oracle9i kien truc va quan tri

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Kin trc v qun tr c s d liu Oracle

MC LC

CHNG 1. CC IM MI TRONG ORACLE 9I ............................. 9

CHNG 2. CC THNH PHN KIN TRC ................................. 142.1. KIN TRC ORACLE SERVER ................................................................... 142.1.1. Oracle Instance ..................................................................................................142.1.2. Oracle database .................................................................................................192.1.3. Qun tr c s d liu Oracle ..............................................................................232.1.4. Thit lp cc tham s khi to nh hng ti kch c b nh SGA .....................23

2.2. KT NI TI ORACLE SERVER .................................................................. 252.2.1. M hnh kt ni................................................................................................... 252.2.2. Mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n kt ni................................................... 252.2.3. Kt ni ti database ...........................................................................................26

CHNG 3. CC CNG C QUN TR ORACLE ............................ 273.1. CC CNG C QUN TR C S D LIU ORACLE ..................................... 273.2. SERVER MANAGER LINE MODE ................................................................ 27

3.2.1. Truy nhp Server Manager Line Mode ................................................................273.2.2. Phn nhm cc lnh trong Server manager .......................................................283.2.3. Din gii cc lnh trong Server manager ...........................................................28

3.3. ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGER .............................................................. 293.3.1. Kin trc OME .....................................................................................................293.3.2. Cc dch v chung ..............................................................................................303.3.3. Oracle Configuration Assistant ...........................................................................303.3.4. Oracle Enterprise Manager Console ....................................................................30

3.4. CC CNG C QUN TR KHC ................................................................ 31

CHNG 4. TO DATABASE ..................................................... 334.1. CC BC TO DATABASE ...................................................................... 334.2. CHUN B MI TRNG .......................................................................... 33

4.2.1. Chun b h iu hnh ........................................................................................334.2.2. Ln k hoch b tr cc file thng tin ..................................................................334.2.3. Optimal Flexible Architecture OFA ...................................................................344.2.4. Cu trc th mc phn mm Oracle ...................................................................354.2.5. Bin mi trng ..................................................................................................35

4.3. CHUN B CC THAM S TRONG PARAMETER FILE ................................... 364.4. CHUN B INSTANCE PHC V QUN TR ................................................. 37

4.4.1. To mt instance ................................................................................................37

4.4.2. Khi ng instance .............................................................................................384.4.3. Dng instance ....................................................................................................384.4.4. Hu instance ......................................................................................................39

4.5. TO DATABASE ...................................................................................... 394.5.1. Khi ng Instance .............................................................................................394.5.2. Lnh to database ..............................................................................................394.5.3. Oracle Database Assistant ..................................................................................414.5.4. File script v d to mt database ......................................................................414.5.5. Li xy ra khi to database ................................................................................424.5.6. Kt qu sau khi to database .............................................................................42

4.6. TO DATA DICTIONARY CHO DATABASE .................................................. 43

CHNG 5. QUN TR ORACLE DATABASE ................................. 445.1. PHN LOI USERS ................................................................................. 445.1.1. Database Administrators ...................................................................................445.1.2. Security Officers .................................................................................................44

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5.1.3. Application Developers .......................................................................................455.1.4. Database Users ..................................................................................................455.1.5. Network Administrators ......................................................................................45

5.2. PHNG THC XC NHN C QUYN TRUY NHP .................................. 455.2.1. Phng thc xc nhn quyn .............................................................................455.2.2. Xc nhn quyn bi h iu hnh ......................................................................465.2.3. Xc nhn quyn bng file mt khu ...................................................................47

5.2.4. Thay i mt khu internal................................................................................. 475.3. TO PARAMETER FILE ........................................................................... 485.3.1. S dng cc tham s ..........................................................................................485.3.2. Mt s quy tc i vi cc tham s ....................................................................495.3.4. Cc tham s c bn ............................................................................................49

5.4. START V SHUT DOWN DATABASE .......................................................... 505.4.1. Cc bc Start v Shut down database ..............................................................505.4.2. Start database ....................................................................................................525.4.3. Thay i tnh sn dng ca database hin thi..................................................525.4.4. Shut down database ...........................................................................................535.4.5. Thay i trng thi ca database .......................................................................545.4.6. Tm treo v phc hi Database ..........................................................................55

5.4.7. t ch hot ng tnh cho database ............................................................565.5. T TRNG THI TNH CHO DATABASE .................................................. 565.5.1. a Database vo trng thi tnh .......................................................................565.5.2. Phc hi h thng tr li hot ng nh bnh thng .........................................575.5.3. Xem trng thi ca database .............................................................................57

5.6. LY CC THNG TIN V H THNG .......................................................... 575.6.1. Mt s views cn quan tm ................................................................................585.6.2. Hin th gi tr ca cc thng s h thng ..........................................................585.6.3. Tham s h thng ng (c th thay i) ...........................................................595.6.4. Qun l session ..................................................................................................595.6.5. Trace file v ALERT file .......................................................................................60

CHNG 6. DATA DICTIONARY, VIEWS V PACKAGES .............. 616.1. DATA DICTIONARY V VIEWS .................................................................. 616.1.1. Data Dictionary ..................................................................................................616.1.2. Data Dictionary views .........................................................................................626.1.3. Sripts qun tr..................................................................................................... 64

6.2. STORED PROCEDURES V CC PACKAGES CHUN .................................... 656.2.1. Gii thiu chung .................................................................................................656.2.2. Stored procedures ..............................................................................................656.2.3. Packages chun ..................................................................................................666.2.4. Gii thiu mt s packages chun do Oracle cung cp ......................................666.2.5. Package DBMS_METADATA .................................................................................686.2.6. Package dbms_redefinition ................................................................................69

6.3. THNG TIN V CC STORED PROCEDURES ............................................... 69CHNG 7. QUN TR CONTROL FILES ...................................... 727.1. CONTROL FILES ..................................................................................... 72

7.1.1. Gii thiu control file ..........................................................................................727.1.2. Cch thc t tn control file .............................................................................727.1.3. Kt hp nhiu control files ..................................................................................727.1.4. Ni dung ca control file .....................................................................................737.1.5. Cc tham s nh hng ti kch thc ca control file .......................................74

7.2. QUN TR CONTROL FILE ........................................................................ 747.2.1. To mi control file .............................................................................................747.2.2. To mi control file cho mt database c sn ...............................................76

7.2.3. Mt s li i vi cc Control Files ......................................................................767.2.4. Hu b Control Files ...........................................................................................777.3. THNG TIN TRNG THI CA CONTROL FILES .......................................... 78

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CHNG 8. QUN L REDO LOG FILES ...................................... 798.1. S DNG CC REDO LOG FILES ............................................................... 79

8.1.1. Redo log file .......................................................................................................798.1.2. Online Redo Log Groups .....................................................................................798.1.3. Online Redo Log Members ..................................................................................798.1.4. Ni dung ca Online Redo Log Files (Members) ..................................................808.1.5. Active v Inactive Online Redo Log Files ............................................................80

8.1.6. Thit lp cc Redo Log Files khi to ..................................................................808.2. LGWR, LOG SWITCHES V CHECKPOINTS ................................................. 81

8.2.1. Redo Log Buffer v Background process LGWR ..................................................818.2.2. Log Switches ......................................................................................................818.2.3. Checkpoints ........................................................................................................82

8.3. LN K HOCH S DNG REDO LOG FILES ............................................... 828.3.1. Xc nh s lng Online redo log files ...............................................................828.3.2. Ni t cc Online Redo Log Files .......................................................................828.3.3. Xc nh kch thc cho cc Online Redo Log Files ............................................838.3.4. Lu tr cc redo log files ....................................................................................83

8.4. IU KHIN LU TR SAU I VI PRIMARY/STANDBY ............................. 848.4.1. Thit lp tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET ...........................................................85

8.4.2. Cc yu t nh hng ti tham s ARCHIVE_LAG_TARGET .................................858.5. XC NH CH LU TR .................................................................... 85

8.5.1. S dng lnh Server Manager ............................................................................858.5.2. S dng thng tin trong data dictionary .............................................................86

8.6. IU KHIN CC LOG SWITCHS V CHECKPOINTS .................................... 878.6.1. Thc hin log switches .......................................................................................878.6.2. Thc hin checkpoint .........................................................................................878.6.3. iu chnh cc ngt qung checkpoints .............................................................87

8.7. QUN TR CC REDO LOG FILES .............................................................. 888.7.1. B sung cc online redo log groups ....................................................................888.7.2. B sung cc online redo log members ................................................................898.7.3. nh li ch cho cc redo log file ........................................................................89

8.7.4. Ngng s dng cc Online redo log groups ........................................................908.7.5. Ngng s dng cc Online redo log members ....................................................918.7.6. Xo rng Online redo log file ..............................................................................92

CHNG 9. QUN TR TABLESPACES V DATA FILES ................. 939.1. CU TRC CA DATABASE ...................................................................... 93

9.1.1. Quan h gia database vi cc tablespaces v data files ...................................939.1.2. Quan h gia segment vi cc extent v cc blocks ..........................................94

9.2. PHN LOI CC TABLESPACES ............................................................... 959.2.1. Tablespace SYSTEM v non-SYSTEM ..................................................................959.2.2. Tablespaces read-only / read-write ....................................................................969.2.3. Temporary tablespace / permanent tablespace .................................................97

9.3. QUN L KHNG GIAN TRONG TABLESPACES ......................................... 979.3.1. Dictionary-Managed Tablespaces ......................................................................979.3.2. Locally-Managed Tablespaces ...........................................................................97

