father Murad I

• Ordered the murder of his older brother Yakul

• Set a deadly tradition in the Ottoman dynasty

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The Ottoman Empire

15th Century • Ottoman Empire rouse and fell dramatically • Bayezid I’s expansion over Europe and Asia ended in defeat • Defeated by the Central Asian warlord Timur at the Battle of Ankara on

20 July 1402 Ottoman Interregnum • was a civil war in the Ottoman Empire between the sons

of Sultan Bayezid I • Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur • His brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa

Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority • Each claiming the throne for himself. Civil war was the result. • The Interregnum lasted for 11 years until the Battle of Çamurlu on 5 July

1413 • When Mehmed Celebi emerged as victor in the strife • Crowned himself sultan Mehmed I, and restored the empire.

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The Ottoman Empire

26 May, 1421 • Mehmed I died (age 40) • Murad II Lead the Janissaries in a 21 year

Military Campaign in Europe 1444 • Murad II is 23 year in power • Retired and turned over the leadership to his 12

yrs. Old son Mehmed II • After 2 years, Murad II returned Sultan because

of conquest threat

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The Ottoman Empire

1451

• Murad II died

• Mehmed II assumed throne for the 2nd time at 19 yrs. Old

• Experienced doubts on leadership from the Janissaries

• Vanished Janissary soldiers who doubt his leadership

• Demanded loyalty from the remaining Janissaries

• Turned his eyes on Constantinople

• Studies science of war night and day

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Father Murad II

Mother Hüma Hatun

Born 30 March, 1432 Edirne, Edirne Province, Turkey

Died 3 May 1481 (aged 49) Hünkârçayırı, near Gebze,Kocaeli Province, Turkey

Burial Constantinople now Istanbul,Turkey

Religion Islam

The Ottoman Empire

Sultan Mehmed II in 1479. Portrait by Italian painter Gentile Bellini

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Conquest of Constantinople

Sultan Mehmed II's entry into Constantinople, painting by Fausto Zonaro (1854-1929)

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The Ottoman Empire

Start of Golden Age of Ottoman • Changed the name of Constantinople to Istanbul • Rebuild Constantinople (Istanbul) • Build the Grand Bazaar

• is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world, with 61 covered streets and over 3,000 shops which attract between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily.

• Recruited Tradesman and Craftsman 1465 • Build Topkapi Palace

• is a large palace in Istanbul, Turkey, that was the primary residence of the Ottoman sultans for approximately 400 years (1465–1856) of their 624-year reign.

• Became the center of the Islamic World

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The Ottoman Empire

May 3 1481

• Mehmed II died in natural causes, 49 yrs. Old

• Bayezid II took over

• Stage of tranquility

• Peaceful

Father Mehmed II

Mother Undetermined

Religion Islam

An oil painting of Bayezid II

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The Ottoman Empire

Sultan Selim I

Father Bayezid II

Mother Gülbahar Hatun

Born 10 October 1465/1466/1470 Amasya

Died 22 September 1520 Tekirdağ, Çorlu

Burial Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih,Constantinople

Religion Sunni Islam

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The Ottoman Empire

1512 • Selim I, Son of Bayezid II • Force his father to retire • Reigns begins brutally • Killed 2 brothers and 5 nephews by his order • Some historians believe Selim I poisoned his father • Conqered even Muslim rulers • Swept Iran, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt • Captured Jerusalem, Mecca, Medina • Took the title of ”Caliph of Islam” (head of Islam) • Undefeated, doubled the size of the Empire

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The Ottoman Empire

1520

• Selim I died of infection

• Suleiman, governor of Sarukhan (Manisa) replaced his father

• Titled himself “Suleiman the Magnificent”

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The Ottoman Empire

Suleiman in a portrait attributed to Titian c.1530

Father Selim I

Mother Ayşe Hafsa Sultan

Born 6 November 1494 Trabzon

Died 7 September 1566 (aged 71) Szigetvár, Hungary

Burial Süleymaniye Mosque,Constantinople

[1][2]

Religion Islam

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The Ottoman Empire

16th Century • Europe Leaders:

• England – Henry VIII • France – Francis I • Habsburg – Charles V • Russia – Ivan the terrible • Ottoman – Suleiman I

• Suleiman saw himself as a major player, needed to prove it • At the age of 26, launched his 1st military campaign • Pushed in deeper Europe

• Conquered: • Belgrade on August of 1521 • Island of Rhodes in 1522 • Hungarian Capital of Buddha in 1526

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The Ottoman Empire

New Navy • Joined Hayreddin Barbarossa, one of the Mediterranean's feared

pirates, Admiral of his fleets • Build a fleet of 200 ships

Franco-Ottoman alliance • Was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis

I and the Turkish sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent. The alliance has been called "the first non-ideological diplomatic alliance of its kind between a Christian and non-Christian empire“.

