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Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) ofthe maritime Antarctic and AntarcticPeninsulaW. Block a & J. Starý ba British Antarctic Survey , Natural Environment ResearchCouncil, High Cross , Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET, UKb Institute of Soil Biology , Academy of Sciences of the CzechRepublic , Na sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, CzechRepublicPublished online: 17 Feb 2007.

To cite this article: W. Block & J. Starý (1996) Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of themaritime Antarctic and Antarctic Peninsula, Journal of Natural History, 30:7, 1059-1067, DOI:10.1080/00222939600770561

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JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY, 1996, 30, 1059-1067

Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the maritime Antarctic and Antarctic Peninsula

W. B L O C K t * and J. S T A R ~

t British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK

Institute of Soil Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na stidk~ch 7, 37005 Cesk~ Bud~jovice, Czech Republic

(Accepted 12 May 1995)

Eleven species of oribatid mites are reported from 26 maritime Antarctic islands. The oribatid faunas of Fredriksen, Atriceps (South Orkney Is.), Cockburn, Seymour, Vega, Brabant, Adelaide, Lagoon, L6onie, Horseshoe, Alexander Islands and Peter I Oy were studied for the first time. Austroppia crozetensis (Richters, 1908) and Magellozetes processus Hammer, 1962 are first records for the Antarctic Region. Halozetes belgicae longiseta Wallwork, 1967 is a new record for the South Orkney Is., Edwardzetes dentifer Hammer, 1962, is new for the South Shetland Is., Magellozetes processus Hammer, 1962 is new for Graham Land whilst Globoppia loxolineata longipilosa Covarrubias, 1968 and MageUozetes antarcticus (Michael, 1895) are new records for Palmer Land. The distribution patterns of the 11 species of oribatid mites are figured and their zoogeographical relationships are discussed.

KEVWORDS: Mites, Oribatida, maritime Antarctic, Antarctic islands.

Introduct ion The arthropod fauna of the maritime Antarctic is comprised principally of Acari and

Collembola, all other groups being absent except for two species of Diptera, Chironomidae (Block 1984). Of the Acari, the oribatid mites are widely distributed throughout the region and are significant members of the simple terrestrial communities found in ice-free areas. Michael (1903) was the first report of oribatid mites from the maritime Antarctic, followed by Berlese (1917) with records from the Deuxi~me Exp6dition Antarctique Fran~aise, 1908-1910 and Trouessart (1912, 1914). Further records were not published until Dalenius and Wilson (1958), Dalenius (1965) and Covarrubias (1968). After later studies on systematics of the oribatids of Western Antarctica (e.g. Wallwork, 1962, 1965, 1967), ecological observations were made by Tilbrook (1967, 1973) and others, followed by ecophysiological studies (e.g. Block, 1977, Young and Block, 1980; Cannon, 1987). Latterly, Convey (1992, 1994) has reported on the growth and overwintering survival strategy of one species of oribatid at Signy Is., South Orkney Is., and a synthesis of the information for the common maritime Antarctic species Alaskozetes antarcticus has been made (Block and Convey, 1995). Much of the bibliographic background to the Acari of the maritime Antarctic

* To whom correspondence should be addressed.

0022-2933/96 $12.00 © 1996 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

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1060 W. Block and J. Star~

is provided in Block (1992) and in a synonomic catalogue of Antarctic Acari by Pugh (1993).

The present paper extends the knowledge of the oribatid fauna of the maritime Antarctic region with records of 11 species identified from collections by the British Antarctic Survey of which two are new records for the Antarctic and one is probably new to science. Together with 15 previously recorded species, a possible total of 26 species of oribatids has been found in this region of the Antarctic. The present known distributions of some of these mites are figured and the faunal relationships are discussed.

List of identified species Voucher specimens of all species are deposited in the Data and Resource Centre,

Terrestrial and Freshwater Life Sciences Division at the British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK.

Family Oppiidae Austroppia crozetensis (Richters, 1908)

Distribution South America, Beauch~ne Is. and West Falkland (Falkland Is.), South Georgia,

South Sandwich Is., South Orkney Is., Marion Is., Iles Crozet, Iles Kerguelen, Macquarie Is.

New record L6onie Is. (LrI).

Habitat In grass Deschampsia antarctica and the pearlwort Colobanthus quitensis (1_,61).