9.4. THIT LP TRNG THI CHO TABLESPACES ............................................. 989.5. TRAO I CC TABLESPACES GIA DATABASES ....................................... 99

9.5.1. Mt s hn ch trong vic trao i cc tablespace: ............................................999.5.2. Cc bc thc hin chuyn i mt tablespace gia cc database ....................99

9.6. TO TABLESPACE ................................................................................. 1019.6.1. Lnh to tablespace .........................................................................................1019.6.2. Ch qun l cc tablespaces .......................................................................1029.6.3. To temporary tablespace ................................................................................1029.6.4. Cc tham s lu tr ..........................................................................................103

9.7. CC THAY I I VI TABLESPACE ..................................................... 1039.7.1. Chuyn i mt tablespace thnh mt temporary tablespace .........................1039.7.2. Thm mi cc tablespace .................................................................................103

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9.7.3. M rng data files .............................................................................................1049.7.4. Thay i kch thc data file .............................................................................1059.7.5. Chuyn i ch ONLINE v OFFLINE ............................................................1059.7.6. Di chuyn cc data file .....................................................................................1069.7.7. Tablespace ch c ...........................................................................................1079.7.8. Hu tablespace .................................................................................................107

9.8. THNG TIN V CC TABLESPACES ......................................................... 108

9.8.1. Xem thng tin tablespace .................................................................................1099.8.2. Xem thng tin data files ...................................................................................110

CHNG 10. CU TRC LU TR ............................................ 11110.1. CC LOI SEGMENTS .......................................................................... 111

10.1.1. Table ..............................................................................................................11110.1.2. Table partition ................................................................................................11110.1.3. Cluster ............................................................................................................11110.1.4. Index ..............................................................................................................11110.1.5. Index-Organized Table ...................................................................................11210.1.6. Index Partition ................................................................................................11210.1.7. Rollback Segment ...........................................................................................112

10.1.8. Temporary Segment .......................................................................................11210.1.9. LOB Segment .................................................................................................11210.1.10. LOB Index .....................................................................................................11310.1.11. Nested Table ................................................................................................11310.1.12. Bootstrap Segment .......................................................................................113

10.2. QUN L EXTENTS .............................................................................. 11310.2.1. Cp pht v thu hi cc extents .....................................................................11310.2.2. S dng v gii phng cc extent ..................................................................11410.2.3. Kt hp cc vng khng gian trng ................................................................114

10.3. BLOCK D LIU .................................................................................. 11610.3.1. Cu trc ca block d liu ..............................................................................11610.3.2. Cc tham s s dng khng gian trong block .................................................11710.3.3. S dng khng gian trong block .....................................................................11810.3.4. Phn loi mc phn on i vi tng loi segment ..................................118

10.4. THNG TIN V CU TRC LU TR ...................................................... 11910.4.1. Cc view lu tr thng tin ..............................................................................11910.4.2. Xem thng tin v cc segments .....................................................................12010.4.3. Thng tin v cc extents ................................................................................12110.4.4. Thng tin v cc vng trng ...........................................................................122

CHNG 11. QUN L ROLLBACK SEGMENTS .......................... 12311.1. GII THIU ROLLBACK SEGMENTS ....................................................... 123

11.1.1. Khi nim .......................................................................................................12311.1.2. Mc ch s dng segment .............................................................................12311.1.3. Phn loi rollback segment .............................................................................124

11.2. S DNG ROLLBACK SEGMENT ........................................................... 12511.2.1. S dng rollback segment trong cc transaction ............................................12511.2.2. Tng trng i vi cc rollback segments ....................................................12611.2.3. Ti u cc rollback segments .........................................................................127

11.3. QUN L ROLLBACK SEGMENTS .......................................................... 12811.3.1. S dng rollback segment ..............................................................................12811.3.2. To rollback segment .....................................................................................12811.3.3. Thay i trng thi ca Rollback segments ....................................................12911.3.4. Instance s dng rollback segment ................................................................13011.3.5. iu chnh kh nng lu tr ca rollback segment .........................................13011.3.6. Gim bt rng ca rollback segment .........................................................13111.3.7. Hy b rollback segment ................................................................................131

11.3.8. Qun l undo t ng .....................................................................................13211.4. THNG TIN V CC ROLLBACK SEGMENT ............................................. 132

11.4.1. Xem thng tin chung v cc rollback segment ...............................................132

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11.4.2. Xem thng tin thng k v rollback segment .................................................13311.4.3. Thng tin v rollback segment ang active ....................................................135

11.5. CC VN LIN QUAN TI ROLLBACK SEGMENT ................................ 13611.5.1. Thiu khng gian cho cc transactions ...........................................................13611.5.2. Li c d liu khng ng nht .....................................................................13611.5.3. Chn session ..................................................................................................136

CHNG 12. QUN L TEMPORARY SEGMENTS ....................... 13812.1. TEMPORARY SEGMENTS ..................................................................... 13812.1.1. Phn loi temporary segments .......................................................................13912.1.2. S dng cc Sort Segments ............................................................................14012.1.3. Sort Extent Pool.............................................................................................. 140

12.2. CP PHT KHNG GIAN CHO TEMPORARY SEGMENT ........................... 14012.3. THNG TIN V CC TEMPORARY SEGMENT .......................................... 141

CHNG 13. CLUSTERS V INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLES ............ 14313.1. TNG QUAN V CLUSTERS V INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLES .................... 143

13.1.1. Cluster ............................................................................................................144

13.1.2. Xem xt v chn la Cluster ...........................................................................14513.1.3. Cc kiu cluster .............................................................................................14513.1.4. Chn la kiu cluster ......................................................................................147

13.2. QUN L CLUSTER .............................................................................. 14813.2.1. To cluster ......................................................................................................14813.2.2. To Hash Cluster ..........................................................................................15013.2.3. Xc nh gi tr SIZE cho cluster .....................................................................15013.2.4. Cc tham s ch nh cho hash cluster ...........................................................15113.2.5. Sa i cc Cluster .........................................................................................15213.2.6. Xo Cluster .....................................................................................................152

13.3. THNG TIN V CC CLUSTERS ............................................................. 15413.3.1. Xc nh Cluster v cc ct kho Cluster ........................................................15513.3.2. Ly thng tin ct kho ca cluster v cc ct trong bng ..............................15513.3.3. Ly thng tin cho hash cluster ........................................................................156

13.4. INDEX-ORGANIZED TABLE ................................................................... 15613.4.1. Tnh cht chung ..............................................................................................15613.4.2. To mt index-organized table .......................................................................15813.4.3. Hin tng ROW OVERFLOW (trn dng d liu) ............................................16013.4.4. Ly thng tin IOT (Index Orrganized Table) ...................................................161

CHNG 14. QUN L CC TABLES ......................................... 16214.1. TNG QUAN V TABLES ...................................................................... 162

14.1.1. Phn loi cc tables ........................................................................................16214.1.2. Cu trc cc dng d liu (row data) ..............................................................162

14.2. CC KIU D LIU TRONG TABLE ......................................................... 16314.2.1. Kiu d liu v hng .....................................................................................16314.2.2. Tp hp (collection) ........................................................................................16714.2.3. Kiu quan h (REF) .........................................................................................16814.2.4. Kiu d liu TIMESTAMP .................................................................................168

14.3. QUN L CC TABLES ........................................................................ 16814.3.1. To table ........................................................................................................16814.3.2. Thit lp gi tr PCTFREE v PCTUSED ............................................................17014.3.3. Migration (di tr) v Chaining cc dng d liu ..............................................17114.3.4. Sao chp mt tables .......................................................................................17214.3.5. Qun tr columns trong table ..........................................................................17214.3.6. Chuyn mt Table ti Segment hay Tablespace mi...................................... 17414.3.7. nh ngha li mt table ang online ..............................................................175

14.3.8. Bng ngoi External table ............................................................................17714.4. CC RNG BUC (CONSTRAINTS) I VI TABLES ............................... 177

14.4.1. Rng buc i vi tables ................................................................................177

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14.4.2. Null / Not Null................................................................................................. 17814.4.3. Unique ............................................................................................................17814.4.4. Primary Key ....................................................................................................17814.4.5. Foreign Key ( Referential Key) ........................................................................17914.4.6. Check ............................................................................................................179

14.5. QUN L KHNG GIAN LU TR TRONG TABLE .................................... 18014.5.1. Thay i thng tin lu tr v tham s s dng Block ......................................180

14.5.2. Cp pht cc extents bng tay (manually) .....................................................18114.5.3. High Water Mark .............................................................................................18114.5.4. Thu hi khng gian khng s dng .................................................................18314.5.5. Truncate mt table .........................................................................................18414.5.6. Xo table ........................................................................................................18414.5.7. Kim tra cu trc bng ...................................................................................18414.5.8. Pht hin cc rows b migration .....................................................................185

14.6. THNG TIN V TABLES ........................................................................ 18614.6.1. Thng tin chung v cc tables ........................................................................18614.6.2. Thng tin v s dng block v thng tin chaining ..........................................187

CHNG 15. QUN L CC INDEXES ....................................... 188

15.1. PHN LOI INDEXES ........................................................................... 18815.1.1. Index trn mt column v Index trn nhiu columns .....................................18815.1.2. Unique index v Non-unique index ................................................................18815.1.3. Partitioned index v non-partitioned index .....................................................188

