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Page 1: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied
Page 2: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

OSTEOLOGY

OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation

Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton

Skeleton: is applied to the frame-work of hard structures which supports and protects the soft tissue of animals.

Page 3: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Bones System and their relationship

• FERTILISATION ZYGOTE (mitosis: cleavage) MORULA BLASTULA GASTRULA divides into 3:

- ectoderm : external layer skin & nerve - endoderm: inner layer viscera - mesoderm: between ecto & endoderm

muscles and bones.

Page 4: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

FUNCTION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE SKELETONSKELETON

• SUPPORT THE BODYSUPPORT THE BODY

• MAKE THE SHAPE OF THE BODYMAKE THE SHAPE OF THE BODY

• PROTECK WEAK ORGANSPROTECK WEAK ORGANS

• PASSIVE MOVEMENT ORGANPASSIVE MOVEMENT ORGAN

• PLACE FOR FIXING MUSCLEPLACE FOR FIXING MUSCLE

• PLACE FOR PRODUCES BLOODPLACE FOR PRODUCES BLOOD

• RESERVOIR CHEMICAL AGENT: Ca & PRESERVOIR CHEMICAL AGENT: Ca & P

Page 5: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

SKELETON/ AXIALISCollumnar Vertebralis

Cranium

Sternum

Costae, Pelvis

THE SKELETON MAY BE DIVIDED PRIMARY INTO THREE PARTS:

SKELETON APPENDICULARISOssa Extremitas Cranialis et Caudalis

SKELETON VISCERALIS : consists of certain bones developed in the substance of some of the viscera or soft organ

Os. Vesali os HyoideusOs. Penis os CordisOs. Glandis

Page 6: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

SKELETON AXIALIS

Ossa. Cranii,

Cervicalis, Thoracalis, Lumbalis,

Sacralis and Coccygealis

(1) Collumnar Vertebralis, composes of :

(2) Ossa Costae, Sternum, Clavicula, Scapula,Coxae

(os Coxae, composes of: Ossa pubic, ilium and ischiadicum)

Page 7: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

SKELETON APPENDICULARIS

Extremitas Cranialis : Ossa Humerus, Radius-Ulna,

Carpal, Metacarpal, Phalangis/digitalis

Extremitas Caudalis : Ossa Femuralis, Tibia-Fibula,

Tarsal, Metatarsal, Phalangis/digitalis

Page 8: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied
Page 9: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied
Page 10: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

ACCORDING THEIR BONES SHAPE

- Ossa Longa (lonng)- Ossa Plana (flat)- Ossa Brevia (short)- Ossa Irregularis (irregular)

Page 11: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

os longa os plana

os brevia

Page 12: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

OSSA LONGA(long bone)

Page 13: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Ossa plana(flat bone)

Page 14: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

OSSA BREVIA(short bone)

Page 15: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

OSSA IRREGULARIA

Page 16: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

THE AMOUNT OF THE BONES

Each breed have different amount example: horse 205 bones

cattle 191 – 193 bones

chicken 160 boness

human 206 bones (old), 270 (young)

This condition is depended by breed (ras) and age.

Page 17: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF BONE (osteogenesis)

1.osteogenesis intramembranosa (desmalis = primer): cel-cel mesenchym osteoblast osteocyt matrix become gel & solid (osteoid) calcification punctum ossification.

2. osteogenesis intracartilagenosa (enchondralis = secundair):

started by cartilage : cel2 mesenchym chondroblast chondrocyt (fit length) ossification.

Osteoblast : destroy bone layer in order to make the shape.

Page 18: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Punctum ossification

DEVELOPMENT : Interstitial development

( from the middle of tissue ) appostitional development

(fron the lateral, the tissue change in order to fix bone layer)

Page 19: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

PUNCTUM OSSIFICATION VERTEBRATA post natal

GROUP I Horse nil Cattle nil Sheep nil

GROUP II

Man 31 Rabbit 32 Dog 34 Cat 34 Pig 3 Guinea pig 3

Page 20: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

SEXUAL AND BODY MATURE

BREED SEXUAL M BODY M horse 1 year 4-5 years cattle 5-9 months 4-5 years Sheep/goat 6 months 4-5 years pig 3-4 months 4-7 years Dog 8 months 1,5-2 year

Page 21: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

BONE STRUCTURE

Bone mainly compose of bone tissue, but as an organ, it have layer term as periosteum, endosteum, medulla ossium, blood vessels and nerves.