Remarks Sub-Antarctic species.

Globoppia loxolineata (Wallwork, 1965) Distribution

South Orkney Is., South Shetland Is., Antarctica (Graham Land).

New records Brabant Is. (BI); Livingston Is., (LI) (South Shetland Is.); Galindez Is. (GI)

(Argentine Is.).

Habitat Fellfield mosses and lichens, under stones (LI), algae under rocks in fellfield (BI);

in mosses (GI).

Remarks Maritime Antarctic species.

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Oribatid mites of the maritime Antarctic 1061

Globoppia loxolineata longipilosa Wallwork, 1968 Distribution

South Shetland Is.

New records Brabant Is. (BI); Lagoon Is. (LaI); L6onie Is. (L6I).

Habitat Algae under rocks in fellfields (BI); in grass Deschampsia antarctica and mosses

(Drepanocladus uncinatus, Pohlia nutans) (LaI); mosses (D. uncinatus, P. nutans) with lichen Ochrolechia frigida (L6I).

Remarks Maritime Antarctic species.

Family Ameronothridae Alaskozetes antarcticus (Michael, 1903)

Distribution South Georgia, South Orkney Is., South Shetland Is., Marion Is., Prince Edward Is., lies Kerguelen, Macquarie Is., Antarctica (Wilkes Sector, Scott Sector, Palmer Land, Graham Land), New Zealand.

New records Atriceps Is., Fredriksen Is., Signy Is. (South Orkney Is.; SOI); Elephant Is.; Brabant

Is.; Livingston Is. (South Shetland Is.; SShI); Galindez Is., Uruguay Is. (Argentine Is.; ArI); Adelaide Is. (AdI); Lagoon Is. (LaI); L6onie Is. (L6I); Horseshoe Is. (HI); Alexander Is. (AI).

Habitat Mosses, fellfield and moraine soils, alga Prasiola crispa, lichens (SOI); undersides

of lichens on rocks, under stones and bones (SShI); in grass and mosses, under rocks (ArI); mosses Polytrichum alpinum and Pohlia nutans on Reptile Ridge (AdI); amongst grass Deschampsia antarctica and mosses Drepanocladus uncinatus, Pohlia nutans (LaI); mosses, grass and lichen Ochrolechiafrigida (L6I); under stones (HI); edge of melt pool near Fossil Bluff, in moss Bryum sp. and under sandstone boulders in Viking Valley (AI).

Remarks Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species.

Alaskozetes antarcticus intermedius Wallwork, 1967 Distribution

Beauch~ne Is. and West Falkland (Falkland Is.), South Georgia, South Sandwich Is., South Orkney Is., lies Kerguelen, Antarctica (Palmer Land, Graham Land).

New records Bellingshausen Is., Bristol Is., Leskov Is., Saunders Is., Vindication Is., Visokoi Is.

(South Sandwich Is.; SSI); Bouvet~ya (BO).

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1062 W. Block and J. Star~

Habitat Mosses Polytrichum and Pohlia spp. (SSI); mosses Brachythecium and Tortula spp.

(B•).

Remarks Maritime Antarctic and sub-Antarctic subspecies.

Halozetes belgicae (Michael, 1903) Distribution

South Georgia, South Sandwich Is., South Orkney Is., South Shetland Is., Marion Is., Prince Edward Is., lies Crozet, lies Kerguelen, Heard Is., Macquarie Is., Antarctica (Scott Sector, Palmer Land, Graham Land).

New records Brahant Is. (BI); Deception Is. (DI), Livingston Is. (LI) (South Shetland Is.);

Galindez Is., Uruguay Is. (Argentine Is.; ArI); James Ross Is. (JRI); Cockburn Is. (CI); Vega Is. (VI); Ltonie Is. (LtI).

Habitat Rocks and algae in fellfield (BI), unrecorded (DI), mosses and lichen on boulders,

under stones (LI); mosses on rocks and under stones (ArI); raised beach dry and river bed (JRI); rocky outcrops with algae Prasiola crispa (CI); in mosses (VI); in lichen Umbilicaria propaguliera (LtI).

Remarks Continental, maritime and sub-Antarctic species.

Halozetes belgicae longiseta Wallwork, 1967 Distribution

South Sandwich Is.