15.2. T CHC INDEX .................................................................................. 18815.2.1. B-TREE index ..................................................................................................18815.2.2. Reverse Key Index .........................................................................................19015.2.3. Bitmap Index ..................................................................................................19115.2.4. So snh gia B-TREE index v Bitmap index ..................................................192

15.3. QUN L INDEX .................................................................................. 19215.3.1. To cc index .................................................................................................19215.3.2. Mt s cch s dng index .............................................................................195

15.3.3. To Index kho ngc (reverse key index) .....................................................19615.3.4. To Bitmap index ..........................................................................................19715.3.5. Thay i tham s lu tr cho index ................................................................19715.3.6. Cp pht v thu hi khng gian s dng ca index ........................................19715.3.7. Xy dng li (Rebuild) cc index ....................................................................19815.3.8. Kim tra tnh hp l ca index ........................................................................19915.3.9. Xo cc index .................................................................................................200

15.4. THNG TIN V CC INDEX ................................................................... 20015.4.1. Xem thng tin v cc index ............................................................................20015.4.2. Tm cc ct trong mt index ...........................................................................201

CHNG 16. NP V T CHC LU TR D LIU ..................... 202

16.1. GII THIU CHUNG ............................................................................. 20216.1.1. Tng quan vic np d liu ............................................................................20216.1.2. Np d liu trc tip .......................................................................................203

16.2. NP D LIU ...................................................................................... 20316.2.1. Np d liu bng SQL* Loader .......................................................................20316.2.2. Phng php np d liu ...............................................................................20516.2.3. So snh hai phng php np d liu .............................................................20616.2.4. Np d liu ng thi (Parallel direct load) .....................................................207

16.3. NP D LIU BNG SQL*LOADER ......................................................... 20916.3.1. S dng SLQ*LOADER ....................................................................................20916.3.2. Parameter file (tp tham s) ..........................................................................21116.3.3. Control file (tp iu khin) ...........................................................................21116.3.4. Data file ..........................................................................................................21316.3.5. Cc thnh phn ca log file ............................................................................21316.3.6. Cc file u ra khc .......................................................................................21416.3.7. Cc hng dn khi s dng load ....................................................................214

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16.4. T CHC LI D LIU BNG CNG C EXPORT V IMPORT ................... 21516.4.1. Cng c dch chuyn d liu ...........................................................................21516.4.2. Cc ch Export ..........................................................................................21616.4.3. Export d liu trc tip v Export d liu thng thng .................................218

16.5. CNG C EXPORT ............................................................................... 21916.5.1. S dng cng c Export .................................................................................21916.5.2. Gii thiu mt s ch export .....................................................................221

16.5.3. Cc tablespaces trao i................................................................................ 22316.5.4. Mt s thng bo khi export: Warning, Error, v Completion Messages .........22316.6. CNG C IMPORT ............................................................................... 224

16.6.1. S dng cng c Import .................................................................................22416.6.2. Chuyn i character set ...............................................................................228

CHNG 17. QUN L USER ................................................... 23017.1. USER TRONG DATABASE ..................................................................... 230

17.1.1. User v nhng thnh phn lin quan ..............................................................23017.1.2. Database schema ...........................................................................................231

17.2. QUN L USER ................................................................................... 23117.2.1. Cc bc thc hin khi to mi user ...............................................................231

17.2.2. To mi user vi c ch xc nhn bi database .............................................23217.2.3. Thay i thuc tnh ca user ..........................................................................23317.2.4. Thay i hn mc (quota) s dng tablespace ...............................................23317.2.5. Hu User .........................................................................................................234

17.3. THNG TIN V USER ........................................................................... 234

CHNG 18. QUN L THNG TIN PROFILES ........................... 23618.1. GII THIU PROFILE ........................................................................... 23618.2. QUN L PROFILE .............................................................................. 237

18.2.1. To Profile ......................................................................................................23718.2.2. Thit lp cc gii hn v ti nguyn ...............................................................23818.2.3. Gn Profile cho User .......................................................................................23818.2.4. t gii hn ti nguyn ..................................................................................23918.2.5. Thay i thng tin trong profile ......................................................................23918.2.6. Hu profile ......................................................................................................24018.2.7. Thng tin v cc gii hn ti nguyn ..............................................................240

18.3. QUN L MT KHU ........................................................................... 24118.3.1. To profile qun l mt khu ..........................................................................24218.3.2. Cc tham s iu chnh mt khu ..................................................................24318.3.3. Mt s c im chnh trong qun l mt khu ..............................................24318.3.4. Hm cung cp mt khu cho ngi s dng ...................................................24418.3.5. Thng tin v mt khu ...................................................................................244

CHNG 19. CC QUYN H THNG ....................................... 24619.1. PHN LOI QUYN .............................................................................. 246

19.1.1. Cc quyn h thng .......................................................................................24619.1.2. Gn cc quyn h thng .................................................................................24719.1.3. Xc nhn user bng password file ..............................................................24719.1.4. Thng tin v cc quyn .................................................................................248

19.2. QUN L QUYN ................................................................................. 24919.2.1. Thu hi cc quyn h thng ...........................................................................24919.2.2. Quyn trn cc i tng ...............................................................................25019.2.3. Gn cc quyn trn i tng ........................................................................25119.2.4. Thng tin v cc quyn .................................................................................25119.2.5. Thu hi cc quyn trn i tng ...................................................................252

CHNG 20. QUN L CHC DANH (ROLE) .............................. 25420.1. CHC DANH (ROLE) TRONG DATABASE ............................................... 25420.1.1. Cc tnh cht ca chc danh ..........................................................................254

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20.1.2. Li ch ca vic s dng chc danh ................................................................25420.2. QUN L CHC DANH ......................................................................... 255

20.2.1. To v sa cha cc Chc danh ....................................................................25520.2.2. Cc chc danh c nh ngha sn ...............................................................25520.2.3. Sa cha cc chc danh .................................................................................25620.2.4. Gn cc chc danh .........................................................................................25720.2.5. Thit lp chc danh mc nh .........................................................................257

20.2.6. Enable v Disable cc chc danh ...................................................................25820.2.7. Thu hi cc chc danh t cc user .................................................................25920.2.8. Xo cc chc danh .........................................................................................259

20.3. THNG TIN V CC CHC DANH .......................................................... 259

CHNG 21. TNH NNG H TR NGN NG QUC GIA ........... 26121.1. NGN NG QUC GIA ......................................................................... 261

21.1.1. Cc c im chnh ........................................................................................26121.1.2. Chn tp k t cho database ...........................................................................26121.1.3. Tp k t v tp k t quc gia ca database ..................................................262

21.2. CC THAM S NLS .............................................................................. 26321.2.1. La chn tham s ...........................................................................................263

21.2.2. Ngn ng ph thuc v gi tr territory mc nh ...........................................26421.2.3. Xc nh cc bin mi trng .........................................................................26521.2.4. Ch nh c trng ngn ng (Language-Dependent) cho tng session ..........26521.2.5. Tham s NLS v cc hm SQL ........................................................................266

21.3. THNG TIN V CC GI TR NLS C KHI TO ................................. 26821.3.1. Thng tin v tp k t s dng .......................................................................26821.3.2. Thng tin v cc thit lp thng s NLS .........................................................269

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Chng 1. CC IM MI TRONG ORACLE 9i

Phin bn Oracle9i Release 1 (9.0.1) c a ra th trng vo u nm 2001 vc ci tin, b sung thm mt s chc nng, c im mi. Cc c im ny lm cho vic qun l database tr nn mm do, linh hot v hiu qu hn.

Di y, ta s xem xt mt s c im mi ny:

Cho php nh ngha li cu trc ca tables ang online

Chc nng ny c cung cp trong gi package DBMS_REDEFINITION do Oraclecung cp, cho php ngi dng c th nh ngha li cu trc ca mt tablethng quan cu lnh DML ngay khi n ang online. Vi cc phin bn trc,Oracle 8i, ta cng c th nh ngha li cu trc ca table nhng trc cnphi t ch offline cho n. iu ny khng thun tin cho vic qun tr.

Cho php thc hin lnhANALYZE VALIDATE STRUCTURE tc thiC th thc hin lnh ANALYZE ti u table ngay c khi ang c lnh DML thchin trn table.

iu khin lu tr sau

Oracle cung cp c ch iu khin switching i vi cc online redo log groupda theo thi gian (time-based). Trong cu hnh primary/standby, tt c ccnoncurrent logs ti primary site s c lu tr ri vn chuyn ti standbydatabase. Vic ny s hiu qu khi hn ch s lng cc redo records.

Tm treo database

Oracle9i cung cp chc nng suspend/resume. Qun tr vin s dng lnh ALTERSYSTEM SUSPEND tm treo database, dng mi thao tc truy xut vo ra ivi cc datafiles v control files. Khi database trng thi tm treo, cc thao tcvo ra (I/O operations) ang thc hin s c kt thc v nhng truy cp vodatabase mi pht sinh s c y vo queue. Thc hin lnh ALTER SYSTEMRESUME khi phc li tnh trng bnh thng ca database.

t ch hot ng tnh cho database

Oracle9i cho php a database vo ch hot ng tnh(quiesced state). Theo ch c cc DBA transactions, queries, v cc lnh PL/SQL l c php thchin. Trng thi ny cho php ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc qun tr mtcch an ton. S dng cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM QUIESCE RESTRICTED adatabase v ch hot ng tnh.