According to the architecture :

1. compact substance.

2. spongiosa substance

In the long bone have medullar cavity.

Page 22: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Periosteum: is a membrane which enclose superficial surface of bone, except at the part which is lined by cartilage.

Endosteum: is a thin fibrous membrane which enclose medullare cavity and big Haversian canal.

Medulla ossium: placed between spongiosum bone and medullar cavity in the long bone.

in the adult animals have 2 variation: as red and yellow:

Page 23: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

In the young animals only have red (medulla ossium rubra), although then a part has change to be yellow (medulla ossium flava)

Medulla ossium rubra contains several type characteristic cells and as an substansia to make blood.

Medulla ossium flava : contains fatty tissue.

Page 24: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

BLOOD VESSELS & NERVES

composes 2 artery : periosteal and medullaris nutritional foramen : hole in bone for passing

through blood vessels give nutrition. Nerves distribute together with blood vessels.

nerve ending in the periosteum (corpuscle Vater-Pacini) may be as sensoris, and probably as connection with muscle sense.

Page 25: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

BoneStructure

macroscopic structure microscopic structurechemical and physical structure

Page 26: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE

SUBSTANSIA SPONGIOSA

SUBSTANSIA COMPACTA

Page 27: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

compact and spons bones

compact bone

spongiosa bone

Page 28: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

part os longa

DIAPHISA EPIPHYSA

Page 29: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Ossa pneumatica

SINUS :air spaces within compact substance contain air instead of spongy bone and marrow and, are called pneumatic bones. The cavity are term as sinus, the communicate indirectly with external air

SINUS

Page 30: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Physic os longa

capsula cartilago

Osseousepiphysis

epiphise plate

Osseousmetaphisis

Page 31: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Physical strength of bone

The bone of just death animal has yellowish white color.

If it dip or boil s and give a chemical agent to eliminate stain become white.

Berat jenis fresh mass bone: 1,9 The bone is hard & strong enough for pressure Strength pressure 20.000 pound per suare inch,

strength of pulling 15.000 lb/inch² which more strong than white oak trees.

Page 32: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE Dried bone consists of organic and in

organic matter which ratio 1 : 2. Removal of organic matter by heat does not

change the general form, but reduces the weight about 1/3 and makes bone very fragile

Decalcification, not change the form and size, but renders it soft and pliable.

Organic matter (ossein) boils gelatin.

Page 33: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE & PHYSIC& PHYSIC

chemis: organic : inorganic 1:2chemis: organic : inorganic 1:2 composition bone:composition bone:

gelatin 33,30%gelatin 33,30%

kalsium fosfat 57,35%kalsium fosfat 57,35%

kalsium karbonat 3,85%kalsium karbonat 3,85%

magnesium fosfat 2,05%magnesium fosfat 2,05%

natrium karbonat& klorida 3,45% natrium karbonat& klorida 3,45%

Page 34: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Parts of Bones

• Periosteum / endosteum: has capability to make new bone layer

• cartilage: its for elascity and pressure absorber joint between 2 bones.

• Tendo, ligament: fixing tissue between bones or muscles.

Page 35: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

BONES TERMS

•Processus : bone elevation usually long

•Tuberositas (tuber) :big protruded bone and round form, but it’s not make a joint.

•Tuberculum: small protruded bone

•Trochanter :its use for several protruded bone and its not make a joint.

•Spina (processus spinosus) : high protruded bone, usually flat and sometimes sharp

Page 36: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

LUMBAL BONE

Proc transversus

Page 37: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

PROC SPINOSUS

Proc spinosus

Page 38: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Term of form/ structure

•Sinus

•Processus

•Fissura

• incissura

sinus

angulus

cavum

Page 39: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

•Crista :elevation of bone which sharp edge.

•Linea : very small elevation = line

•Caput : head = proximal end which enlarger for fitting the joint, probably connected with body/corpus by constricted area term as neck (collum)

•Collum : neck

•Condyl (condylus) : bone elevation which cylendrical form for fitting the joint.

•Epicondylus : cantinuation of condyl which not make joint.

Page 40: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

•Trochlea : pulley form (katrol) for mass joint

•Cavitas glenoidalis : low concave joint (dangkal).

•Cavitas cotyloid (acetabulum) : concave joint which is deep.

•Facet : usually for small joint surface and it’s not so elevated their concave or convex surface.

