Organizational BehaviorModule -2

FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

Submitted to: Dr. B. ChardashekarDept. of Management

Presentation by:

Deepak Kumar S.CHarshitaGirish.DImranDilipKiranIliyas

Govt. R. C. College of Commerce & Management

CONTENTS;

Individual Behavior

Foundation of Individual Behavior

Personality

Self-Concept

Perception

INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR

“Individual behavior means some concrete action by a person.”

For instance, how a teacher behaves in the class reflects his behavior. The behavior of an individual is influenced by various factors.

Some of the factors lies within him e.g., his instincts, personality traits, internal feelings, etc., while some lie outside him comprising the external environment of which he is a part e.g., events conveying some information, & other peoples’ behavior that directly influence his behavior etc.

The environment acts as a ‘stimulus’ & the person responds to it. The teacher is affected by students’ behavior & in turn affects their behavior. Thus, individual behavior is not a self-induced phenomenon, but is affected by a larger system. For Ex: group, family, & the society within which one functions.

Factors Influencing Individual Behavior Personality Ability Perception Motivation Organizational Factors Socio-Culture Factor

Foundation Of Individual Behavior Personal Factors Environmental Factors Organizational Factors psychological Factors

Personal Factors Age Sex Education Abilities Marital status No. of dependants Creativity Emotional intelligence

Psychological Personality Perception Attitudes Values Learning

Organisational Systems & Resources

Physical facilities Organisation structure & design Leadership Reward system Work – related behavior

Environmental Factors Economic Social norms & cultural values Ethics & social responsibility Political

IndividualBehaviour

Foundation of Individual Behavior

PERSONALITY

Meaning and Definition of personality

According to Schiffman and kanuk: “Personality can be defined as

those inner psychological characteristics that both determine and reflect how a person

responds to his or her environment.”

Nature of personality Personality Traits

Personality Reflects Individual Difference

Personality is Consistent and Enduring

Personality can Change

Shaping of personality/Stages of personality Development

Stages

Freudianstage

Erikson’sstages

Cognitive stages

ChrisArgyris

1. Oral stage2. Anal stage3. Phallic stage4. Latency stage5. Genital stage

1. Infancy2. Early childhood3. School age4. Play age5. Young adulthood6. Late adulthood

1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational4. Play age5. Formational

operational

1. Immaturity to maturity

Personality

Other FactorsFamily and Social

Factors

Biological Factors

Cultural Factors

Situational Factors

Determinants of Personality

Managerial Application Of Personality Matching Jobs and Individuals Designing Motivation System Designing Control System

Personality Dimension Locus Of Control Authoritarianism Machiavellianism Introversion and Extroversion Bureaucratic Personality Problem Solving Style Type “A” and Type “B”

SELF-CONCEPTMeaning;

According to Sociologist Viktor Gecas “Self-Concept is the concept the

individual has of himself as physical ,social and spiritual or moral being.

Types of Self-concept/Self-Image Actual self-Image Ideal self-Image Social self-Image Ideal Social self-Image Expected Social self-Image

How Self-concepts Develops Self-Appraisal Reflected Appraisal Social Comparison Biased Scanning

Aspects of Self-conceptSelf-Esteem

Aspects of Self-concept

Self-Efficiency

SELF-ESTEEM

Meaning;“Self-Esteem means pride in oneself or self-respect. Self-esteem is the extent

to which a person believes that he or she is worthwhile and deserving individual.”

Six pillars of Self-EsteemLive ConsciouslyBe Self-AcceptingTake Personal ResponsibilityBe Self-AssertiveLive PurposefullyHave Personal Integrity

Strategies For Building Self-Esteem

Free yourself from “Should” Respect your own Needs Respecting your deeper Needs Set Achievable Goals Talk to yourself Positively Test your Reality Experience Success Take Chances Solve Problems Make Decisions Develop your Skills Emphasize your Strengths Rely on your own Opinion of your self

“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY

ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

Perception

PERCEPTION

“The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process

through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our

conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”

“Perception is the process of receiving information about and making

sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how

to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of

existing knowledge.”

“A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory

impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.”

The Perceptual Process

SensationAn individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate

environment.

SelectionThe process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that

have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.

OrganizationThe process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a

framework for “storage.”

TranslationThe stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are

interpreted and given meaning

Components Of Perception

STIMULIOvert Environment

PhysicalSocio-culturalWork relation

Covert or internal environmentSensor

Self

ATTENTIONSensory &

Neural mechanisms

RecognitionMediators &

Physical organisms

TranslationResponseOrganismDecisions

SatisfactionExpectation &

Performance evaluation

PerformanceAction

SatisfactionReaction

Retrospection

BehaviorOvert

Physical ActionCovert

Mental State

Factors Influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver• Attitudes• Motives• Interests• Experience• Expectations

Factors in the Target• Novelty• Motion• Sounds• Size• Background• Proximity• Similarity

PerceptionFactors in the situation• Time• Work Setting• Social Setting

Perceptual Organization It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into

recognizable and identifiable patterns and whole objects.

Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on

assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the

human brain. These are

- Figure ground

- Perceptual grouping

Figure-Ground Illustration

Field-ground differentiationThe tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.

PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.

It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn.

Some factors underlying grouping are-continuity-closure-proximity-similarity

Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

Attribution Theory When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine

whether it is internally or externally caused.

Observation Interpretation Attribution of cause

Consistency

Consensus

Distictinctiveness

IndividualBehavior

Internal

External

Internal

External

Internal

ExternalH

L

H

L

H

L

H –High L- Low

Shortcuts In Judging Others

Selective Perception: People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their

interests, background, experience and attitudes.

Halo Effect: Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single

characteristics.

Contrast Effect: Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by

comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the

same characteristics.

Projection: Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.

Stereotyping: Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which

that persons belongs.

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Case Study