Kh nng khi phc v cp pht li khng gian

Oracle s t ng thc hin tm treo (suspending) v sau khi phc(resuming) li vic thc hin cc thao tc database tn km (large database

operations) trong trng hp c li cp pht khng gian. Nh vy m Oracledatabase server s c th t thc hin cc thao tc hp l thay v vic tr vthng bo li nh cc phin bn trc. Sau khi cc li ny c khc phcdatabase li c t ng khi phc bnh thng.

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Cho php lu tr trn nhiu ch lu tr

S lng ch lu tr ti a m ta c th s dng lu tr cc online redo logc tng ln t 5 ti 10.

T ng qun l vng khng gianOracle9i cho php qun l t ng vic gii phng v s dng cc vng khnggian c trong cc segments c lu tr trong cc locally managed tablespacesthng qua vic s dng mnh SEGMENT SPACE MANAGEMENTc trong cu lnhCREATE TABLESPACE. Qun tr vin c th s dng ch AUTO hoc MANUAL ch r kiu qun l khng gian m Oracle s s dng.

Cp nht li cc global indexes mi khi thc hin thao tc bo trpartition

Theo mc nh, c th c mt vi phn ca mt bng c phn khu (partitionedtables) trng thi khng s dng (nh du UNUSABLE) s c np vo trongglobal indexes. V ta cn xy dng li (rebuild) ton b global index. Oracle9i chophp thc hin t ng cng vic rebuild ny thng qua mnh UPDATE GLOBALINDEX c trong cu lnh ALTER TABLE khi thc hin bo tr.

Cho php s dng ng thi nhiu kch c block

Oracle cho php s dng ng thi nhiu kch c blocks (multiple block sizes).Kch thc chun (standard block size) c quy nh trong tham s khi toDB_BLOCK_SIZE nhng cng c th m rng thm 4 gi tr kch thc block phi

chun na (nonstandard block sizes). Cc kch thc blocks phi chun c ch rmi khi to tablespaces. Kch thc block chun c s dng cho SYSTEMtablespace v hu ht cc tablespaces khc. Vic h tr s dng nhiu kch cblock s cho php thc hin trao i cc tablespaces ca cc database m khngc cng mt kch thc block.

Qun l ng buffer cache

Kch thc ca buffer cache c trong vng nh System Global Area c qun lng. iu ny c ngha l gi tr ca tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS (trong filetham s khi to) c th c thay th bi gi tr c trong tham s khc, tham s

DB_CACHE_SIZE. Trong Oracle 9i, buffer cache li c phn chia thnh nhiu bm con (subcaches) nu c s dng ch multiple block sizes. Bn gi tr kchc block c ch ra trong 4 tham s DB_ nK_CACHE_SIZE tng ng .

Qun l ng vng nh SGA

Cc tham s khi to c th tc ng ti kch c ca vng nh SGA. V ta c ththay i kch c ca SGA d dng thng qua cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM SET.

Qun l vic khi phc (undo) t ng

Oracle s dng rollback segments lu tr cc thng tin cho khi phc. Vicphc hi (undo) bao gm roll back, undo, v thay i (changes) i vi databasemi khi cn. Oracle 9i cho php ta to ring mt undo tablespace lu tr cc

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thng tin phc hi ny. Vic s dng undo tablespace s lm gim bt tnh phctp ca vic qun tr vng khng gian rollback segment, v cho php phc hi licc thng tin di m khng s b trng ln nhau.

Qun l files trong Oracle

Mt im mi trong Oracle 9i l qun l files. Thng qua cc tham s khi toDB_CREATE_FILE_DEST v DB_CREATE_ONLINE_LOG_DEST_ n ta c th ch ra choh thng cc ng dn c th lu tr cc file thuc tablespace, online redo logfile hay control file. Oracle lun m bo qun l file duy nht trong h thng.

T ng xo cc datafiles

Oracle9i cung cp mt la chn cho php t ng xo b (remove) cc datafilesmi khi tablespace tng ng b hu thng qua cu lnh DROP TABLESPACE. Tuchn tng t trong cu lnh ALTER DATABASE TEMPFILE cng c s dng xo cc temporary file tng ng.

Metadata API

Mt PL/SQL package mi, DBMS_METADATA.GET_DDL, c a vo Oracle 9i chophp ta ly c cc siu d liu (metadata) Cc thng tin tng hp v ccschema object.

Cc bng ngoi - External tables

Oracle9i cho php ta truy cp theo kiu ch c cc d liu trong cc bng ngoi(external tables). External tables l cc tables m khng nm trong database, v

c th cc khun dng (format) no . Cu lnh CREATE TABLE ...ORGANIZATION EXTERNAL c s dng ch ra metadata m t cho externaltable tng ng. Oracle cung cp iu khin truy cp ORACLE_LOADER, qua cung cp kh nng nh x d liu tng ng vi c php lnh trong control file.

Tng cng cho constraint

Ta s dng mnh USING INDEX trong cu lnh CREATE TABLE hay ALTERTABLE cho php ta ch r index mi khi s dng rng buc unique key hayprimary key. Thm vo , ta cng c th ngn cn vic hu (dropping).

File tham s trn server

Oracle lu tr cc tham s khi to cho session trong file tham s di khundng vn bn v c t ti cc client machine.

Cc tham s khi to ca server nm trong file tham s trn server thng khun dng nh phn v c th c lu trong database.

Temporary tablespace mc nh

C th thm vo mnh mi DEFAULT TEMPORARY TABLESPACE vo cu lnh

CREATE DATABASE cho php to temporary tablespace ngay trong thi gianto database. Tablespace ny s c s dng nh temporary tablespace mcnh.

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T ng chuyn users t mt nhm ny sang mt nhm khc tu theo siu chnh ca qun tr vin (administrator). Nu mt session c to bimember thuc mt nhm users no thc hin trong khong thi gian dihn thi gian cho php th session c th c t ng chuyn sang mtnhm khc vi nhng yu cu ti nguyn khc.

C kh nng ngn chn thc hin cc thao tc m c d kin l s phi

chy trong mt thi gian di hn l khong thi gian cho php. C kh nng to mt undo pool, l ni cha mt s lng nht nh vng

khng gian dnh cho vic khi phc thng tin (undo).

C ch xc thc v nh xc thc (Proxy authentication andauthorization)

Oracle9i cho php mt server nm lp gia (middle-tier) xc nhn h mtclient. Ta c th thc hin vic ny bng cch a vo mnh GRANT CONNECTTHROUGH trong cu lnh ALTER USER. Ta cng c th ch r vai tr ca lp gia(middle tier) trong vic kt ni ti client.

Application roles

Oracle cho php gn roles cho cc application users m c kch hot bngcch s dng PL/SQL package. S dng mnh IDENTIFIED USING packagetrong cu lnh CREATE ROLE thc hin vic ny.

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Chng 2. CC THNH PHN KIN TRC

2.1. KIN TRC ORACLE SERVEROracle server l mt h thng qun tr c s d liu i tng-quan h cho php

qun l thng tin mt cch ton din. Oracle server bao gm hai thnh phnchnh l Oracle instance v Oracle database.

2.1.1. Oracle Instance

Oracle instance bao gm mt cu trc b nh System Global Area (SGA) vcc background processes (tin trnh nn) c s dng qun tr c s dliu. Oracle instance c xc nh qua tham s mi trng ORACLE_SID ca hiu hnh.

Hnh v 1. Kin trc Oracle Server

System Global Area - SGA

SGA l vng b nh chia s c s dng lu tr d liu v cc thng tin iukhin ca Oracle server. SGA c cp pht (allocated) trong b nh ca mytnh m Oracle server ang hot ng trn . Cc User kt ni ti Oracle s chias cc d liu c trong SGA, vic m rng khng gian b nh cho SGA s lmnng cao hiu sut ca h thng, lu tr c nhiu d liu trong h thng hnng thi gim thiu cc thao tc truy xut a (disk I/O).

SGA bao gm mt vi cu trc b nh chnh:

Shared pool: L mt phn ca SGA lu cc cu trc b nh chia s. Database buffer cache: Lu tr cc d liu c s dng gn nht. Redo log buffer: c s dng cho vic d tm li cc thay i trong c s

d liu v c thc hin bi cc background process.

chi tit hn, ta s xem xt c th tng thnh phn.

Share PoolShared pool l mt phn trong SGA v c s dng khi thc hin phn tch culnh (parse phase). Kch thc ca Shared pool c xc nh bi tham sSHARED_POOL_SIZEc trong parameter file (file tham s).Cc thnh phn ca Shared pool gm c: Library cache v Data dictionary cache.

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Hnh v 3. Database buffer cache

Database buffer cache l vng nh trong SGA s dng lu tr cc block dliu c s dng gn nht. Tng t nh kch thc ca blocks d liu c xcnh bi tham s DB_BLOCK_SIZE, kch thc ca vng m trong buffer cachecng c xc nh bi tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS.

Oracle server s dng gii thut least recently used (LRU) algorithm lm tili vng nh. Theo , khi np mi mt block vo b m, trong trng hp bm y, Oracle server s loi bt block t c s dng nht ra khi b m np block mi vo b m.

Redo log bufferServer process ghi li cc thay i ca mt instance vo redo log buffer, ycng l mt phn b nh SGA.

Hnh v 4. Redo log buffer

C mt s c im cn quan tm ca Redo log buffer:

Kch thc c xc nh bi tham s LOG_BUFFER. Lu tr cc redo records (bn ghi hi phc) mi khi c thay i d liu. Redo log buffer c s dng mt cch thng xuyn v cc thay i bi

mt transaction c th nm an xen vi cc thay i ca cc transactionskhc.

