optimization of product life cycles

42
March 16 th , 2005 OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN CALIFORNIA Eric Masanet, Lynn Price Stephane de la Rue du Can, Rich Brown Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Ernst Worrell Ecofys

Upload: nirmala-last

Post on 21-May-2015

1.179 views

Category:

Technology


5 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

March 16th, 2005

OPTIMIZATION OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS

EMISSIONS IN CALIFORNIA

Eric Masanet, Lynn Price Stephane de la Rue du Can, Rich BrownLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Ernst WorrellEcofys

Page 2: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

                                  

                                                                       

• U.S. Department of Energy research laboratory

• Managed by the University of California

• ~4000 employees

• 10 Nobel Laureates

Energy Analysis DepartmentEnvironmental Energy Technologies Division

Page 3: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Project Background

• California Energy Commission Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program

• Environmental Exploratory Grant Program • Program goal: “to support the early development of promising,

new scientific concepts with the potential to impact the way we understand and/or address energy-related environmental issues”

• Grant awarded to LBNL for “Optimization of Product Life Cycles to Reduce GHG Emissions” in 2003

Page 4: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Product Life-Cycle Optimization

Raw Materials Acquisition

Product Manufacture

Product Use

End-of-Life

Airborne and Waterborne Emissions

Raw Materials

Energy

Inputs Outputs

Solid Waste

Useable Product

Product Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Product Life-Cycle Stages

Page 5: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Project Objectives

1) Identify 50 products manufactured in California and estimate the associated life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of these products

2) Select two products (cement/concrete and personal computers) for detailed LCA case studies to identify opportunities for life-cycle GHG emissions reductions in California

3) Identify potential policy options available to California for reducing the life-cycle GHG emissions of the two case study products

Page 6: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Fifty Product Selection

NAICS Code

DescriptionCalifornia 2001 Value Added

($106)

% Total

Products Selected

31-33 Manufacturing (sector total) 219,584

334 Computer and electronic product manufacturing 68,054 31% Cellular phone*Cordless phone*Personal computer*Printed circuit board*Scanner*Semiconductor chip*Tape storage drive*

311 Food manufacturing 19,490 9% Beef**BreadCanned vegetablesCheese**Milk**

325 Chemical manufacturing 18,115 8% DeodorantOTC drugPaintSoap

336 Transportation equipment manufacturing 17,536 8% Airplane*

Bicycle

Car*

Sources: 2001 U.S. Economic Census, 2004 California Manufacturers Directory

* Direct consumers of energy during product use** Indirect consumers of energy during product use

Page 7: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Fifty Product Selection

NAICS Code

DescriptionCalifornia 2001 Value Added

($106)

% Total

Products Selected

31-33 Manufacturing (sector total) 219,584

332 Fabricated metal product manufacturing 15,555 7% Aluminum canBolt/nut/screwMetal window**

339 Miscellaneous manufacturing 12,659 6% Home blood pressure monitor*Golf club

333 Machinery manufacturing 9,752 4% Air conditioner*Commercial refrigerator*Semiconductor process machine*Water pump*

324 Petroleum and coal products manufacturing 9,021 4% AsphaltGasolineMotor oil

326 Plastics and rubber products manufacturing 7,057 3% Plastic bagPlastic bottlePlastic cupTire

Sources: 2001 U.S. Economic Census, 2004 California Manufacturers Directory

* Direct consumers of energy during product use** Indirect consumers of energy during product use

Page 8: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Fifty Product Selection

NAICS Code

DescriptionCalifornia 2001 Value Added

($106)

