organic chemistry carbon!. organic chemistry wwwwhat are isomers? isomers have the same formula, but...

Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry

Carbon!Carbon!

Organic ChemistryOrganic Chemistry

What are isomers?What are isomers? Isomers have the same formula, but different Isomers have the same formula, but different

structures.structures.

http://www.hcc.mnscu.edu/chem/V.19/page_id_14587.html


What are primary, secondary and tertiary What are primary, secondary and tertiary carbons?carbons?

http://www.tutornext.com/help/primary-hydrogen-atoms


What trends do organic molecules What trends do organic molecules display?display?

Volitility: (IM forces)Volitility: (IM forces) Alkane > halogenalkane > aldehyde > ketone Alkane > halogenalkane > aldehyde > ketone

> alcohol > carboxylic acid> alcohol > carboxylic acid Solubility:Solubility:

The longer the chain, the less soluble.The longer the chain, the less soluble. The more polar the functional group, the more The more polar the functional group, the more

soluble.soluble.


What do we know about alkanes?What do we know about alkanes? General formula is CGeneral formula is CnnHH(2n+2)(2n+2)

Saturated hydrocarbonsSaturated hydrocarbons Stable bonds makes for low chemical activity.Stable bonds makes for low chemical activity. Combust wellCombust well Very non-polarVery non-polar Undergo substitution reactions with halogens Undergo substitution reactions with halogens

to make halogen alkanes under UV light.to make halogen alkanes under UV light.


What do we know about alkenes?What do we know about alkenes? Have the formula CHave the formula CnnHH2n2n

Unsaturated hydrocarbonsUnsaturated hydrocarbons Undergo addition reactions with hydrogen Undergo addition reactions with hydrogen

(hydrogenation) water (hydration) halogens or (hydrogenation) water (hydration) halogens or hydrogen halideshydrogen halides

Polymerization will change a monomer into a Polymerization will change a monomer into a polymer.polymer.


What do we know about alcohols?What do we know about alcohols? Have OH functional group.Have OH functional group. General formula CGeneral formula CnnHH(2n+1)(2n+1)OHOH OH group increases polarity.OH group increases polarity. Combust easilyCombust easily Primary, secondary and tertiary alcoholsPrimary, secondary and tertiary alcohols Primary alcohols become aldehydes and carboxylic Primary alcohols become aldehydes and carboxylic

acid under oxidationacid under oxidation Secondary alcohols become ketones under oxidation.Secondary alcohols become ketones under oxidation. Tertiary alcohols don’t oxidize.Tertiary alcohols don’t oxidize.


What do we know about halogenalkanes?What do we know about halogenalkanes? They have the general formula CThey have the general formula CnnHH(2n+1)(2n+1)X X

where X is the halogen.where X is the halogen. The halogen group can be replaced with a The halogen group can be replaced with a

substitution reaction to create many things.substitution reaction to create many things. Primary halogenalkanes go though SPrimary halogenalkanes go though SNN2 2

mechanism.mechanism. Tertiary halogenalkanes go through STertiary halogenalkanes go through SNN1 1

mecanismmecanism


What is SN2?What is SN2? First is the slow step of OH attaching to central First is the slow step of OH attaching to central

carbon of primary halogenalkane.carbon of primary halogenalkane. The Cl quickly breaks off forming the alcohol.The Cl quickly breaks off forming the alcohol. The first step is the rate determining making it The first step is the rate determining making it

dependent on the concentration of both.dependent on the concentration of both. This makes it bimolecular.This makes it bimolecular. S=substitutionS=substitution N=nucleophilicN=nucleophilic 2=bimolecular2=bimolecular


What is SWhat is SNN1?1? The shape causes a steric hinderance (shape The shape causes a steric hinderance (shape

problems).problems). First the molecule has to ionize, breaking the carbon-First the molecule has to ionize, breaking the carbon-

halogen bond (carbocation) which is slow.halogen bond (carbocation) which is slow. When it is open, the OH group attaches quickly.When it is open, the OH group attaches quickly. The first step is rate determining and depends only on The first step is rate determining and depends only on

one molecule.one molecule. S=substitutionS=substitution N=nucleophilicN=nucleophilic 1=unimolecular1=unimolecular


What are the reaction pathways?What are the reaction pathways? These are steps an organic compound can go These are steps an organic compound can go

through to reach a new compound.through to reach a new compound.

dihalogenalkane Halogenalkane Trihalogenalkane tetrahalogenalkane

alkenealkane

alcoholPrimary secondary

ketonealdehydeCarboxylic acid

organic chemistry carbon!. organic chemistry wwwwhat are isomers? isomers have the same formula, but...

Documents