B m c t chc theo kiu circular buffer (b m ni vng) tc l dliu thay i s tip tc c np ln u sau khi vng m c sdng ht.

Background processBackground process (cc tin trnh nn) thc hin cc chc nng thay cho li gitin trnh x l tng ng. N iu khin vo ra, cung cp cc c ch x l songsong nng cao hiu qu v tin cy. Ty theo tng cu hnh m Oracle instancec cc Background process nh:

Database Writer (DBW0): Ghi li cc thay i trong data buffer cache ra ccfile d liu.

Log Writer (LGWR): Ghi li cc thay i c ng k trong redo log buffervo cc redo log files.

System Monitor (SMON): Kim tra s nht qun trong database. Process Monitor (PMON): Dn dp li ti nguyn khi cc tin trnh ca Oracle

gp li.

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Checkpoint Process (CKPT): Cp nht li trng thi ca thng tin trong fileiu khin v file d liu mi khi c thay i trong buffer cache.

Database Writer (DBW0)

Server process ghi li cc d liu thay i rollback v d liu ca cc blocktrong buffer

cache. Database writer (DBWR) ghi cc thng tin c nh du thay i tdatabase buffer cache ln cc data files nhm m bo lun c khong trng bm cn thit cho vic s dng.

Hnh v 5. Database Writer (DBWR)

Vi vic s dng ny, hiu sut s dng database s c ci thin do Serverprocesses ch to cc thay i trn buffer cache, DBWR ghi d liu vo cc datafile cho ti khi:

S lng buffers nh b du t ti gi tr ngng. Tin trnh duyt tt c buffer m vn khng tm thy d liu tng ng. Qu thi gian quy nh.

Log Writer

Log Writer (LGWR) l mt trong cc background process c trch nhim qun lredo log buffer ghi li cc thng tin trong Redo log buffer vo Redo log file.Redo log buffer l b m d liu c t chc theo kiu ni vng.

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Hnh v 6. Log Writer (LGWT)LGWR ghi li d liu mt cch tun t vo redo log file theo cc tnh hung sau:

Khi redo log buffer y Khi xy ra timeout (thng thng l 3 giy) Trc khi DBWR ghi li cc blocks b thay i trong data buffer cache vo cc

data files. Khi commit mt transaction.

System Monitor (SMON)

Tin trnhsystem monitor (SMON) thc hin phc hi cc s c (crash recovery)ngay ti thi im instance c khi ng (startup), nu cn thit. SMON cng ctrch nhim dn dp cc temporary segments khng cn c s dng na trongdictionary-managed tablespaces. SMON khi phc li cc transactions b cht mikhi xy ra s c. SMON u n thc hin kim tra v khc phc cc s c khi cn.

Trong mi trng Oracle Parallel Server, SMON process ca mt instance c ththc hin khi phc instance trong trng hp instance hay CPU ca my tnh gp s c.

Process Monitor (PMON)

Tin trnh process monitor (PMON) thc hin tin trnh phc hi mi khi c mtuser process gp li. PMON c trch nhim dn dp database buffer cache v giiphng ti nguyn m user process s dng. V d, n thit lp li (reset) trngthi ca cc bng ang thc hin trong transaction, gii phng cc locks trnbng ny, v hu b process ID ca n ra khi danh sch cc active processes.

PMON kim tra trng thi ca ni gi (dispatcher ) v cc server processes, khing li (restarts) mi khi xy ra s c. PMON cng cn thc hin vic ng k ccthng tin v instance v dispatcher processes vi network listener.

Tng t nhSMON, PMON c gi n mi khi xy ra s c trong h thng.

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Checkpoint Process (CKPT)

Cp nht li trng thi ca thng tin trong file iu khin v file d liu mi khi cthay i trong buffer cache. Xy ra checkpoints khi:

Tt c cc d liu trong database buffers b thay i tnh cho n thiim checkpointed s c background process DBWRn ghi ln data files.

Background process CKPT cp nht phn headers ca cc data files v cccontrol files.

Checkpoints c th xy ra i vi tt c cc data files trong database hoc cngc th xy ra vi mt data files c th.

Checkpoint xy ra theo cc tnh hung sau:

Mi khi c log switch Khi mt shut down mt database vi cc ch tr ch abort Xy ra theo nh thi gian quy nh trong cc tham s khi to

LOG_CHECKPOINT_INTERVALv LOG_CHECKPOINT_TIMEOUT Khi c yu cu trc tip ca qun tr vin

Thng tin v checkpoint c lu tr trong Alert file trong trng hp cc thams khi to LOG_CHECKPOINTS_TO_ALERTc t l TRUE. V ngc li vi gi trFALSE.

2.1.2. Oracle database

Oracle database l tp hp cc d liu c xem nh mt n v thnh phn(Unit). Database c nhim v lu tr v tr v cc thng tin lin quan. Databasec xem xt di hai gc cu trc logic v cu trc vt l. Tuy vy, hai cutrc d liu ny vn tn ti tch bit nhau, vic qun l d liu theo cu trc lu

tr vt l khng gy nh hng ti cu trc logicOracle database c xc nh bi tn mt tn duy nht v c quy nh trongtham s DB_NAME ca parameter file.

Hnh v 7. Cu trc database

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Cu trc vt l database

Cu trc vt l bao gm tp hp cc control file, online redo log file v ccdatafile:

Datafiles

Mi mt Oracle database u c th c mt hay nhiu datafiles. Cc databasedatafiles cha ton b d liu trong database. Cc d liu thuc cu trc logicca database nh tables hay indexes u c lu tr di dng vt l trong ccdatafiles ca database.

Mt s tnh cht ca datafiles:

Mi datafile ch c th c s dng trong mt database. Bn cnh , datafiles cng cn c mt s tnh cht cho php t ng m

rng kch thc mi khi database ht ch lu tr d liu. Mt hay nhiu datafiles to nn mt n v lu tr logic ca database gi l

tablespace. Mt datafile ch thuc v mt tablespace.

D liu trong mt datafile c th c ra v lu vo vng nh b m ca Oracle.V d: khi mt user mun truy cp d liu trong mt table thuc database. Trongtrng hp thng tin yu cu khng c trong cache memory hin thi, n s cc trc tip t cc datafiles ra v lu tr vo trong b nh.

Tuy nhin, vic b sung hay thm mi d liu vo database khng nht thit phighi ngay vo cc datafile. Cc d liu c th tm thi ghi vo b nh gimthiu vic truy xut ti b nh ngoi ( a) lm tng hiu nng s dng hthng. Cng vic ghi d liu ny c thc hin bi DBWn background process.

Redo Log Files

Mi Oracle database u c mt tp hp t 02 redo log files tr ln. Cc redo logfiles trong database thng c gi l database's redo log. Mt redo log cto thnh t nhiu redo entries (gi l cc redo records).

Chc nng chnh ca redo log l ghi li tt c cc thay i i vi d liu trongdatabase. Redo log files c s dng bo v database khi nhng hng hcdo s c. Oracle cho php s dng cng mt lc nhiu redo log gi l multiplexedredo log cng lu tr cc bn sao ca redo log trn cc a khc nhau.

Cc thng tin trong redo log file ch c s dng khi phc li database trongtrng hp h thng gp s c v khng cho php vit trc tip d liu trongdatabase ln cc datafiles trong database. V d: khi c s c xy ra nh mtin bt cht chng hn, cc d liu trong b nh khng th ghi trc tip ln ccdatafiles v gy ra hin tng mt d liu. Tuy nhin, tt c cc d liu b mtny u c th khi phc li ngay khi database c m tr li. Vic ny c ththc hin c thng qua vic s dng ngay chnh cc thng tin mi nht ctrong cc redo log files thuc datafiles. Oracle s khi phc li cc database chon thi im trc khi xy ra s c.

Cng vic khi phc d liu t cc redo log c gi l rolling forward.

Control Files

Mi Oracle database u c t nht mt control file. Control file cha cc mcthng tin quy nh cu trc vt l ca database nh:

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Tn ca database. Tn v ni lu tr cc datafiles hay redo log files. Time stamp (mc thi gian) to lp database, ...

Mi khi no mt instance ca Oracle database c m, control file ca n sc s dng xc nh data files v cc redo log files i km. Khi cc thnhphn vt l c database b thay i (v d nh, to mi datafile hay redo log file),Control file s c t ng thay i tng ng bi Oracle.Control file cng c s dng n khi thc hin khi phc li d liu.

Cu trc logic databse

Cu trc logic ca Oracle database bao gm cc i tng tablespaces, schemaobjects, data blocks, extents, v segments.

Tablespaces

Mt database c th c phn chia v mt logic thnh cc n v gi l cctablespaces, Tablespaces thng bao gm mt nhm cc thnh phn c quan hlogic vi nhau.

Databases, Tablespaces, v Datafiles

Mi quan h gia cc databases, tablespaces, v datafiles c th c minh hobi hnh v sau:

Hnh v 8. Quan h gia database, tablespace v datafile

C mt s im ta cn quan tm:

Mi database c th phn chia v mt logic thnh mt hay nhiutablespace.

Mi tablespace c th c to nn, v mt vt l, bi mt hoc nhiudatafiles.

Kch thc ca mt tablespace bng tng kch thc ca cc datafiles can. V d: trong hnh v trn SYSTEM tablespace c kch thc l 2 MBcn USERS tablespace c kch thc l 4 MB.

Kch thc ca database cng c th xc nh c bng tng kch thcca cc tablespaces ca n. V d: trong hnh v trn th kch thc cadatabase l 6 MB.