% Total

Products Selected

31-33 Manufacturing (sector total) 219,584

312 Beverage and tobacco product manufacturing 6,986 3% Soft drink**Wine

323 Printing and related support activities 6,174 3% Flyer/coupon book

315 Apparel manufacturing 5,847 3% Dress

327 Nonmetallic mineral product manufacturing 4,748 2% Hydraulic cementReady-mix concrete

337 Furniture and related product manufacturing 4,337 2% Wooden table

335 Electrical equipment, appliance, and components 4,147 2% Gas stove/range*Microwave oven*

322 Paper manufacturing 3,665 2% Cardboard boxRecording paperShoe box

321 Wood product manufacturing 2,254 1% Pallet

314 Textile product mills 927 <1% Carpet

511 Publishing industries 31,125 N/A Newspaper

Sources: 2001 U.S. Economic Census, 2004 California Manufacturers Directory

* Direct consumers of energy during product use** Indirect consumers of energy during product use

Page 9: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Process-Based LCA

Source: http://www.howproductsimpact.net/

Page 10: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Economic Input-Output LCA (EIO-LCA)http://www.eiolca.net/

Page 11: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Fifty Product LCA Methodology

Raw Materials Acquisition

Product Manufacture

Product Use

End-of-Life

Energy

Inputs Outputs

GHG Emissions

Product Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

LBNL APPROACH:

EIO-LCA

Published energy consumption data

Process-based LCA data

Page 12: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Fifty Product LCA Results

0

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000A

irpla

ne

Wate

r pum

p

Sem

iconduct

or

equip

ment

Car

Com

merc

ial r

efr

igera

tor

Gas

stove

/range

Air c

onditi

oner

Meta

l win

dow

Tape s

tora

ge d

rive

Pers

onal c

om

pute

r

Cem

ent,

hyd

raulic

Asp

halt

pavi

ng m

ixtu

res

Mic

row

ave

ove

n

Wooden t

able

Sem

iconduct

or

chip

Ready-

mix

concr

ete

Sca

nner

Printe

d c

ircu

it board

Tires

Bic

ycle

Golf

club

Cord

less

tele

phone

Cellu

lar

phone

Hom

e b

lood p

ress

ure

monito

r

Moto

r oil

Dre

ss

Pain

t

Win

e

Milk

Palle

ts

Beef

Cheese

Carp

et

OT

C d

rugs

Gaso

line

Soap

Bre

ad

Canned v

egeta

ble

s

Deodora

nt

Corr

ugate

d c

ard

board

box

Soft

drink

Bolts

, nuts

, sc

rew

s

New

spapers

Pla

stic

cup

Pla

stic

bott

le

Reco

rdin

g p

aper

roll

Shoe b

ox

Fly

er/

coupon b

ook

Pla

stic

bag

Alu

min

um

can

kg C

O2e

/unit

Disposal

Use

Manufacturing

Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO2e/unit

Page 13: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Fifty Product LCA Results: Manufacturing