New records Bellingshausen Is., Leskov Is. (South Sandwich Is.; SSI); Atriceps Is., Fredriksen

Is., Signy Is. (South Orkney Is.; SO1), Peter I Oy.

Habitat Mosses Polytrichum and Pohlia spp.

Prasiola crispa and lichens (SOI). (SSI), moss Polytrichum alpinum, alga

Remarks Maritime Antarctic subspecies.

Halozetes sp. Distribution

No previous records.

New records Lagoon Is. (LaI); Alexander Is. (AI).

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Oribatid mites of the maritime Antarctic 1063

Habitat In alga Prasiola crispa (LaI); associated with lichens Xanthoria elegans, moss

Tortula princeps and Prasiola crispa on Herschel Heights (AI).

Remarks Probably a new species for science.

Family Ceratozetidae Edwardzetes dentifer Hammer, 1962

Distribution Southern Chile, West Falkland (Falkland Is.), South Sandwich Is.

New records Livingston Is. (LI) (South Shetland Is.).

Habitat Raised Deschampsia grass bank (LI).

Remarks South American species.

MageUozetes antarcticus (Michael, 1895) Distribution

South America, South Georgia, South Orkney Is., South Shetland Is., Iles Kerguelen, Antarctica (Graham Land).

New records Elephant Is.; Livingston Is. (South Shetland Is.; SShI); James Ross Is. (JRI);

Cockburn Is. (CI); Seymour Is. (SI); Vega Is. (VI); Alexander Is. (AI).

Habitat Surface of rocks with lichen Usnea antarctica, under beach stones (SShI); lichens

encrusting boulders and mosses on raised beach (JRI); rocky outcrops with alga Prasiola crispa (CI); under stones and moss (SI, VI); in moss Tortula princeps on Herschel Heights, in mosses, lichens and associated algae in Ablation Valley, in mosses with encrusting lichens in fellfield on Natal Ridge of Two Step Nunatak (AI).

Remarks Maritime Antarctic and sub-Antarctic species.

Magellozetes processus Hammer, 1962 Distribution

Southern Chile, East Falkland (Falkland Is.), Iles Kerguelen.

New records Elephant Is. (EI); James Ross Is. (JRI); Cockburn Is. (CI); Seymour Is. (SI); Vega

Is. (VI).

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1064 W. Block and J. Star~

Habitat Rock surface with lichen Usnea antarctica (EI); lichens on boulders and mosses

on raised beach (JRI); rock outcrops with alga Prasiola crispa (CI); under stones and in moss (SI); in mosses (VI).

Remarks South American species.

Discuss ion Eleven species of oribatid mites were identified from samples collected from 26

islands in the maritime Antarctic. The faunas of 12 of these islands have not been examined previously. These are Predriksen and Atriceps (South Orkney Is.), Cockburn, Seymour and Vega near James Ross Is. off the north-east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, Brabant off the west coast of the Peninsula, Adelaide, Lagoon, L6onie and Horseshoe in northern Marguerite Bay, and Peter I ;3y. Two species, Austroppia crozetensis (Richters, 1908) and Magellozetes processus Hammer, 1962 have not been recorded previously in the Antarctic region. Five new locality records are reported: Halozetes belgicae longiseta Wallwork, 1967 for the South Orkney Is., Edwardzetes dentifer Hammer, 1962 for the South Shetland Is., Magellozetesprocessus Hammer, 1962 for Graham Land, and Globoppia loxolineata longipilosa Covarrubias, 1968 and Magellozetes antarcticus (Michael, 1895) for Palmer Land. Together with 15 species recorded previously (Pugh, 1993), the present data form a total of 26 oribatid species for the maritime Antarctic.

The present known distributions of the 11 species reported here are depicted in Fig. 1. Of the three species of the Family Oppiidae, Austroppia crozetensis (Richters, 1908) has the largest range within the maritime Antarctic (Fig. la), whilst all species from the Family Ameronothridae are widely distributed throughout the zone with the exception of the new species of Halozetes (Figs lb, lc). Halozetes belgicae longiseta Wallwork, 1967 appears to have a disjunct distribution being absent from localities sampled on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, whilst being found in the South Sandwich and South Orkney Is. and on Peter I Oy. These patterns of distribution for the ameronothrid mites lend weight to the conclusions of Schulte and Weigmann (1977) regarding the evolution of this widespread family. In the maritime Antarctic, species of Alaskozetes are associated with coastal habitats including the littoral zone, whilst Halozetes species are adapted for living in both marine and terrestrial environments. Both species of MageUozetes are distributed in the northern part of the Antarctic Peninsula as well as being recorded from southern South America (Fig. ld).