•Fossa : concave/ curve

•Fovea : concave/ curve

•Alae : wing

Page 41: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

•Sulcus : long depression like a canal.

• Impressio : depression cause of pressure another organ.

•Foramen : hole for passing blood vessels, nerves, etc.

•canalis : long hole like a tube

•Fissura : space/ space within bone.

• Incissura : cracking bone.

•Sinus : air spaces within the compact substance, this cavities term as sinuses, are lined with mucous membrane & they communicate indirectly with external air

Page 42: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

JOINTS / SYNDESMOLOGYJOINTS / SYNDESMOLOGY

Is formed by the union of two or more bones or Is formed by the union of two or more bones or cartilages by other tissue.cartilages by other tissue.

The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous fibrous The uniting medium is chiefly fibrous fibrous tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.tissue or cartilage, or a mixture of these.

Union of parts of the skeleton by muscles term Union of parts of the skeleton by muscles term as SYNSARCOSISas SYNSARCOSIS

Page 43: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

1. Fibrous joint (synsarcosis): the 1. Fibrous joint (synsarcosis): the segment are united by fibrous tissue, segment are united by fibrous tissue, often term as fixed or immovable joints.often term as fixed or immovable joints.

2. cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis): the 2. cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrosis): the segment are united by fibrocartilages or segment are united by fibrocartilages or hyaline cartilage, or combination of the hyaline cartilage, or combination of the two.two.

3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis)3. synovial joint ( diarthrosis)

Page 44: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS

1. 1. SUTURESUTURE: the adjacent bones are closely : the adjacent bones are closely united by fibrous tissue – sutural ligament:- united by fibrous tissue – sutural ligament:- suture serrata: suture serrata: sutura interfrontalsutura interfrontal

- suture squamosa: - suture squamosa: between between

temporal and parietal bonestemporal and parietal bones - sutura plana(harmonia): - sutura plana(harmonia): internasal sutureinternasal suture

2. 2. SYNDESMOSISSYNDESMOSIS: the uniting medium is : the uniting medium is white fibrous or elastic tussue or mixture: exp: white fibrous or elastic tussue or mixture: exp: metacarpal bones.metacarpal bones.

3. 3. GOMPHOSIS: implantation of the teethGOMPHOSIS: implantation of the teeth

Page 45: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTSCARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

1. 1. SYNCHONDROSISSYNCHONDROSIS (hyaline cartilage (hyaline cartilage joints): it’s a temporary one, then the joints): it’s a temporary one, then the cartilage is converted into bone: cartilage is converted into bone: epiphysis.epiphysis.

2. 2. SYMPHYSISSYMPHYSIS (fibrocartilaginous joints): (fibrocartilaginous joints):

exp: symphysis pelvis , sternebrae.exp: symphysis pelvis , sternebrae.

Page 46: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

JOINTS BETWEEN BONESJOINTS BETWEEN BONES(juncturae ossium)(juncturae ossium)

JOINTS = syndesmology (diarthrosis)JOINTS = syndesmology (diarthrosis) requirements: requirements: 1. articular surface1. articular surface 2. cartilago 2. cartilago 3. capsula synoviale3. capsula synoviale 4. ligamentum4. ligamentum 5. discus and meniscus5. discus and meniscus 6. marginal cartilago (labrum 6. marginal cartilago (labrum gleniodale, acetabulare)gleniodale, acetabulare)

Page 47: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY CHEMICAL & PHYSICALLY STRUCTURESTRUCTURE

chemic: organic : an organic 1:2chemic: organic : an organic 1:2 composition :composition :

gelatin 33,30%gelatin 33,30%

calcium phosphat 57,35%calcium phosphat 57,35%

calcium carbonat 3,85%calcium carbonat 3,85%

magnesium phosphat 2,05%magnesium phosphat 2,05%

natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45% natrium carbonat& clorida 3,45%

Page 48: OSTEOLOGY OSTEOLOGY : is a science which learn about bones and their relation Bones are connected each other term as: skeleton  Skeleton: is applied

Supporting of the bonesSupporting of the bones

Periosteum / endosteum:Periosteum / endosteum:

it can make a new layer outside and inside of the boneit can make a new layer outside and inside of the bone

Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock Soft bone (cartilago): it useful for joints shock absorbers between 2 bones.absorbers between 2 bones.

Tendon, ligament: elastic tissue that fix Tendon, ligament: elastic tissue that fix between 2 bones or with muscles.between 2 bones or with muscles.