Manufacturing

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1,000.0

10,000.0

100,000.0

1,000,000.0

10,000,000.0

100,000,000.0A

irp

lan

eS

em

ico

nd

uct

or

Ca

rW

ate

r p

um

pA

sph

alt

pa

vin

g m

ixtu

res

Ce

me

nt,

hyd

rau

licC

om

me

rcia

l re

frig

era

tor

Ta

pe

sto

rag

e d

rive

Pe

rso

na

l co

mp

ute

rG

as

sto

ve/r

an

ge

Wo

od

en

ta

ble

Se

mic

on

du

cto

r ch

ipR

ea

dy-

mix

co

ncr

ete

Tir

es

Bic

ycle

Go

lf cl

ub

Air

co

nd

itio

ne

rM

eta

l win

do

wP

rin

ted

cir

cuit

bo

ard

Sca

nn

er

Mic

row

ave

ove

nH

om

e b

loo

d p

ress

ure

Mo

tor

oil

Dre

ssP

ain

tC

ellu

lar

ph

on

eC

ord

less

te

lep

ho

ne

Win

eM

ilkB

ee

fC

he

ese

Ca

rpe

tO

TC

dru

gs

Ga

solin

eP

alle

tsS

oa

pB

rea

dC

an

ne

d v

eg

eta

ble

sD

eo

do

ran

tC

orr

ug

ate

d c

ard

bo

ard

Bo

lts,

nu

ts,

scre

ws

So

ft d

rin

kP

last

ic c

up

Pla

stic

bo

ttle

Fly

er/

cou

po

n b

oo

kR

eco

rdin

g p

ap

er

roll

Sh

oe

bo

xP

last

ic b

ag

Ne

wsp

ap

ers

Alu

min

um

ca

n

kg

CO

2e/u

nit

Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO2e/unit

Page 14: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Use

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1,000.0

10,000.0

100,000.0

1,000,000.0

10,000,000.0

100,000,000.0A

irpla

ne

Wat

er p

ump

Sem

icon

duct

oreq

uipm

ent Car

Com

mer

cial

ref

riger

ator

Gas

sto

ve/r

ange

Air

cond

ition

er

Met

al w

indo

w

Mic

row

ave

oven

Tap

e st

orag

e dr

ive

Per

sona

l com

pute

r

Sca

nner

Sem

icon

duct

or c

hip

Prin

ted

circ

uit b

oard

Cor

dles

s te

leph

one

Cel

lula

r ph

one

Hom

e bl

ood

pres

sure

mon

itor

Milk

Bee

f

Sof

t drin

k

Che

ese

kg C

O2e

/un

itFifty Product LCA Results: Use

Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO2e/unit

Page 15: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Disposal

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

Air

pla

ne

Wo

od

en

ta

ble

Ce

me

nt,

hyd

rau

lic

Re

ad

y-m

ix c

on

cre

te

Asp

ha

lt p

avi

ng

mix

ture

s

Pa

llets

Ca

r

Se

mic

on

du

cto

r e

qu

ipm

en

t

Wa

ter

pu

mp

Co

mm

erc

ial r

efr

ige

rato

r

Ga

s st

ove

/ra

ng

e

Pe

rso

na

l co

mp

ute

r

Ne

wsp

ap

ers

Air

co

nd

itio

ne

r

Mic

row

ave

ove

n

Tir

es

Ta

pe

sto

rag

e d

rive

Me

tal w

ind

ow

Sca

nn

er

Co

rru

ga

ted

ca

rdb

oa

rd b

ox

Sh

oe

bo

x

Re

cord

ing

pa

pe

r ro

ll

Mo

tor

oil

Bic

ycle

Pa

int

Be

ef

Ho

me

blo

od

pre

ssu

re m

on

itor

Co

rdle

ss t

ele

ph

on

e

Ch

ee

se

Go

lf cl

ub

Bre

ad

Ca

rpe

t

Pri

nte

d c

ircu

it b

oa

rd

Ce

llula

r p

ho

ne

Ca

nn

ed

ve

ge

tab

les

So

ft d

rin

k

Win

e

Dre

ss

Bo

lts,

nu

ts,

scre

ws

OT

C d

rug

s

Alu

min

um

ca

n

De

od

ora

nt

Fly

er/

cou

po

n b

oo

k

Pla

stic

cu

p

Pla

stic

bo

ttle

Se

mic

on

du

cto

r ch

ip

Pla

stic

ba

g

kg

CO

2e/u

nit

Fifty Product LCA Results: Disposal

Less than 0.1

Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO2e/unit

Page 16: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

50 Product LCA Discussion

• Results are based on average U.S. sector data

• Latest EIO-LCA input-output tables are from 1997• End-of-life analysis does not include materials recycling• Not possible to determine California-specific GHG emissions

• Products cannot be directly compared due to varying functional units

Limitations:

• Useful for Pareto analysis of largest GHG contributors• Can be coupled with annual production volumes to estimate a GHG “footprint” for

California industry• Provides indication of the role of California-based businesses in global GHG

emissions and opportunities for green design and manufacturing improvements

Insights:

