BIO PRINTINGPresented By

R.KrishnaMoorthy JJ College of Arts & Science Pudukkottai

What is Bio Printing?

Bio printing is an automated computer aided layer-by-layer deposition of biological materials for manufacturing of functional human organs.

Developed by Gabor Forgacs, a biophysicist from university of Missouri in the US.

Why..?

Each day 79 receive organ each day while 18 will die from a lack of one

Most needed organs are kidneys, livers, lungs, hearts.

BEST QUALITIES OF THIS TECHNIQUE

RAPID PROTOTYPING

HIGH RESOLUTION

HIGH PRECISION

COMPUTER CONTROL

METHODS OF BIO PRINTING

LASER-BASED

EXTRUSION BASED

INKJET BASED

Uses laser assisted technology to project the ink droplets onto the substrate.

Laser pulses trigger when hits the energy absorbing layer, the area where the laser hit evaporates and the high gas pressure generated and it propels the biomaterial onto the substrate.

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LASER BASED

Reduced amounts of shear stress.

The bio ink rests at the cylindrical deposit waiting for the pneumatic or mechanical pressure, as pulse or continued, from a piston which propels the biomaterial through a nozzle onto the substrate.

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EXTRUSION BIOPRINTER

Cheapest technology In this method ,the bio ink is stored in a cartridge . These chambers are very small and have a controlled actuator

(piezoelectric or heating element) that projects the bio- ink onto the substrate.

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INKJET BIOPRINTER

Three Main Steps in Bio Printing Technology

Pre-processing(CAD, blueprints, preconditioning)

Processing(actual printing, solidification)

Post processing(perfusion, post conditioning,accelerated tissue maturation)

PRE- PROCESSING

PROCESSING

POST-PROCESSING

Process of creating a model that the printer will later create and choosing the material that will be used.

Bio-ink and cartridge of hydrogel are loaded in the bio printer and printed on bio paper.

Printer prints 2nd layer of the water based gel , collagen and 2nd bio ink cells.

Bio paper dissolves and layer blend together building up the human organs.

Necessary to create a stable structure from the biological material.

3D BIO-PRINTING  is the three-dimensional printing of biological tissue and organs through the layering of living cells. It has two major applications:

1.ORGAN TRANSPLANTATIONIt refers to transplantation of organs due to organ failure or injury.

2.TISSUE ENGINEERINGIt is the study of the growth of new connective tissue, or organs, from cells.

3D BIO-PRINTING

Organ failure is a worldwide problem and its only treatment is organ transplantation or tissue replacement

ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION

TISSUE ENGINEERING

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Focuses on the association of living cells with signaling molecules and supports, known as scaffolds.

Importance of scaffolds

Substrate attachment is required for cell growth and proliferation.

Tissue construct must have organ specific shape, the shape of the construct will influence the cell behavior;

The scaffold serves not only as an attachment substrate, but also as a source of inductive signals for cell differentiation, migration, proliferation and orientation;

The mechanical properties provided initially by the scaffold will be maintained.

Applications of 3D printing

Human heart

Researchers at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky said they have successfully printed parts of a human heart using by printing with a combination of human fat cells and collagen.

Human face

A man from Wales in the United Kingdom was in a motorcycle accident in 2012 and he has now received 3D printed implants on his face that successfully fixed injuries he sustained.  The project was done by the Centre for Applied Reconstructive Technologies in Surgery.

Liver tissue

In January, Organovo successfully printed samples of human liver tissue that were distributed to an outside laboratory for testing. The company is aiming for commercial sales later at this year. The sets of 24 samples take about 30 minutes to produce. According to the company, the printed tissue responds to drugs similarly to a regular human liver.

Replace human tissue by full body transplant.

Allows scientists to eliminate the wait list of organ transplants ·

Higher survival rate of printed cells.

Offers high precise resolution

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ADVANTAGES

Organ is not sure about whether they can fit into a human body .

It will bring a major ethical and moral debate on its use .

Implanted organ can be rejected as body cant accept them as functional tissue.

The cost of printers are very expensive.

Printing capabilities of complicated tissues.

DISADVANTAGES

With the continuous growth of the world’s population , and increase of human life expectancy, more cases of organ failure and tissue damage appear .

Most common bio printing methods were described and discussed with their characteristics and limitations.

In terms of future perspectives for this work, more bio print testing would be needed to be done to optimize the bio ink, substrate and the process parameters.

CONCLUSION

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