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Schema v Schema Objects

Schema l tp hp cc i tng (objects) c trong database. Schema objects lcc cu trc logic cho php tham chiu trc tip ti d liu trong database.Schema objects bao gm cc cu trc nh tables, views, sequences, storedprocedures, synonyms, indexes, clusters, v database links.

Data Blocks, Extents, and SegmentsOracle iu khin khng gian lu tr trn a cng theo cc cu trc logic baogm cc data blocks, extents, v segments.

Oracle Data Blocks

L mc phn cp logic thp nht, cc d liu ca Oracle database c lu trtrong cc data blocks. Mt data block tng ng vi mt s lng nht nh ccbytes vt l ca database trong khng gian a cng. Kch thc ca mt datablock c ch ra cho mi Oracle database ngay khi database c to lp.Database s dng, cp pht v gii phng vng khng gian lu tr thng qua cc

Oracle data blocks.

Extents

L mc phn chia cao hn v mt logic cc vng khng gian trong database. Mtextentbao gm mt s data blocks lin tip nhau, cng c lu tr ti mt thitb lu gi. Extent c s dng lu tr cc thng tin c cng kiu.

Segments

L mc phn chia cao hn na v mt logic cc vng khng gian trong database.

Mt segmentl mt tp hp cc extents c cp pht cho mt cu trc logic .Segment c th c phn chia theo nhiu loi khc nhau:

Datasegment

Mi mt non-clustered table c mt data segment. Cc d liutrong mt table c lu tr trong cc extents thuc datasegment . Vi mt partitioned table th mi each partition litng ng vi mt data segment.Mi Cluster tng ng vi mt data segment. D liu ca tt ccc table trong cluster u c lu tr trong data segmentthuc Cluster .

indexsegment

Mi mt index u c mt index segment lu tr cc d liu can. Trong partitioned index th mi partition cng li tng ngvi mt index segment.

rollbacksegment

Mt hoc nhiu rollback segments ca database c to lp bingi qun tr database lu tr cc d liu trung gian phc vcho vic khi phc d liu.Cc thng tin trong Rollback segment c s dng :

To s ng nht cc thng tin c c t database S dng trong qu trnh khi phc d liu Phc hi li cc giao dch cha commit i vi mi user

temporarysegment

Temporary segments c t ng to bi Oracle mi khi mt culnh SQL statement cn n mt vng nh trung gian thchin cc cng vic ca mnh nh sp xp d liu. Khi kt thc cu

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lnh , cc extent thuc temporary segment s li c hon trcho h thng.

Oracle thc hin cp pht vng khng gian lu tr mt cch linh hot mi khi ccextents cp pht s dng ht.

Cc cu trc vt l khc

Ngoi ra, Oracle Server cn s dng cc file khc lu tr thng tin. Cc file bao gm:

Parameter file: Parameter file ch ra cc tham s c s dng trongdatabase. Ngi qun tr database c th sa i mt vi thng tin c trongfile ny. Cc tham s trong parameter file c vit dng vn bn.

Password file: Xc nh quyn ca tng user trong database. Cho phpngi s dng khi ng v tt mt Oracle instance.

Archived redo log files: L bn off line ca cc redo log files cha cc thngtin cn thit phc hi d liu.

2.1.3. Qun tr c s d liu Oracle

Qun tr c s d liu l cng vic bo tr v vn hnh Oracle server n c thtip nhn v x l c tt c cc yu cu (requests) t pha Client. lm ciu ny, ngi qun tr vin c s d liu cn phi hiu c kin trc caOracle database.

2.1.4. Thit lp cc tham s khi to nh hng ti kch c b nh SGATham s khi to nh hng ti kch thc b nh cp pht cho vng SystemGlobal Area. Ngoi tr tham s SGA_MAX_SIZE, cn li cc tham s khc u ltham s ng tc l c th thay i gi tr ca chng ngay trong lc databaseang chy thng qua cu lnh ALTER SYSTEM. Kch thc ca SGA cng c ththay i c trong qu trnh chy database.

Thit lp tham s cho Buffer Cache

Tham s khi to buffer cache quy nh kch thc ca buffer cache l mt phnca SGA. .

Ta s dng cc tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE v mt trong nhng tham sDB_nK_CACHE_SIZE cho php s dng ch multiple block sizes i vidatabase. Oracle s t ng gn cc gi tr mc nh cho tham s theDB_CACHE_SIZE, cn tham s DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE s c gn mc nh bng 0.

Kch thc ca buffer cache s c nh hng nhiu ti hiu sut thc hin ca hthng. Kch thc cng ln th cng gim bt vic c v ghi a. Tuy nhin, kchthc ca cache ln s tn nhiu b nh v s c nhiu tn km trong vic thchin paging (phn trang) hay swapping (trao i) b nh.

Tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE Tham s khi to DB_CACHE_SIZE c s dng thay th cho tham sDB_BLOCK_BUFFERS ca cc phin bn Oracle trc kia. Tham s DB_CACHE_SIZE quy

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nh kch thc ca block buffers chun. Kch thc ca mt block chun li cquy nh trong tham s DB_BLOCK_SIZE.

Tuy vy, tham s DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS vn c s dng tng thch vi ccphin bn trc, tuy nhin gi tr ca n khng c s dng cho cc tham sng.

Tham s DB_nK_CACHE_SIZE

Ch ra kch c l bi s nguyn ln kch thc ca block buffers. N c ch rabi cc tham s:

DB_2K_CACHE_SIZE

DB_4K_CACHE_SIZE

DB_8K_CACHE_SIZE

DB_16K_CACHE_SIZE

DB_32K_CACHE_SIZE.

Mi tham s ch ra kch c ca buffer cache tng ng vi kch c ca block.

V d:DB_BLOCK_SIZE=4096DB_CACHE_SIZE=12MDB_2K_CACHE_SIZE=8MDB_8K_CACHE_SIZE=4M

v d ny, cc tham s ch ra kch thc block chun ca database l 4K. Kchthc cache tng ng vi kch thc block chun l 12M. Cc kch thc m

rng ca cache l 2K v 8K s c t li vi gi tr tng ng l 8M v 4M.

iu chnh kch c ca Shared Pool

Tham s SHARED_POOL_SIZE trong phin bn Oracle 9i l tham s ng, tc l cth thay i c gi tr ca n (iu ny khng th thc hin c trong ccphin bn trc). N cho php ta thay i kch thc ca shared pool l mttrong cc thnh phn ca SGA. Theo mc nh Oracle cng chn mt gi tr mcnh ph hp cho tham s ny.

iu chnh kch c ca Large Pool

Tng t nhSHARED_POOL_SIZE, tham s LARGE_POOL_SIZE cng l mt tham sng, n cho php ta iu chnh kch c ca large pool, y cng l mt thnhphn trong SGA. .

Gii hn kch c ca SGA

Tham s SGA_MAX_SIZE quy nh kch c ln nht ca System Global Area . Tacng c th thay i kch c ca buffer caches, shared pool v large pool, tuynhin vic thay i ny nn l m rng gi tr kch thc cho cc thnh phn caSGA. Gi tr m rng thm ny cng khng nn t ti ngng ca SGA_MAX_SIZE.

Trong trng hp ta khng ch r gi tr ca SGA_MAX_SIZE th Oracle s t nggn gi tr ny bng tng s kch c ca cc thnh phn ca SGA lc ban u.

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2.2.KT NI TI ORACLE SERVER

2.2.1. M hnh kt ni

Cc Client c th kt ni ti Oracle Server thng qua 03 cch sau:

Kt ni trc tip: kt ni m Client nm trn cng mt my ch Oracleserver.

Kt ni hai lp (two-tiered) client-server: Client nm trn mt my tnh khcv kt ni trc tip ti my ch Oracle Server.

Kt ni ba lp (three-tiered): Client nm trn my tnh khc vi my chOracle Server, n giao tip vi mt ng dng hay mt my ch mng(network server) v iu khin ng dng hay my ch ny kt ni tiOracle server.

Hnh v 9. Kt ni ti Oracle server

2.2.2. Mt s khi nim c bn lin quan n kt ni

Connection (lin kt)

Lin kt l ng lin lc gia mt user process v mt Oracle server. Trongtrng hp user s dng cc tool hoc cc ng dng ngay trn cng mt my viOracle server, ng lin lc s c to lp ngay trn my . Trong trng hpuser nm trn mt my khc th lin kt s s dng ng mng kt ni tiOracle server.

Session (phin)

Mt phin tng ng vi mt lin kt c th ca mt user ti mt Oracle server.Phin bt u khi user kt ni ti Oracle Server c kim tra hp l v ktthc khi user thc hin log out khi Oracle Server hoc user kt thc mt cchbt thng. Mt user cng mt lc c th c nhiu phin lm vic kt ni tiOracle Server thng qua cc ng dng hay cc tool khc nhau. V du: User c thng thi c cc phin lm vic gia SQL*Plus, Developer/2000 Form,... tiOracle Server.

Lu : Phin ch to lp c khi Oracle Server sn sng cho vic kt ni cacc client.

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2.2.3. Kt ni ti database

Cc bc thc hin kt ni

kt ni ti database trc tin, cn phi to lin kt ti Oracle Server. Lin ktti Oracle Server c to theo cc bc sau:

User s dng cng c SQL*Plus hay s dng cc cng c khc ca Oraclenh Developer/2000 Forms khi to tin trnh. Trong m hnh Client-Server, cc cng c hay ng dng ny c chy trn my Client.