Page 17: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

0

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

100000000A

irpla

ne

Wate

r pum

p

Sem

iconduct

or

equip

ment

Car

Com

merc

ial r

efr

igera

tor

Gas

stove

/range

Air c

onditi

oner

Meta

l win

dow

Tape s

tora

ge d

rive

Pers

onal c

om

pute

r

Cem

ent,

hyd

raulic

Asp

halt

pavi

ng m

ixtu

res

Mic

row

ave

ove

n

Wooden t

able

Sem

iconduct

or

chip

Ready-

mix

concr

ete

Sca

nner

Printe

d c

ircu

it board

Tires

Bic

ycle

Golf

club

Cord

less

tele

phone

Cellu

lar

phone

Hom

e b

lood p

ress

ure

monito

r

Moto

r oil

Dre

ss

Pain

t

Win

e

Milk

Palle

ts

Beef

Cheese

Carp

et

OT

C d

rugs

Gaso

line

Soap

Bre

ad

Canned v

egeta

ble

s

Deodora

nt

Corr

ugate

d c

ard

board

box

Soft

drink

Bolts

, nuts

, sc

rew

s

New

spapers

Pla

stic

cup

Pla

stic

bott

le

Reco

rdin

g p

aper

roll

Shoe b

ox

Fly

er/

coupon b

ook

Pla

stic

bag

Alu

min

um

can

kg C

O2e

/un

it

Disposal

Use

Manufacturing

Fifty Product LCA Results

Selected for case studies

Screening of Fifty Products: kg CO2e/unit

Page 18: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Case study goals

1) Perform a detailed LCA on two important California-manufactured products

2) Identify potential GHG mitigation measures at each stage of the product life cycle

3) Quantify the potential annual GHG reductions possible in California for each identified measure

4) Identify policy options in California for implementing the identified measures

Page 19: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Personal Computers (PCs)

Manufacturing

Use

End-of-Life

• 169 million PCs were manufactured globally in 2003• California’s role in global PC manufacturing:

Computer assembly Semiconductor chips Electronic components

• California’s “hi tech” sector employs over 700,000 people

• An estimated 16 million PCs are currently installed in California homes and businesses, more than any other US state

• An estimated 10,000 PCs become obsolete in California every day

Courtesy of Apple

Page 20: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

PC Life-Cycle GHG Emissions

Primary Energy

Estimated California GHG Emissions

Life-Cycle Phase PJ/yr MtCO2/yr MtC/yr

Manufacturing 54.3 4.18 1.14

Use 39.4 1.72 0.47

End-of-Life 0.05 0.004 0.001

Total 93.7 5.90 1.61

• Production energy is 2.7% of 2001 primary energy consumed by California’s industrial sector

• Use energy is 1.7% of 2001 primary electrical energy consumed by California’s residential and commercial sectors

• Total estimated life-cycle GHG emissions are 1.5% of California’s 1999 gross GHG emissions

Estimated Life-Cycle Emissions

Page 21: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

PC Case Study: Manufacturing GHG emissions

Primary energy consumption (PJ/yr) GHG emissions (MtCO2e/yr)

Bulk materials CA U.S. Int’l CA U.S. Int’l

Steel 0.04 3.85 34.30 0.00 0.23 2.01

Copper 0.00 1.07 9.96 0.00 0.06 0.56

Aluminum 0.01 3.30 12.15 0.00 0.17 0.61[1]

Plastics 0.02 1.30 3.33 0.00 0.09 0.24

Epoxy 0.09 4.84 12.30 0.01 0.34 0.86

Tin 0.00 0.04 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lead 0.002 0.02 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00

Silver 0.006 0.06 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00

Gold 0.05 0.50 4.53 0.00 0.00 0.00

Subtotal 0.30 15.10 79.30 0.01 0.89 4.32

Specialized materials

Silicon wafers 0.80 37.56 61.90 0.05 2.28 3.75

Specialized materials 1.93 25.59 52.70 0.16 2.15 4.44

Subtotal 2.73 63.15 114.60 0.21 4.43 8.19

Manufacturing processes

Semiconductors 40.10 169.70 339.45 2.40 10.18 20.35

GHG adjustment 0 0 0 0.87 3.67 7.35

PCBs 4.13 15.40 57.02 0.27 1.00 3.72

Final PC assembly 6.96 14.03 78.51 0.41 0.83 4.67

Subtotal 51.20 199.15 474.95 3.96 15.69 36.09

Total for PC control unit 54.30 277.60 669.35 4.18 21.01 48.60

Primary data source: Williams (2003)