Table 1 lists the numbers of species recorded for islands and island groups in the maritime Antarctic. The largest proportions of the total oribatid fauna have been found on the South Shetland Is. (19% of total), Brabant Is. and L6onie Is. (15% each), whilst many other islands off both the west and east coasts of the Antarctic Peninsula have ca. 12% of the total. Isolated islands and island groups such as the South Sandwich Is., BouvetOya, the South Orkney Is. and Peter I Oy have few species in comparison (Table 1). However, it is probably too soon to draw firm conclusions about faunal composition from either species numbers or the distribution of taxa (Fig. 1), as these data may reflect the varying intensity of field sampling in the maritime Antarctic up to the present.

It has been postulated that the proportion of endemic species in the oribatid faunas of the islands in the northern Scotia Arc increases with the distance from South America

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Oribat id mites o f the mar i t ime Antarct ic 1065

i

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FIG. 1. Distributions of 11 species of oribatid mites in the maritime Antarctic and Scotia Arc Region: (a) family Oppiidae; (T) Austroppia crozetensis; (A) Globoppia loxolineata; ( n ) Globoppia loxolineata longipilosa; (b) family Ameronothridae; (O) Alaskozetes antarcticus; (Q)) Alaskozetes antarcticus intermedius; (c) family Ameronothridae; (~I) Halozetes belgicae; (×) Halozetes belgicae longiseta; (~) Halozetes n. sp.; (d) family Ceratozetidae: ( [ ] ) Edwardzetes dentifer; (0) Magellozetes antarcticus; (~7) Magellozetesprocessus. TDF: Tierra del Fuego; FI: Falkland Is.; SG: South Georgia; B: BouvetOya; SSI: South Sandwich Is.; SOI: South Orkney Is,; SSHI: South Shetland Is.; JRI: James Ross Is.; ANI: Anvers Is.; ADI: Adelaide Is.; AI: Alexander Is.; GL: Graham Land; PL: Palmer Land.

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1066

Table 1.

W. Block and J. Star#

Numbers of species of oribatid mites recorded from islands and island groups in the maritime Antarctic.

Island/island group Number of species

South Sandwich Is. 2 Leskov Is. 2 Bellingshausen Is. 2 Saunders Is. 1 Bristol Is. 1 Vindication Is. 1 Visokoi Is. 1

BouvetCya 1 South Orkney Is. 2

Signy Is. 2 Fredriksen Is. 2 Atriceps Is. 2

Elephant Is. 3 Brabant Is. 4 South Shetland Is. 5

Livingston Is. 5 Deception Is. 1

James Ross Is. 3 Cockburn Is. 3 Seymour Is. 2 Vega Is. 3 Argentine Is. 3

Galindez Is. 3 Uruguay Is. 2

Adelaide Is. 1 Lagoon Is. 3 L6onie Is. 4 Horseshoe Is. 1 Alexander Is. 3 Peter I Oy 1

(Staoj and Block, 1995). This is not confirmed by the present study in which only four of the total of 22 valid species for the maritime Antarctic may be considered as endemic. The proportion of endemism increases from the Falkland Is. (19%) to South Georgia (29%, Star~ and Block, 1994; Wallwork, 1973), but declines again in the maritime Antarctic (18%). Wallwork (1969, 1973) considered the maritime Antarctic to have a transitional oribatid fauna essentially derived from that of the sub-Antarctic and the present results support this hypothesis even though the geographical closeness to South America may have influenced the composition of the fauna in the northern parts of the Antarctic Peninsula. Clearly, an analysis of the distributions and zoogeographical relationships of Antarctic oribatids is becoming a possibility, the results of which would demonstrate the main affinities of this ecologically important group in the south polar region.

Acknowledgements We are grateful for the support of the British Antarctic Survey and the British

Council in Prague to enable JS to visit Cambridge for work on the BAS collections. Dr R. I. Lewis Smith kindly provided research facilities in the Data and Resource

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Oribatid mites of the maritime Antarctic 1067

Centre, and the assistance of staff in the Terrestrial and Freshwater Life Sciences Division was much appreciated.

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