User thc hin log in vo Oracle server vi vic khai bo username,password v tn lin kt ti database. Cc ng dng tools s to mt tintrnh kt ni ti Oracle server qua cc tham s ny. Tin trnh ny cgi l tin trnh phc v. Tin trnh phc v s giao tip vi Oracle serverthay cho tin trnh ca user chy trn my Client.

V d thc hin kt ni ti database

hiu r hn v cc bc thc hin kt ni, ta hy xem xt mt v d m tvic kt ni ti Oracle database thc hin bi mt user ti mt my tnh khc ckt ni ti my tnh m Oracle server ang chy trn . Vic kt ni c thchin thng qua ng mng bng cch s dng dch v Oracle Net8.

1. Ti my ch, cn m bo Oracle server ang chy v sn sng n nhncc tn hiu t pha Client. My ch ny c gi l hosthay databaseserver.

2. Ti mt my trm c chy cc ng dng (gi l local machine hay clientworkstation) s thc hin cc user process kt ni ti database. Clientapplication thc hin thit lp mt kt ni ti server thng qua Net8 driver.

3. My ch server trn c cc Net8 driver. Server s thc hin vic nghev d tm tt c cc yu cu gi n t pha client v sau s to mt

server process tng ng vi user process.4. Khi user thc hin mt cu lnh SQL hay commit mt transaction. V d

nh user d liu trn mt dng trong mt table.

5. Server process s nhn v cu lnh gi ti t Client, kim tra v phn tchcu lnh, vic ny c thc hin trong shared pool. Tip theo , Serverprocess s kim tra quyn truy nhp d liu ca user.

6. Server process tr v cc gi tr d liu yu cu t cc d liu c trongdatafile hay trong system global area.

7. Server process thay i cc d liu c trong system global area. DBWn

process ghi li cc blocks thay i ra a. LGWR process s ghi lingay lp tc cc bn ghi thay i vo online redo log file ngay khitransaction c commit.

8. Trong trng hp transaction thc hin thnh cng, server process s githng bo hon tt qua ng mng ti Client. Ngc li, s c mt errormessage gi ti Client.

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Chng 3. CC CNG C QUN TR ORACLE

3.1.CC CNG C QUN TR C S D LIU ORACLEOracle hin ti cung cp rt nhiu cng c cho php qun tr c s d liu. C

th k ra sau y mt s cng c c bn sau:Cng c Din gii

Server ManagerLine Mode

Cng c qun tr c s d liu Oracle theo ch dnglnh nh start (khi ng), shutdown (dng) database,...

SQL*Plus LineMode

y l mt tin ch s dng cho vic cng qun tr nhstarting up, shutting down, hoc phc hi database.

Oracle EnterpriseManager

L cng c c giao din ha thc hin vic qun tr,iu khin v thay i mt hoc nhiu database.

SQL*Loader Tin ch s dng np cc file bn ngoi vo trong cc

bng ca Oracle .Cng c Export vImport

Tin ch s dng exporting hoc importing d liu theokhun dng ca Oracle.

Password File Tin ch s dng to file mt khu trong database.

thun tin, ti liu s trnh by hai cng c thng dng nht qun tr cs d liu l:

Server Manager Line Mode Oracle Enterprise Manager

3.2.SERVER MANAGER LINE MODE

3.2.1. Truy nhp Server Manager Line Mode

User (ngi s dng) c th vo Server Manager Line Mode theo hai cch:

C:\svrmgrl

Cch ny ch vo Server Manager Line Mode m cha thc hin kt ni c th tidatabase

Lu : trong cc phin bn c, ta g svrmgrl30 thay v svrmgrl

Hoc:C:\svgrmrl command=connect internal/admin

C:\svgrmrl command=@c:\example.sql

Vo Server Manager Line Mode ng thi thc hin lnh lun.

K t s dng trong Server Manager Line Mode

Vi Server Manager Line Mode, ta c th thc hin cu lnh SQL hoc on lnhPL/SQL. Cc cu lnh c kt thc bi k t chm phy ;

S dng k t / kt thc cu lnh trong trng hp bm phm Enter xung dng.Ngoi ra, ta c th chy file script cha cc cu lnh SQL v PL/SQL. Bng cchs dng k t @ trc tn file script.

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3.2.2. Phn nhm cc lnh trong Server manager

Loi lnh Tn lnh

Lnh khng cnkt ni tidatabase

EXIT

REMARK

SETSHOW

SPOOL

Cc lnh cn nmc quyn truynhp

CONNECT/DISCONNECT

DESCRIBE

EXECUTE

SHOW ERRORS

SHOW PARAMETER

SHOW SGA

Cc lnh cn nmc quyn truynhp c bit

CONNECT AS SYSDBACONNECT AS SYSOPER

ARCHIVE LOG

RECOVER DATABASE

STARTUP/SHUTDOWN

3.2.3. Din gii cc lnh trong Server manager

Tn lnh Din gii

EXIT ng SQL Worksheet, thot khi Server ManagerREMARK Thm vo li ch dn, thng hay s dng trong file SQL

script

SET Thit lp hoc thay i cc tnh cht c trong phin lmvic hin thi.

SHOW Hin th cc thit t hin thi

SPOOL Cho php hoc thi cho php chuyn hng kt xut dliu ra file

CONNECT/

DISCONNECT

Kt ni hoc hu kt ni ti database

DESCRIBE Xem cu trc ca mt function, package, package body,procedure, table, object, view

EXECUTE Thc hin mt dng lnh PL/SQL

SHOW ERRORS Hin th cc li pht sinh ca th tc, hm hay package

SHOW PARAMETER Hin th gi tr hin thi ca mt hay nhiu tham s khito

SHOW SGA Hin th thng tin v SGA ca Instance hin thi

CONNECT/AS

SYSDBA

Kt ni ti database vi c quyn qun tr

ARCHIVE LOG Khi ng v dng vic lu tr t ng i vi cc file

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online redo log files, redo log file

RECOVER

DATABASEPhc hi li mt hay nhiu tablespaces

STARTUP/

SHUTDOWNKhi ng hoc tt Oracle instance

3.3.ORACLE ENTERPRISE MANAGEROracle Enterprise Manager (OME) l phng tin cho php c c ci nhn tngth v ton b h thng. Trong c cy phn cp v cc hnh nh ha vcc i tng v quan h gia chng trong h thng.

OME c cc tin trnh Intelligent Agent processes cho php qun l t xa ccdch v chung - common services nh jobs, events, mt cch d dng.

OME cng bao gm c nhng ng dng qun l chuyn bit: DBA Management

Pack, Advanced Management Packs.Bn cnh , OME cn cung cp mt lng ln cc hm API cho php tch hp vicc h thng qun l ng dng khc. Bao gm c cc h thng qun l caOracle v khng phi ca Oracle.

OEM Console c trong c Windows NT v Windows 95.

Hnh v 10. Oracle Enterprise Manager

3.3.1. Kin trc OME

Kin trc OME l m rng ca kin trc Client/Server, n c kin trc ba lp.

Lp th nht cha cc Java-based console v cc ng dng tch hp chophp ci t v chy bi cc Web browser.

Lp th hai l Oracle Management Server - OMS. Chc nng chnh ca OMSl x l v qun tr tt c cc tc v ca h thng, tp trung qun l vphn phi iu khin gia cc clients v cc nt iu khin - managednodes. OEM s dng Oracle Enterprise Manager repository duy tr d liu

h thng, d liu ng dng v cc trng thi ca cc thc th iu khinphn tn trong h thng, cho php ngi dng c th truy cp v chia scc vng d liu lu tr.

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Lp th ba bao gm cc ch nh databases, nodes v cc dch v qun lkhc.

3.3.2. Cc dch v chung

OEM c cc dch v cho php qun l cc nodes trn mng (network)

Dch v pht hin - Discovery service: OEM t ng pht hin (nh v) ttc cc database v cc dch v chy trn cc nodes, mt khi cc nodesc xc nh. Cc dch v ny bao gm Web servers, listeners, machines,parallel servers, video servers, v cc services khc.

Job Scheduling System: cho php thc hin t ng lp li cc tc v. Hthng cho php to v qun l cc jobs, ln k hoch thc hin chng vcho php xem, chia s thng tin xc nh Jobs.

Event Management System: cho php qun l mi trng mng (networkenvironment) x l cc trng hp mt dch v, thiu hoc ht vng lu tr,

v cc vn khc nh s dng ti nguyn CPU. Mi khi cc events cpht hin, ngi qun tr c th thng bo hoc sa n. Bo mt - Security: cc tham s bo mt xc nh cho tng dch v

(services), i tng (objects), v tng user qun tr (administrators). Dch v kho lu tr chia s (Shared Repository)

OEM l mt h thng a ngi dng - multiuser system. Mi qun tr vin c mtaccount ring ng nhp vo h thng. Ty theo vic thit t quyn hn, mqun tr vin c th truy cp vo cc d liu lu trong kho trung tm, kho cchia s cho tt c cc qun tr vin ca OEM thc hin cng vic qun l.

3.3.3. Oracle Configuration Assistant

Configuration Assistant l cng c cho php to cc shared repositories, t licu hnh cho database v thit t cu hnh cho cc local console (n v iukhin cc b). Configuration Assistant c t ng khi ng ngay sau khi hontt qu trnh ci t ca Universal Installer. Ta cng c th khi ng ng dngny bng tay (chy lnh %emrepmgr t du nhc h thng).