Page 22: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

PC Case Study: Use GHG emissions

ParameterPC Control Unit CRT Monitor LCD

TotalResidential Commercial Residential Commercial Residential Commercial

# of devices 8,000,000 8,000,000 6,400,000 6,400,000 1,600,000 1,600,000

Primary energy (PJ/yr)

3.61 15.60 4.48 13.90 0.49 1.35 39.4

GHG (MtCO2/yr) 0.16 0.68 0.19 0.60 0.02 0.06 1.71

GHG (MtC/yr) 0.04 0.19 0.05 0.16 0.01 0.02 0.47

• A 75:25 ratio is assumed for the ratio of CRT monitors to LCDs in California homes and businesses

• Electricity consumption is calculated using the unit energy consumption (UEC) approach based on residential and office PC usage patterns

• Electricity consumption is converted to GHG emissions using a California-specific emission factor developed by LBNL

Estimated Emissions

Page 23: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

PC Case study: End-of-life GHG emissions

End-of-Life ProcessPrimary Energy

(TJ/yr)GHG Emissions

(ktCO2/yr)GHG Emissions

(ktC/yr)

Landfilling 18 1.33 0.36

Demanufacturing 32 2.89 0.79

Recycling (6) (0.35) (0.09)

Total 44 3.87 1.06

Estimated Emissions

• An obsolescence rate of 3.6 million PCs per year is assumed (10,000/day)

• All CRT monitors and LCDs are assumed to be recycled per California’s Electronic Waste Recycling Act of 2003

• A PC control unit recycling rate of 8% is assumed

Page 24: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

PC Case study: Measures identified

Life-Cycle Stage

Measure

Potential Life-Cycle GHG Emission Reduction in California

MtCO2e/yr % Reduction*

Manufacturing

Improve clean room energy efficiency 0.72 12%

Reduce PFC emissions of semiconductor manufacture 0.26 4%

Use Maximize PC power management utilization 0.47 8%

Switch from CRTs to LCDs 0.48 8%

Increase control unit power management utilization 0.16 3%

Maximize the energy efficiency of PCs 0.10 2%

End-of-Life Upgrade PCs to extend their useful life 0.018 0.3%

Maximize PC control unit recycling 0.0005 0.01%

Summary of Potential Measures and GHG Reductions

* % reduction in relation to California PC life-cycle GHG emissions of 5.90 MtCO2e/yr.

Page 25: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Policy opportunities for California

• Increased clean room energy efficiency• Improvements to air handling systems, chillers, recirculation fans, and process controls can lead to energy savings of 30-60%

• Common barriers to implementation include compressed production cycles, inertia, and lack of awareness of benefits of energy efficiency

•Continue to promote energy efficiency progress through increased R&D, energy efficiency targets, and incentives

• Reduction of PFC emissions from semiconductor manufacture

• U.S. EPA’s voluntary PFC Reduction/Climate Partnership for the Semiconductor Industry aims to reduce U.S. PFC emissions from semiconductor manufacturing to 10% less than 1995 levels by 2010

• A high level of industry participation is critical to success

• Policy opportunities depend on level of participation by California facilities

Page 26: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Policy opportunities for California

• Power management awareness campaigns• Only an estimated 25% of PC control units and 75% of PC displays utilize power management features

• PCs left on overnight are also a major consumer of energy

• Awareness campaigns targeting California commercial PC users (75% of electricity consumed by California PCs) could be particularly effective

• Promotion of facility “switch off” campaigns

• Adoption and promotion of green procurement policies for PCs• Large institutional buyers could give preferential buying status for:

Certification to the most stringent Energy Star standard IEEE 1621 (power management usability) compliance Eco-label certification (TCO 99, Blue Angel, EU Eco Flower) to ensure green design (recyclability, upgradeability, etc.) LCDs instead of CRTs Manufacturers with established “take-back” systems