• Ottoman embassies were sent to France, with the Ottoman embassy to France (1533) led by Hayreddin Barbarossa

• Ottoman embassy to France (1534) led by representatives of Suleiman • Expanded to Russia, Eastern Europe, Middle East and North Africa • Suleiman, a politician took the side of Protestants

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Western Influences

Women and children dancing in the Harem of Topkapı Palace

The Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire

1566

• Suleiman died old in sleep at the age of 72 years while in a campaign in Hungary

• 46 year reign with advances in law, art and architecture

• Nothing left to conquer

• Failing to modernize its tactics and technology

• Sultans no longer lead their armies in battles

• Sultans are just head running control of others

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The Ottoman Empire

Late 16th Century

• Period of Ottoman’s slow decline

• Institutions failed

1595

• Mehmed III take power after killing young princesses

• Most violent dynastic killing in Ottoman

• Following Sultans were weak, minors or inexperienced

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The Ottoman Empire

Late 18th Century • Ottoman army was in ruins

• 1774 – defeated by Russia’s Catherine the Great in Crimea • 1798 – Napoleon’s invasion in Egypt

• Mighty Janissaries became corrupt and Rebels, being out of control • 1826 - Mahmud II, one of the few competent Sultan after Suleiman

• Trained 10,000 new troops loyal to him • Attacked Janissaries • Janissaries era was over

• System failure • Tax collection • Administrator • Legal System • Infrastructures • Expansion

• “Sick Men of Europe”

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The Ottoman Empire

July 2, 1839 – June 2, 1861 • Abdulmecid I, Mahmud II’s successor • Look for the west for help • Influenced by British aristocratic class • European styles in his dress band his surroundings • Abandoned Topkapi Palace • Ordered to build the Magnificent Dolmabahce Palace

• 13 years to complete • Made it his new residence

1876 • Ottoman declared bankruptcy

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The Ottoman Empire

20th Century

• Abdul Hamid II • Continue to rebuild the reputation of the empire

• Commissioned the most prominent photographer to document the best of the empire

• The Sultan personally presented over 1,000 photograph to the U.S. Library of Congress and British Museum

• But however it doesn’t tell the truth

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Early 20th Century

Ottoman artillery, the early twentieth century

The Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire

Balkan Wars • Were two conflicts that took place in the Balkan

Peninsula in south-eastern Europe in 1912 and 1913 • Ottoman Empire is falling apart because of political

crisis, bankruptcy and economic disaster • Some of the Ottomans gained independence such as:

• Bulgaria • Romania • Serbia • Albania • Greece

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The Ottoman Empire

Young Turks • Were a political reform movement in the early

20th century • Favoring replacement of the absolute

monarchy of the Ottoman Empire with a constitutional monarchy

• Later officially known as the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP)

• Their leaders led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution

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The Ottoman Empire

World War I • Ottomans’ sided with Germany against Great Britain,

France and Russia • Ottomans’ successfully protected their remaining

territories • The rise of Mustafa Kemal (one of the young Turks) End of World War I • Meant defeat of Germans and the Ottomans Treaty of Sevres (August 10, 1920) • Peace treaty between the Ottoman

Empire and Allies at the end of World War I 40

The Ottoman Empire

Mehmed V • Was the 35th Ottoman Sultan • The son of Sultan Abdulmecid I • Succeeded by his half-brother Mehmed VI Mehmed VI • Was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire • Was removed from the throne when the Ottoman sultanate was

abolished in 1922 Abdulmecid II • Was the last Sunni Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman Dynasty • 18 November 1922, elected Caliph by the Turkish National

Assembly at Ankara • 3 March 1924, together with his family, he was deposed and

expelled from Turkey

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The Ottoman Empire

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

• Was a military officer during World War I

• front-line commander in the Battle of Gallipoli

• He led the Turkish National Movement in the Turkish War of Independence

• The first President of Turkey

• The founder of the Republic of Turkey

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