3.3.4. Oracle Enterprise Manager Console

Bao gm c cy phn cp v hnh nh ha biu din cc i tng trong h

thng.1. Cc nt c biu tng: cho php gi cc ng dng khc cng thc

hin vic qun tr cc tc v (task). Vic ny cng c th thc hin thngqua mc chn tng ng trn menu.

2. Navigatorhay object explorer: c t chc di dng cy phn cp.N cho php xem cc Oracle services trong mng lm vic. Navigator chophp qun tr vin c th browse cc Oracle services, nh databases,listeners, nodes, v name servers, qua c th sa i cc tnh cht cacc i tng; v d: ngi dng c th thay i ni dung ca bng.

3. Job system: cho php thc hin cc tc v t xa lin quan ti listeners,databases. Job system da trn cc th tc trong Tool Control Language

(TCL) engine.

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Hnh v 11. Oracle Enterprise Manager4. Menu cho php khi to cc ng dng qun tr khc v thc hin nhiu

tc v khc nhau.

5. Map hay topographical view cho php cc Oracle services c th cgp li ty theo quan h v khng gian, chc nng, hay c hai. Map viewcho php ngi s dng tp trung vo cc i tng cn qun l.

6. Event system iu khin v thng bo cc trng thi ca h thng.

3.4.CC CNG C QUN TR KHCNgoi hai cng c chnh nh k trn, Oracle cn h tr b cc cng c chunkhc nh:

Instance Manager: dng iu khin database nh ngha v khi to

cc tham s lin quan ti cc tnh cht ca instance. Schema Manager: dng to lp v qun l cc i tng nh tables,

indexes, v views. Security Manager: dng qun l cc users v phn quyn cho cc

users ny Storage Manager: dng t chc cc database files v qun l cc

rollback segments. SQL Worksheet: giao tip theo kiu dng lnh, n cho php thc hin cc

cu lnh SQL v PL/SQL cng nh l cc cu lnh ca Server Manager Backup Manager: dng sao lu, phc hi v bo tr databases, qun l

cc redo log files. Data Manager: dng np v t chc li d liu trong databases.

Ngoi cc cc cng c k trn, Oracle cn h tr cc cng c lm tng cnghiu sut lm vic ca DATABASE.

Performance Manager: biu din hiu sut lm vic ca database didng biu ho.

Top-Session Manager: hin th thng tin chi tit v cc session ca 10session c s dng ti nguyn h thng, sp xp theo th t gim dn.Cng c ny cn cho php kill session.

Loock Manager: cho bit cc thng tin lin quan n vic kho (lock) cci tng trong database. Cc thng tin c biu din di dng ho.

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Tablespaces Manager: cng c gip cho d dng qun l cc tablespacec trong database.

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Chng 4. TO DATABASE

4.1.CC BC TO DATABASEOracle hin h tr mt cng c cho php to database trn h iu hnh

Windows mt cch trc quan. l cng c Oracle Database Assistant. Tuynhin, trong mt s trng hp cng c ny t ra khng c thun tin lm.

Bn cnh vic s dng cng c cung cp sn ca Oracle to database, Oraclecn cho php user c th to database m khng s dng cc cng c caOracle. Phng php ny gi l to database bng tay manually.

Vic to database c tin hnh theo cc bc:

1. Quyt nh chn la tn instance v tn database duy nht. Chn characterset tp k t s dng trong database.

2. Thit lp cc bin h thng.3. Chun b file tham s, to file mt khu (nn c thao tc ny).

4. Chun b instance phc v qun tr5. To database.6. Chy scripts to cc dictionary cho database.

4.2.CHUN B MI TRNG

4.2.1. Chun b h iu hnh

to database, qun tr vin trc tin phi c th truy nhp vo h iu hnhvi y quyn.

Trc khi to database, cn tnh ton dung lng b nh cho database cn cvo cu hnh ca Server v m bo c b nh thc hin cc tin trnh caOracle mt cch hiu qu.

Tnh ton lng a trng cn thit cho vic lu tr cc data files, cc controlfiles, cc redo log file v cc files khc...

4.2.2. Ln k hoch b tr cc file thng tin

bo v an ton cho database, ta cn c k hoch b tr cc file thng tin.

Control files m bo an ton, mt database cn t nht 02 control files v c t ti haich khc nhau. Cc control files nn c t tn khc nhau sao cho d dng cth phn bit.

Tn ca Control files nn c t km vi tn ca database cho d nh, nhsau:

CTL.ORA

Vi:

n l s th t ca control file

database_name tn ca database

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Trong parameter file, tn ca cc control files c t phn cch nhau bi ccdu phy.

V d:

control_files = (C:\ORANT\DATABASE\CTL1KTKB.ORA,C:\ORANT\DATABASE\CTL2KTKB.ORA)

Online redo log files

Online redo log files thng thng bao gm nhiu nhm cc online redo log fileskhc nhau. Vi mi nhm cha cc bn sao ca cc redo log file. Tng t nhcontrol file. Cc online redo log file cng nn c t cc ni khc nhau.

Cng ging nh Control files, vic t tn cho cc Online redo log files nn ct km vi tn ca database cho d nh, nh sau:

LOG.ORA

Vi:

n l s th t ca control file

database_name tn ca database

Tn ca cc control files c t phn cch nhau bi cc du phy.

V d:

logfile = C:\ORANT\DATABASE\LOG1KTKB.ORA SIZE 1024K,C:\ORANT\DATABASE\LOG2KTKB.ORA SIZE 1024K

Datafiles

Tn ca datafiles nn c t theo nh ni dung ca n.

i vi cc data files, ta cn quan tm ti mt s tnh cht sau:

Gim thiu vic phn on trong cc data files. Tch ring cc i tng trong database nh tch cc application data,

temporary data trn cc tablespaces khc nhau.

Cc datafile c phn chia theo cc segment khc nhau. Tn ca chng thngc t vi ui l .DBF cn phn u s c phn theo tng loi segmenttng ng.

V d:C:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\SYSTEM01.DBFC:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\RBS01.DBFC:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\RBS02.DBFC:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\USERS01.DBFC:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\TEMP01.DBFC:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\TOOLS01.DBFC:\ORANT\DATABASE\KTKB\INDX01.DBF

4.2.3. Optimal Flexible Architecture OFA

iu quan trng khi to database l t chc cc file h thng sao cho d dngcho vic qun tr, thm mi v b sung cc d liu vo database tn dng hiuqu cc thao tc vo ra ca h thng.

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OFA vi cc tin ch gip cho vic bo tr database c n gin.

Cu trc ca OFA:

1. t tn cc thit b n c th cha ng cc d liu Oracle serverging nh mt tp hp.

2. Phn bit cc file sn phm, bao gm cc phn mm v cc cng cOracle server, cc file qun tr, file script khi to,...

3. Lu li cc phin bn ca cc sn phm Oracle server4. To cc th mc lu tr d liu Oracle server.

4.2.4. Cu trc th mc phn mm Oracle

Th mc Din gii

Bin Cha cc file sn phm dng nh phn

Dbs Cha cc file d liu

Lib Cha cc file th vin sn phm ca Oracle

Orainst Cha chng trnh v cc file phc v cho vic ci t

Rdbms Cc file server, cc file th vin v cc file khc cnthit cho database

Plsql PL/SQL v cc sn phm lin quan

Sqlplus SQL*Plus

Network Cc sn phm Oracle Net8

Svrmgrl Server manager

Cu trc th mc con

Th mc Din gii

Admin File scripts qun tr

Demo File d liu v cc scripts minh ho

Doc README file

Install Cc file phc v cho vic ci t

Lib Cc th vin sn phm

Log Cc file log

4.2.5. Bin mi trngTrn h iu hnh Windows, ta thit lp cc bin mi trng. Cc bin ny tngng vi cc tham s trong registry nh: ORACLE_HOME, ORACLE_SID, NLS_LANG.

to mi database, cn to mi bin mi trng ORACLE_SID:

C:\set ORACLE_SID = U16

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4.3.CHUN B CC THAM S TRONG PARAMETER FILEKhi to mi mt database, ta cn quan tm ti vic to parameter file. Parameterfile cha cc thng tin cn thit trong database, trong quan tm nht l cctham s sau:

Tham s Din gii

DB_NAME Tn nh danh ca database, ti a 8 k t. Tndatabase phi trng vi gi tr ca bin mi trngORACLE_SID.

CONTROL_FILES Lit k danh sch cc control file s dng trongdatabase. Ti thiu c 01 control file trong database.

Tuy nhin, ta nn to 02 control files tr ln phng hng file. Cc control files khng cn thit phitn ti. Khi to database, Oracle s to cc control filesny

DB_BLOCK_SIZE Xc nh kch thc ca mt block s dng trongdatabase. Kch thc ny s khng thay i c saukhi database c to lp. Kch thc ca cc blockc tnh theo n v K (Kilobytes).Kch thc ca block thng c t bng s nguynln lu tha ca 2. tng ng vi s nguyn ln ccblock vt l ca h iu hnh. Do , c th ti u cs ln truy xut a cng. V d: 2K, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K,tu theo phin bn ca Oracle v h iu hnh.

Thng thng, khi chun b parameter file ca mt database sp c to, ta c

th sao chp li ni dung ca parameter file mu ri chnh sa li mt vi thngs trong nhdb_name, control_files,...

Parameter file mu ca oracle thng c t th mc:

\ADMIN\SAMPLES\PFILE

V d v ni dung ca file tham s: file InitU16.ora

db_name = U16

db_files = 1020

control_files = ("C:\ORANT\database\ctl1U16.ora",

"C:\ORANT\

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