• US EPA Electronic Products Environmental Assessment Tool (http://www.epeat.net/)

Page 27: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Policy opportunities for California

• Increase PC control unit recycling in California• Only CRT monitors, notebooks, and LCDs are currently included in California’s landmark Electronics Waste Recycling Act of 2003, which aims to establish a viable e-waste recycling infrastructure in California

• The inclusion of PC control units should be considered

• Institutional policies…• Encouragement of PC reuse (“down cycling”) and upgrading within large organizations

Page 28: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Cement/Concrete

Manufacturing

Use• Highway road construction leads to higher CO2 emissions than asphalt roads, but

some studies show reduced resistance and increased fuel savings for heavy trucks• Insulated concrete houses have a higher thermal mass which may lead to increased

fuel savings over the lifetime of the house

End-of-Life• Energy consumed for demolition, transport, and grinding (in cases where concrete is

recycled)

Production (1000 short tons)

Employees Value of Shipments

Clinker 11,187

Cement 11,166 2,000 $0.8 billion

Concrete 80,000 16,000 $2.8 billion

Page 29: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Concrete Life-Cycle GHG Emissions

Estimated California GHG Emissions

Life-Cycle Phase Product MtCO2/yr MtC/yr

Manufacturing CementConcreteTotal

10.41.0

11.4

2.80.33.1

Use 0.0 0.0

End-of-Life 0.018 0.005

Total 11.4 3.1

Estimated Life-Cycle Emissions

Page 30: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

• Increased energy efficiency improvement • Technical potential of ~20% in California based on replacing

current equipment with best practice technology

• Use of alternative or waste-derived fuels• 90% of energy use is from fuels (mostly coal); 10% electricity

• Tires, rubber, paper waste, waste oils, waste wood, paper sludge, sewage sludge, plastics and spent solvents can replace fossil fuels

• Assume 20% replacement of fossil fuels by waste fuels is possible in California kilns

Concrete Case Study: Manufacturing Measures

Page 31: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Concrete Case Study: Manufacturing Measures

• Blended Cement • Fly ash from coal-fired power stations, blast furnace slag from iron

production, or other materials are inter-ground with clinker

• Reduces both fuel-related and process-related emissions

• Commonly used in most countries

• Limestone or Addition to Portland Cement• Uses ground limestone to replace clinker

• CemStar© Process• Uses steel slag to replace clinker

Page 32: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Concrete Case Study: Use Measures

• Highway Road Construction• Some studies show that concrete roads result in reduced

resistance and increased fuel savings for heavy trucks

• Insulated Concrete Houses• Have higher thermal mass

• May lead to increased fuel savings over lifetime of the house

• Reductions depend strongly on the climate

Page 33: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Concrete Case Study: End-of-Life Measures

• Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) • Typically, concrete is landfilled, ground and used as roadbed, or

recycled as aggregate

• Allowed for use in California

• City of San Francisco recently approved the use of RCA for curbs, gutters, sidewalks, and street bases

• CalTrans and other agencies are still reviewing the use of RCA

Page 34: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Concrete Case study: Measures identified

Life-Cycle Stage

Measure

Potential Life-Cycle GHG Emission Reduction in California

MtCO2e/yr %

Manufacturing Improve energy efficiency in cement manufacture

0.686.0

Use waste fuels in cement manufacture 0.62 5.4

Use blended cement 0.55 4.8

Add limestone to Portland cement 0.44 3.8

CemStar (steel slags) in Portland cement 0.007 0.1

Use Fuel efficiency heavy trucks 0.04 0.4

End-of-Life Increase concrete recycling 0.004 0.03

Summary of Potential Measures and GHG Reductions

* % reduction in relation to California cement/concrete life-cycle GHG emissions of 11.40 MtCO2e/yr.

Page 35: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Policy options for California

• Increased energy efficiency improvements— Establish energy-efficiency targets or goals

• Common practice in many countries

• Government provides incentives and support in exchange for achievement of targets

— Development and use of BEST-Cement• User-friendly Excel tool to benchmark plants to best practice

• Identifies energy-efficiency technologies and measures for an individual plant

• Provides energy savings, emissions reductions, costs, and payback times

• Based on similar BEST-Steel and BEST-Winery tools developed by LBNL

Cement

ChemicalsPaper and cardboard

SugarNon-ferrous metals

Steel

GlassPlasticsDairyBrick

Beer breweries

Rubber processing

Textiles

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

Percent Savings

Target

Actual

• 29 sectors signed; many met or exceeded targets• Agreements 22.3% savings over 10-year period• 2x business-as-usual

Long-Term Agreements in The Netherlands

Page 36: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Policy options for California

• Procurement and product specifications for changes in cement composition— Blended cements (fly-ash, blast furnace

slag, or other materials)• Change specifications to allow for non-Portland

cement (many agencies and constructors mandate Portland cement)

• City of Berkeley Resolution directing procurement of blended cement for City buildings and other construction (12/2002)

— Limestone addition• PCA has proposed to change ASTM standard to

allow 5% ground limestone in Portland cement (European standards allow 6-35% limestone)

Crews put in a new foundation, made of 50 percent fly ash, at Wurster Hall. Arleen Ng photo

Page 37: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Policy options for California

• Use of alternative or waste-derived fuels• Research and development of information to overcome public

concerns about hazardous air pollutants from waste-derived fuels such as tires, rubber, paper waste, waste oils, waste wood, paper sludge, sewage sludge, plastics and spent solvents

Fuels Used for Cement Production in California, 1991-2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

En

erg

y C

on

su

mp

tio

n (

TB

tu)

Natural Gas

Electricity

Fuel Oil

Liquid Waste

Solid Waste

Tires

Coke

Coal

Source: Hendrick van Oss, U.S.G.S

• Increased recycling of concrete• Promote the use of

recycled concrete as aggregate

Page 38: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Conclusions

• Systematic, life-cycle optimization approach to identifying GHG emissions and policy options provides a broader perspective

• Mitigation options for the two case studies have a technical potential savings of nearly 4 MtCO2/yr, or about 1% of California’s 1999 net GHG emissions of 398 MtCO2

• Such potential savings represent economic waste, energy losses, and pollution – all of which are important to reduce in order to maintain California’s position as both an economic and environmental global leader

Page 39: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Future research: general issues

• Improved data• Data on actual manufacturing output by product for California

• Updated data for EIO-LCA database (after 1997)

• California state input-output analyses

• Updated data on California GHG emissions (after 1999)

• Alternate metrics for comparison of products• Economic: per price or value added

• Total CA annual production

• Typical per capita consumption

Page 40: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Future research: general issues

• Evaluation of more products• Only two products evaluated in detail in this project. Other

interesting products include water pumps, semiconductor equipment, asphalt paving mixtures, tires, etc.

• Include materials recycling “credits”

• Evaluation of costs and savings associated with implementation of suggested GHG mitigation options

• Can serve as inputs for the regional economic model being developed by Berck, Roland-Holst, et al.

Page 41: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Future research: PCs

• Improved data and information• Information on what PC components are manufactured in

California and at what annual volumes

• Better data on the use characteristics of California’s PC stock (CRTs vs. LCDs, total number installed, usage patterns, etc.)

• Updated LCA data on PCs

• Assessment of the saturation level of the proposed GHG mitigation measures in California

• Forecasting studies to determine the most robust GHG mitigation measures in California considering expanding use, rapidly evolving technology, and shift to overseas manufacturing

Page 42: Optimization Of Product Life Cycles

Future research: cement/concrete

• Improved data and information• California-specific emissions factors for waste-derived fuels

• Information on use of cement and concrete in pavement and housing construction

• Fuel efficiency of concrete versus asphalt roads in California, especially for heavy trucks

• Further assessment of the use-phase savings (or increases) related to concrete house construction

• Study of construction and demolition waste streams in California to better understand flows of concrete and identify opportunities to recycle concrete